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Filippi L, Meier MAR. Fully Renewable Non-Isocyanate Polyurethanes via the Lossen Rearrangement. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000440. [PMID: 32935889 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a straightforward and efficient synthesis approach to renewable non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) is described. For this purpose, suitable and renewable carbamate monomers, possessing two double bonds, are synthesized from hydroxamic fatty acid derivatives via the Lossen rearrangement in a one-step synthesis, and sustainable dithiols are synthesized from dialkenes derived from renewable feedstock (i.e., limonene and 1,4-cyclohexadiene). Subsequently, the comonomers are polymerized with the highly efficient thiol-ene reaction to produce NIPUs with Mn values up to 26 kg mol-1 bearing thioether linkages. The main side product of the Lossen rearrangement, a symmetric urea, can also be polymerized in the same fashion. Important in the view of sustainability, the monomer mixture can also be used directly, without separation. The obtained polymers are characterized by NMR, attenuated total reflection-infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and size exclusion chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Filippi
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael A R Meier
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Materialwissenschaftliches Zentrum (MZE), Straße am Forum 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Taylor LW, French JE, Robbins ZG, Boyer JC, Nylander-French LA. Influence of Genetic Variance on Biomarker Levels After Occupational Exposure to 1,6-Hexamethylene Diisocyanate Monomer and 1,6-Hexamethylene Diisocyanate Isocyanurate. Front Genet 2020; 11:836. [PMID: 32973864 PMCID: PMC7466756 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the impact of genetic variance on biomarker levels in a population of workers in the automotive repair and refinishing industry who were exposed to respiratory sensitizers 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) monomer and one of its trimers, HDI isocyanurate. The exposures and respective urine and plasma biomarkers 1,6-diaminohexane (HDA) and trisaminohexyl isocyanurate (TAHI) were measured in 33 workers; and genome-wide microarrays (Affymetrix 6.0) were used to genotype the workers' single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Linear mixed model analyses have indicated that interindividual variations in both inhalation and skin exposures influenced these biomarker levels. Using exposure values as covariates and a false discovery rate < 0.10 to assess statistical significance, we observed that seven SNPs were associated with HDA in plasma, five were associated with HDA in urine, none reached significance for TAHI in plasma, and eight were associated with TAHI levels in urine. The different genotypes for the 20 significant SNPs accounted for 4- to 16-fold changes observed in biomarker levels. Associated gene functions include transcription regulation, calcium ion transport, vascular morphogenesis, and transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway, which may impact toxicokinetics indirectly by altering inflammation levels. Additionally, in an expanded analysis using a minor allele cutoff of 0.05 instead of 0.10, there were biomarker-associated SNPs within three genes that have been associated with isocyanate-induced asthma: ALK, DOCK2, and LHPP. We demonstrate that genetic variance impacts the biomarker levels in workers exposed to HDI monomer and HDI isocyanurate and that genetics can be used to refine exposure predictions in small cohorts when quantitative personal exposure and biomarker measurements are included in the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura W. Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - John E. French
- Nutrition Research Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Zachary G. Robbins
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jayne C. Boyer
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Leena A. Nylander-French
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Exposures and urinary biomonitoring of aliphatic isocyanates in construction metal structure coating. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 226:113495. [PMID: 32120250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isocyanates are highly reactive chemicals used widely in metal structure coating applications in construction. Isocyanates are potent respiratory and skin sensitizers and a leading cause of occupational asthma. At present, there is no cure for isocyanate asthma and no biomarkers of early disease. Exposure reduction is considered the most effective preventive strategy. To date, limited data are available on isocyanate exposures and work practices in construction trades using isocyanates, including metal structure coatings. OBJECTIVES The primary objectives of this work were: i) to characterize isocyanate inhalation and dermal exposures among painters during metal structure coating tasks in construction; and ii) to assess the adequacy of existing work practices and exposure controls via urinary biomonitoring pre- and post-shift. METHODS Exposures to aliphatic isocyanates based on 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (1,6-HDI) and its higher oligomers (biuret, isocyanurate and uretdione) were measured among 30 workers performing painting of bridges and other metal structures in several construction sites in the Northeastern USA. Exposure assessment included simultaneous measurement of personal inhalation exposures (n = 20), dermal exposures (n = 22) and body burden via urinary biomonitoring pre- and post-shift (n = 53). Contextual information was collected about tasks, processes, materials, work practices, personal protective equipment (PPEs) and exposure controls, work histories, and environmental conditions. RESULTS Breathing zone concentrations were the highest for biuret (median, 18.4 μg/m3), followed by 1,6-HDI monomer (median, 3.5 μg/m3), isocyanurate (median, 3.4 μg/m3) and uretdione (median, 1.7 μg/m3). The highest exposures, measured during painting inside an enclosed bridge on a hot summer day, were: 10,288 μg/m3 uretdione; 8,240 μg/m3 biuret; and 947 μg/m3 1,6-HDI. Twenty percent of samples were above the NIOSH ceiling exposure limit for 1,6- HDI (140 μg/m3) and 35% of samples were above the UK-HSE ceiling for total isocyanate group (70 μg NCO/m3). Isocyanate loading on the gloves was generally high, with a median of 129 μg biuret/pair and maximum of 60.8 mg biuret/pair. The most frequently used PPEs in the workplace were half-face organic vapor cartridge (OVC) respirators, disposable palmar dip-coated polymer gloves, and cotton coveralls. However, 32% of workers didn't wear any respirator, 47% wore standard clothing with short-sleeve shirts and 14% didn't wear any gloves while performing tasks involving isocyanates. Based on biomonitoring results, 58.4% of urine samples exceeded the biological monitoring guidance value (BMGV) of 1 μmol hexamethylene diamine (HDA)/mol creatinine. Post-shift geometric mean HDA normalized to specific gravity increased by 2.5-fold compared to pre-shift (GM, 4.7 vs. 1.9 ng/mL; p value, < 0.001), and only 1.4-fold when normalized to creatinine. CONCLUSIONS Exposure and biomonitoring results, coupled with field observations, support the overall conclusions that (i) substantial inhalation and dermal exposures to aliphatic isocyanates occur during industrial coating applications in construction trades; that (ii) the current work practices and exposure controls are not adequately protective. High urinary creatinine values in the majority of workers, coupled with significant cross-shift increases and filed observations, point to the need for further investigations on possible combined effects of heat stress, dehydration, and nutritional deficiencies on kidney toxicity. Implementation of comprehensive exposure control programs and increased awareness are warranted in order to reduce isocyanate exposures and associated health risks among this cohort of construction workers.
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Bejan A, Xi M, Parker DL. Outcomes of a Safety and Health Educational Intervention in Auto Body and Machine Tool Technologies Vocational College Programs: The Technical Education Curricula for Health and Safety (TECHS) Study. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 64:185-201. [PMID: 31830247 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Technical Education Curricula for Health and Safety (TECHS) is a research collaboration between safety and health professionals and vocational instructors in three Minnesota colleges. Curriculum materials, including full and refresher modules with of classroom presentations, lab activities, homework, and quizzes, were developed for auto body collision technology (ABCT) and machine tool technology (MTT) programs. Curricula were implemented during the 2015-2018 academic years. Graduates' safety-related knowledge, skills, work practices, and workplace safety climate were assessed 1 year postgraduation using an electronic survey. Responses were received from 71 ABCT and 115 MTT graduates. Classroom presentations were used consistently throughout the study. Instructors cited a lack of time as the main barrier to using other materials (lab activities, homework, and quizzes). Graduates with TECHS instruction had significantly greater safety-related knowledge overall (both trades) as well as in two topic areas: eye and respiratory protection (ABCT) and hearing protection and machine guarding (MTT). Our data confirm that nearly all graduates consistently engage in practices such as use of safety glasses, hearing protection, and respirators, use of machine guards, material handling strategies. At 1 year postgraduation, MTT graduates' work practices related to machine guarding improved significantly. Graduates with TECHS instruction had improved in about half of the work practices, but statistical significance was not achieved. Graduates' self-reported work practices were not significantly correlated with their knowledge or skills. Work practices variability was best explained by graduates' attitudes toward safety rules and their rating of the workplace safety climate. TECHS findings confirm that classroom instruction alone has little impact on graduates' work practices. We propose institutions formalize their commitment to safety and health education by ear-marking teaching time for this subject and providing assistance to instructors to facilitate curricula integration. Instructors would benefit from learning more about trade-specific safety and health, and adult education teaching methods. Additional research is needed to understand how students' attitudes toward safety change during vocational college attendance and the first year of employment in the trade, explore implementation supports and barriers at institutional and instructor levels, and assess educational effectiveness beyond the end of the academic program. The entire curricula are available on the study website www.votechsafety.net.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Bejan
- HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, MN, USA
| | - Min Xi
- HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, MN, USA
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Wisnewski AV, Kanyo J, Asher J, Goodrich JA, Barnett G, Patrylak L, Liu J, Redlich CA, Nassar AF. Reaction products of hexamethylene diisocyanate vapors with "self" molecules in the airways of rabbits exposed via tracheostomy. Xenobiotica 2018; 48:488-497. [PMID: 28489470 PMCID: PMC5863241 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1329569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1. Hexamethylenediisocyanate (HDI) is a widely used aliphatic diisocyanate and a well-recognized cause of occupational asthma. 2. "Self" molecules (peptides/proteins) in the lower airways, susceptible to chemical reactivity with HDI, have been hypothesized to play a role in asthma pathogenesis and/or chemical metabolism, but remain poorly characterized. 3. This study employed unique approaches to identify and characterize "self" targets of HDI reactivity in the lower airways. Anesthetized rabbits free breathed through a tracheostomy tube connected to chambers containing either, O2, or O2 plus ∼200 ppb HDI vapors. Following 60 minutes of exposure, the airways were lavaged and the fluid was analyzed by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS. 4. The low-molecular weight (<3 kDa) fraction of HDI exposed, but not control rabbit bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid identified 783.26 and 476.18 m/z [M+H]+ ions with high energy collision-induced dissociation (HCD) fragmentation patterns consistent with bis glutathione (GSH)-HDI and mono(GSH)-HDI. Proteomic analyses of the high molecular weight (>3 kDa) fraction of exposed rabbit BAL fluid identified HDI modification of specific lysines in uteroglobin (aka clara cell protein) and albumin. 5. In summary, this study utilized a unique approach to chemical vapor exposure in rabbits, to identify HDI reaction products with "self" molecules in the lower airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam V Wisnewski
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Jean Kanyo
- b W.M. Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA , and
| | - Jennifer Asher
- c Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - James A Goodrich
- c Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Grace Barnett
- c Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Lyn Patrylak
- c Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Jian Liu
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Carrie A Redlich
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Ala F Nassar
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
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6
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Robbins Z, Bodnar W, Zhang Z, Gold A, Nylander-French LA. Trisaminohexyl isocyanurate, a urinary biomarker of HDI isocyanurate exposure. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1076:117-129. [PMID: 29406025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI)-containing spray-paints is limited to analysis of metabolites of HDI monomer although polymeric HDI isocyanurate constitutes the predominant inhalation and skin exposure for workers in the automotive paint industry. A novel method using nanoflow ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to nano-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (nano-UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was developed to quantify trisaminohexyl isocyanurate (TAHI), a hydrolysis product of HDI isocyanurate, in the urine of spray-painters. Analytical and internal standards were synthesized in-house and weighted linear regression calibration curves were generated using spiked control urine from non-exposed persons (0.06-7.98 μg/L; N = 13; w = x-2; r = 0.998). Urine samples collected from 15 exposed workers (N = 111) were subjected to acid hydrolysis and extracted with dichloromethane, then derivatized with acetic anhydride. The derivatized product, trisacetamidohexyl isocyanurate (TAAHI), was analyzed using nano-UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The protocol was sensitive and specific for analysis of TAHI in the urine of exposed workers with a method detection limit at 0.03 μg/L. TAHI was detected in 33 of 111 urine samples and in 11 of 15 workers. This biomarker for HDI isocyanurate is critical to determine the relative potency and dose-relationships between the monomer and oligomer exposure on the development of diisocyanate induced health effects in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Robbins
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Wanda Bodnar
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Leena A Nylander-French
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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8
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Reeb-Whitaker CK, Schoonover TM. Isocyanate Exposure Below Analytical Detection When a Paint Brush and Roller Are Used to Apply Moisture-Cure Polyurethane Paint. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2016; 60:513-8. [PMID: 26833099 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mew003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Isocyanate exposure is known to be hazardous when polyurethane paints are applied with a spray gun, but less is known of exposure when paint is applied with a paint brush and roller. Concentrations of 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) monomer and three HDI polymers were assessed when two moisture-cure polyurethane paints containing 31-35% isocyanates were applied with a paint roller and brush. Short-term 15-min samples were taken during paint application in an indoor test environment with no ventilation (n= 12); in an outdoor test environment (n= 11); and in an outdoor in-situ assessment (n= 22). The outdoor in-situ assessment involved the painting of a bus shelter and light poles at a public transit station over two night shifts. All isocyanate samples were below analytical detection. The analytical limits of detection for HDI monomer, HDI biuret, HDI isocyanurate, and HDI uretdione were 0.005, 0.84, 0.87, and 0.88 µg, respectively. The finding that isocyanate concentrations were below detection is attributed to the use of paint roller and brush which minimize paint aerosolization and the paint formulation itself which contained <1% of volatile HDI monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn K Reeb-Whitaker
- Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor & Industries, 243 Israel Road SE Bldg 3, Tumwater, WA 98501, USA
| | - Todd M Schoonover
- Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor & Industries, 243 Israel Road SE Bldg 3, Tumwater, WA 98501, USA
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Lefkowitz D, Pechter E, Fitzsimmons K, Lumia M, Stephens AC, Davis L, Flattery J, Weinberg J, Harrison RJ, Reilly MJ, Filios MS, White GE, Rosenman KD. Isocyanates and work-related asthma: Findings from California, Massachusetts, Michigan, and New Jersey, 1993-2008. Am J Ind Med 2015; 58:1138-49. [PMID: 26351141 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isocyanates remain a leading cause of work-related asthma (WRA). METHODS Two independent data systems were analyzed for the period 1993-2008: (1) State-based WRA case surveillance data on persons with isocyanate-induced WRA from four states, and (2) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) isocyanate air sampling results. RESULTS We identified 368 cases of isocyanate-induced WRA from 32 industries and 678 OSHA isocyanate air samples with detectable levels from 31 industries. Seventeen industries were unique to one or the other dataset. CONCLUSION Isocyanate-induced WRA continues to occur in a wide variety of industries. Two data systems uncovered industries with isocyanate exposures and/or illness. Improved control measures and standards, including medical surveillance, are needed. More emphasis is needed on task-specific guidance, spill clean-up procedures, skin and respiratory protection, and targeted medical monitoring to mitigate the hazards of isocyanate use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lefkowitz
- Environmental & Occupational Health Surveillance Program; New Jersey Department of Health; Trenton New Jersey
| | - Elise Pechter
- Occupational Health Surveillance Program; Massachusetts Department of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Kathleen Fitzsimmons
- Occupational Health Surveillance Program; Massachusetts Department of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Margaret Lumia
- Environmental & Occupational Health Surveillance Program; New Jersey Department of Health; Trenton New Jersey
| | - Alicia C. Stephens
- Environmental & Occupational Health Surveillance Program; New Jersey Department of Health; Trenton New Jersey
| | - Letitia Davis
- Occupational Health Surveillance Program; Massachusetts Department of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Flattery
- Occupational Health Branch; California Department of Public Health; Richmond California
| | - Justine Weinberg
- Public Health Institute; Contractor to California Department of Public Health; Richmond California
| | - Robert J. Harrison
- Occupational Health Branch; California Department of Public Health; Richmond California
| | - Mary Jo Reilly
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
| | - Margaret S. Filios
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Gretchen E. White
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown West Virginia
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth D. Rosenman
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
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10
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Isocyanates and human health: multistakeholder information needs and research priorities. J Occup Environ Med 2015; 57:44-51. [PMID: 25563538 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To outline the knowledge gaps and research priorities identified by a broad base of stakeholders involved in the planning and participation of an international conference and research agenda workshop on isocyanates and human health held in Potomac, Maryland, in April 2013. METHODS A multimodal iterative approach was used for data collection including preconference surveys, review of a 2001 consensus conference on isocyanates, oral and poster presentations, focused break-out sessions, panel discussions, and postconference research agenda workshop. RESULTS Participants included representatives of consumer and worker health, health professionals, regulatory agencies, academic and industry scientists, labor, and trade associations. CONCLUSIONS Recommendations were summarized regarding knowledge gaps and research priorities in the following areas: worker and consumer exposures; toxicology, animal models, and biomarkers; human cancer risk; environmental exposure and monitoring; and respiratory epidemiology and disease, and occupational health surveillance.
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Mølgaard B, Viitanen AK, Kangas A, Huhtiniemi M, Larsen ST, Vanhala E, Hussein T, Boor BE, Hämeri K, Koivisto AJ. Exposure to airborne particles and volatile organic compounds from polyurethane molding, spray painting, lacquering, and gluing in a workshop. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:3756-73. [PMID: 25849539 PMCID: PMC4410214 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120403756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Due to the health risk related to occupational air pollution exposure, we assessed concentrations and identified sources of particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a handcraft workshop producing fishing lures. The work processes in the site included polyurethane molding, spray painting, lacquering, and gluing. We measured total VOC (TVOC) concentrations and particle size distributions at three locations representing the various phases of the manufacturing and assembly process. The mean working-hour TVOC concentrations in three locations studied were 41, 37, and 24 ppm according to photo-ionization detector measurements. The mean working-hour particle number concentration varied between locations from 3000 to 36,000 cm−3. Analysis of temporal and spatial variations of TVOC concentrations revealed that there were at least four substantial VOC sources: spray gluing, mold-release agent spraying, continuous evaporation from various lacquer and paint containers, and either spray painting or lacquering (probably both). The mold-release agent spray was indirectly also a major source of ultrafine particles. The workers’ exposure can be reduced by improving the local exhaust ventilation at the known sources and by increasing the ventilation rate in the area with the continuous source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Mølgaard
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 48, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anna-Kaisa Viitanen
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anneli Kangas
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marika Huhtiniemi
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Søren Thor Larsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.
| | - Esa Vanhala
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tareq Hussein
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 48, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, JO-11942, Jordan.
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 48, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Kaarle Hämeri
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 48, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Antti Joonas Koivisto
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.
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12
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Parker DL, Bejan A, Brosseau LM, Skan M, Xi M. The Collision Auto Repair Safety Study (CARSS): a health and safety intervention. Am J Ind Med 2015; 58:88-100. [PMID: 25251697 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collision repair employs approximately 205,500 people in 33,400 shops. Workers are exposed to a diverse array of chemical, physical, and ergonomic hazards. METHODS CARSS was based on a random and purposeful sample. Baseline and one baseline and one-year evaluations consisted of 92 questions addressing issues, such as Right-to-Know, fire protection, painting-related hazards, ergonomics, electrical safety, and personal protective equipment. Owners received a report and selected at least 30% of items found deficient for remediation. In-person and web-based services were provided. RESULTS Forty-nine shops were evaluated at baseline and 45 at follow-up. At baseline, 54% of items were present. This improved to 71% at follow-up (P < 0.0001). Respiratory protection improved 37% (P < 0.0001) and Right-to-Know training increased 30% (P < 0.0001). Owners completed 61% of items they selected for remediation. CONCLUSIONS Small businesses' interventions should address the lack of personnel and administrative infrastructure. Tailored information regarding hazards and easy-to-use training and administrative programs overcome many barriers to improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anca Bejan
- Park Nicollet Institute; Minneapolis; MN
| | - Lisa M. Brosseau
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health; University of Illinois School of Public Health; Chicago IL
| | | | - Min Xi
- Park Nicollet Institute; Minneapolis; MN
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Ceballos D, Reeb-Whitaker C, Glazer P, Murphy-Robinson H, Yost M. Understanding factors that influence protective glove use among automotive spray painters. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2014; 11:306-313. [PMID: 24215135 PMCID: PMC5514320 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2013.862592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Dermal contact with isocyanate-based coatings may lead to systemic respiratory sensitization. The most common isocyanates found in sprayed automotive coatings are monomeric and oligomeric 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI). Most spray painters use thin (4-5 mil) latex gloves that are not effective at preventing dermal exposures when spraying isocyanate paints. Personal interviews with collision repair industry personnel and focus groups with spray painters were held to characterize risk awareness, to examine perceptions and challenges concerning protective glove use and selection, and to generate ideas for protective glove use interventions. The most popular gloves among spray painters were thin (4-5 mil) and thick (14 mil) latex. We found that medium to thick (6-8 mil) nitrile were not always perceived as comfortable and were expected to be more expensive than thin (4-5 mil) latex gloves. Of concern is the user's difficulty in distinguishing between nitrile and latex gloves; latex gloves are now sold in different colors including blue, which has traditionally been associated with nitrile gloves. Even though spray painters were familiar with the health hazards related to working with isocyanate paints, most were not always aware that dermal exposure to isocyanates could contribute to the development of occupational asthma. There is a need for more research to identify dermal materials that are protective against sprayed automotive coatings. Automotive spray painters and their employers need to be educated in the selection and use of protective gloves, specifically on attributes such as glove material, color, and thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ceballos
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, USA
| | - Carolyn Reeb-Whitaker
- Safety & Health Assessment & Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, PO Box 44330, Olympia, Washington 98504-4330, USA
| | - Patricia Glazer
- Gilmore Research Group, 2101 4th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98121-2300
| | - Helen Murphy-Robinson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, USA
| | - Michael Yost
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, USA
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Reeb-Whitaker C, Anderson NJ, Bonauto DK. Prevention guidance for isocyanate-induced asthma using occupational surveillance data. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2013; 10:597-608. [PMID: 24116665 PMCID: PMC3805421 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2013.818236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Data from Washington State's work-related asthma surveillance system were used to characterize isocyanate-induced asthma cases occurring from 1999 through 2010. Injured worker interviews and medical records were used to describe the industry, job title, work process, workers' compensation cost, and exposure trends associated with 27 cases of isocyanate-induced asthma. The majority (81%) of cases were classified within the surveillance system as new-onset asthma while 19% were classified as work-aggravated asthma. The workers' compensation cost for isocyanate-induced asthma cases was $1.7 million; this was 14% of the total claims cost for all claims in the asthma surveillance system. The majority of cases (48%) occurred from paint processes, followed by foam application or foam manufacturing (22%). Nine of the asthma cases associated with spray application occurred during application to large or awkward-shaped objects. Six workers who did not directly handle isocyanates (indirect exposure) developed new-onset asthma. Two cases suggest that skin contact and processes secondary to the isocyanate spray application, such as cleanup, contributed to immune sensitization. Surveillance data provide insight for the prevention of isocyanate-induced respiratory disease. Key observations are made regarding the development of work-related asthma in association with a) paint application on large objects difficult to ventilate, b) indirect exposure to isocyanates, c) exposure during secondary or cleanup processes, and d) reports of dermal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Reeb-Whitaker
- Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor & Industries, Olympia, Washington
- Address correspondence to: Carolyn Reeb-Whitaker, SHARP Program, Washington State Department of Labor & Industries, P.O. Box 44330, Olympia, WA 98501; e-mail:
| | - Naomi J. Anderson
- Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor & Industries, Olympia, Washington
| | - David K. Bonauto
- Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor & Industries, Olympia, Washington
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