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Taylor J, Simpson C, Brousse O, Viitanen AK, Heaviside C. The potential of urban trees to reduce heat-related mortality in London. Environ Res Lett 2024; 19:054004. [PMID: 38616845 PMCID: PMC11009716 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad3a7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Increasing temperatures and more frequent heatwave events pose threats to population health, particularly in urban environments due to the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Greening, in particular planting trees, is widely discussed as a means of reducing heat exposure and associated mortality in cities. This study aims to use data from personal weather stations (PWS) across the Greater London Authority to understand how urban temperatures vary according to tree canopy coverage and estimate the heat-health impacts of London's urban trees. Data from Netatmo PWS from 2015-2022 were cleaned, combined with official Met Office temperatures, and spatially linked to tree canopy coverage and built environment data. A generalized additive model was used to predict daily average urban temperatures under different tree canopy coverage scenarios for historical and projected future summers, and subsequent health impacts estimated. Results show areas of London with higher canopy coverage have lower urban temperatures, with average maximum daytime temperatures 0.8 °C and minimum temperatures 2.0 °C lower in the top decile versus bottom decile canopy coverage during the 2022 heatwaves. We estimate that London's urban forest helped avoid 153 heat attributable deaths from 2015-2022 (including 16 excess deaths during the 2022 heatwaves), representing around 16% of UHI-related mortality. Increasing tree coverage 10% in-line with the London strategy would have reduced UHI-related mortality by a further 10%, while a maximal tree coverage would have reduced it 55%. By 2061-2080, under RCP8.5, we estimate that London's current tree planting strategy can help avoid an additional 23 heat-attributable deaths a year, with maximal coverage increasing this to 131. Substantial benefits would also be seen for carbon storage and sequestration. Results of this study support increasing urban tree coverage as part of a wider public health effort to mitigate high urban temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Taylor
- Department of Civil Engineering, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Charles Simpson
- UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Brousse
- UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Clare Heaviside
- UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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Kangas A, Kukko K, Kanerva T, Säämänen A, Akmal JS, Partanen J, Viitanen AK. Workplace Exposure Measurements of Emission from Industrial 3D Printing. Ann Work Expo Health 2023:7069230. [PMID: 36869756 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxad006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Particle and gaseous contaminants from industrial scale additive manufacturing (AM) machines were studied in three different work environments. Workplaces utilized powder bed fusion, material extrusion, and binder jetting techniques with metal and polymer powders, polymer filaments, and gypsum powder, respectively. The AM processes were studied from operator's point of view to identify exposure events and possible safety risks. Total number of particle concentrations were measured in the range of 10 nm to 300 nm from operator's breathing zone using portable devices and in the range of 2.5 nm to 10 µm from close vicinity of the AM machines using stationary measurement devices. Gas-phase compounds were measured with photoionization, electrochemical sensors, and an active air sampling method which were eventually followed by laboratory analyses. The duration of the measurements varied from 3 to 5 days during which the manufacturing processes were practically continuous. We identified several work phases in which an operator can potentially be exposed by inhalation (pulmonary exposure) to airborne emissions. A skin exposure was also identified as a potential risk factor based on the observations made on work tasks related to the AM process. The results confirmed that nanosized particles were present in the breathing air of the workspace when the ventilation of the AM machine was inadequate. Metal powders were not measured from the workstation air thanks to the closed system and suitable risk control procedures. Still, handling of metal powders and AM materials that can act as skin irritants such as epoxy resins were found to pose a potential risk for workers. This emphasizes the importance of appropriate control measures for ventilation and material handling that should be addressed in AM operations and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Kangas
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, FI-00032 Työterveyslaitos, Finland
| | - Kirsi Kukko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tomi Kanerva
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, FI-00032 Työterveyslaitos, Finland
| | - Arto Säämänen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, FI-00032 Työterveyslaitos, Finland
| | - Jan Sher Akmal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jouni Partanen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Anna-Kaisa Viitanen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, FI-00032 Työterveyslaitos, Finland
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3
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Marcoulaki E, López de Ipiña JM, Vercauteren S, Bouillard J, Himly M, Lynch I, Witters H, Shandilya N, van Duuren-Stuurman B, Kunz V, Unger WES, Hodoroaba VD, Bard D, Evans G, Jensen KA, Pilou M, Viitanen AK, Bochon A, Duschl A, Geppert M, Persson K, Cotgreave I, Niga P, Gini M, Eleftheriadis K, Scalbi S, Caillard B, Arevalillo A, Frejafon E, Aguerre-Chariol O, Dulio V. Blueprint for a self-sustained European Centre for service provision in safe and sustainable innovation for nanotechnology. NanoImpact 2021; 23:100337. [PMID: 35559838 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The coming years are expected to bring rapid changes in the nanotechnology regulatory landscape, with the establishment of a new framework for nano-risk governance, in silico approaches for characterisation and risk assessment of nanomaterials, and novel procedures for the early identification and management of nanomaterial risks. In this context, Safe(r)-by-Design (SbD) emerges as a powerful preventive approach to support the development of safe and sustainable (SSbD) nanotechnology-based products and processes throughout the life cycle. This paper summarises the work undertaken to develop a blueprint for the deployment and operation of a permanent European Centre of collaborating laboratories and research organisations supporting safe innovation in nanotechnologies. The proposed entity, referred to as "the Centre", will establish a 'one-stop shop' for nanosafety-related services and a central contact point for addressing stakeholder questions about nanosafety. Its operation will rely on significant business, legal and market knowledge, as well as other tools developed and acquired through the EU-funded EC4SafeNano project and subsequent ongoing activities. The proposed blueprint adopts a demand-driven service update scheme to allow the necessary vigilance and flexibility to identify opportunities and adjust its activities and services in the rapidly evolving regulatory and nano risk governance landscape. The proposed Centre will play a major role as a conduit to transfer scientific knowledge between the research and commercial laboratories or consultants able to provide high quality nanosafety services, and the end-users of such services (e.g., industry, SMEs, consultancy firms, and regulatory authorities). The Centre will harmonise service provision, and bring novel risk assessment and management approaches, e.g. in silico methodologies, closer to practice, notably through SbD/SSbD, and decisively support safe and sustainable innovation of industrial production in the nanotechnology industry according to the European Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effie Marcoulaki
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", PO Box 60037, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Greece.
| | - Jesús M López de Ipiña
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Alava, 01510 Miñano, Spain.
| | | | - Jacques Bouillard
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS), Rue Jacques Taffanel, Parc technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, 60550, France.
| | - Martin Himly
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Kapitelgasse 4/6, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK.
| | - Hilda Witters
- VITO NV, Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Neeraj Shandilya
- TNO, Research group Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Birgit van Duuren-Stuurman
- TNO, Research group Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Valentin Kunz
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E S Unger
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Delphine Bard
- Health & Safety Executive Science and Research Centre, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK.
| | - Gareth Evans
- Health & Safety Executive Science and Research Centre, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK.
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- National Research Center for the Work Environment (NRCWE), Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 København, Denmark.
| | - Marika Pilou
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", PO Box 60037, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Greece.
| | - Anna-Kaisa Viitanen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), P.O. Box 40, FI-00032 Työterveyslaitos, Finland.
| | - Anthony Bochon
- JurisLab, Centre de droit privé, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F. Roosevelt 50, CP 137, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Albert Duschl
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Kapitelgasse 4/6, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Mark Geppert
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Kapitelgasse 4/6, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Karin Persson
- RISE Surface, Process and Formulation, Box 5607, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ian Cotgreave
- RISE Surface, Process and Formulation, Box 5607, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Petru Niga
- RISE Surface, Process and Formulation, Box 5607, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maria Gini
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", PO Box 60037, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Greece.
| | | | - Simona Scalbi
- ENEA, Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo sostenibile, SSPT-USER-RISE, Via martiri di monte sole 4, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Bastien Caillard
- European Risk Management Institute (EU-VRi), Fangelsbachstr. 14, 70178 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Alfonso Arevalillo
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Area Anardi 5, 20730 Azpeitia, Spain.
| | - Emeric Frejafon
- BRGM, 3 av. Claude-Guillemin, BP 36009, 45100 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Olivier Aguerre-Chariol
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS), Rue Jacques Taffanel, Parc technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, 60550, France.
| | - Valeria Dulio
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS), Rue Jacques Taffanel, Parc technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, 60550, France.
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Viitanen AK, Kallonen K, Kukko K, Kanerva T, Saukko E, Hussein T, Hämeri K, Säämänen A. Technical control of nanoparticle emissions from desktop 3D printing. Indoor Air 2021; 31:1061-1071. [PMID: 33647162 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Material extrusion (ME) desktop 3D printing is known to strongly emit nanoparticles (NP), and the need for risk management has been recognized widely. Four different engineering control measures were studied in real-life office conditions by means of online NP measurements and indoor aerosol modeling. The studied engineering control measures were general ventilation, local exhaust ventilation (LEV), retrofitted enclosure, and retrofitted enclosure with LEV. Efficiency between different control measures was compared based on particle number and surface area (SA) concentrations from which SA concentration was found to be more reliable. The study found out that for regular or long-time use of ME desktop 3D printers, the general ventilation is not sufficient control measure for NP emissions. Also, the LEV with canopy hood attached above the 3D printer did not control the emission remarkably and successful position of the hood in relation to the nozzle was found challenging. Retrofitted enclosure attached to the LEV reduced the NP emissions 96% based on SA concentration. Retrofitted enclosure is nearly as efficient as enclosure attached to the LEV (reduction of 89% based on SA concentration) but may be considered more practical solution than enclosure with LEV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimmo Kallonen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Kukko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tomi Kanerva
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tareq Hussein
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physics, School of Science, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Kaarle Hämeri
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto Säämänen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Fonseca AS, Viitanen AK, Kanerva T, Säämänen A, Aguerre-Chariol O, Fable S, Dermigny A, Karoski N, Fraboulet I, Koponen IK, Delpivo C, Vilchez Villalba A, Vázquez-Campos S, Østerskov Jensen AC, Hjortkjær Nielsen S, Sahlgren N, Clausen PA, Xuan Nguyen Larsen B, Kofoed-Sørensen V, Alstrup Jensen K, Koivisto J. Occupational Exposure and Environmental Release: The Case Study of Pouring TiO 2 and Filler Materials for Paint Production. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18020418. [PMID: 33430311 PMCID: PMC7825781 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary exposure to micro- and nanoscaled particles has been widely linked to adverse health effects and high concentrations of respirable particles are expected to occur within and around many industrial settings. In this study, a field-measurement campaign was performed at an industrial manufacturer, during the production of paints. Spatial and personal measurements were conducted and results were used to estimate the mass flows in the facility and the airborne particle release to the outdoor environment. Airborne particle number concentration (1 × 103–1.0 × 104 cm−3), respirable mass (0.06–0.6 mg m−3), and PM10 (0.3–6.5 mg m−3) were measured during pouring activities. In overall; emissions from pouring activities were found to be dominated by coarser particles >300 nm. Even though the raw materials were not identified as nanomaterials by the manufacturers, handling of TiO2 and clays resulted in release of nanometric particles to both workplace air and outdoor environment, which was confirmed by TEM analysis of indoor and stack emission samples. During the measurement period, none of the existing exposure limits in force were exceeded. Particle release to the outdoor environment varied from 6 to 20 g ton−1 at concentrations between 0.6 and 9.7 mg m−3 of total suspended dust depending on the powder. The estimated release of TiO2 to outdoors was 0.9 kg per year. Particle release to the environment is not expected to cause any major impact due to atmospheric dilution
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Fonseca
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.C.Ø.J.); (S.H.N.); (N.S.); (P.A.C.); (B.X.N.L.); (V.K.-S.); (K.A.J.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-3916-5492
| | - Anna-Kaisa Viitanen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FI-00032 Työterveyslaitos, Finland; (A.-K.V.); (T.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Tomi Kanerva
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FI-00032 Työterveyslaitos, Finland; (A.-K.V.); (T.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Arto Säämänen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FI-00032 Työterveyslaitos, Finland; (A.-K.V.); (T.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Olivier Aguerre-Chariol
- Caractérisation de l’Environnement (CARA), INERIS, 93310 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; (O.A.-C.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (N.K.); (I.F.)
| | - Sebastien Fable
- Caractérisation de l’Environnement (CARA), INERIS, 93310 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; (O.A.-C.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (N.K.); (I.F.)
| | - Adrien Dermigny
- Caractérisation de l’Environnement (CARA), INERIS, 93310 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; (O.A.-C.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (N.K.); (I.F.)
| | - Nicolas Karoski
- Caractérisation de l’Environnement (CARA), INERIS, 93310 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; (O.A.-C.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (N.K.); (I.F.)
| | - Isaline Fraboulet
- Caractérisation de l’Environnement (CARA), INERIS, 93310 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; (O.A.-C.); (S.F.); (A.D.); (N.K.); (I.F.)
| | | | - Camilla Delpivo
- Human & Environmental Health & Safety, LEITAT Technological Center, 08005 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.); (A.V.V.); (S.V.-C.)
| | - Alejandro Vilchez Villalba
- Human & Environmental Health & Safety, LEITAT Technological Center, 08005 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.); (A.V.V.); (S.V.-C.)
| | - Socorro Vázquez-Campos
- Human & Environmental Health & Safety, LEITAT Technological Center, 08005 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.); (A.V.V.); (S.V.-C.)
| | - Alexander Christian Østerskov Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.C.Ø.J.); (S.H.N.); (N.S.); (P.A.C.); (B.X.N.L.); (V.K.-S.); (K.A.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Signe Hjortkjær Nielsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.C.Ø.J.); (S.H.N.); (N.S.); (P.A.C.); (B.X.N.L.); (V.K.-S.); (K.A.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Nicklas Sahlgren
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.C.Ø.J.); (S.H.N.); (N.S.); (P.A.C.); (B.X.N.L.); (V.K.-S.); (K.A.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Per Axel Clausen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.C.Ø.J.); (S.H.N.); (N.S.); (P.A.C.); (B.X.N.L.); (V.K.-S.); (K.A.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Bianca Xuan Nguyen Larsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.C.Ø.J.); (S.H.N.); (N.S.); (P.A.C.); (B.X.N.L.); (V.K.-S.); (K.A.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Vivi Kofoed-Sørensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.C.Ø.J.); (S.H.N.); (N.S.); (P.A.C.); (B.X.N.L.); (V.K.-S.); (K.A.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.C.Ø.J.); (S.H.N.); (N.S.); (P.A.C.); (B.X.N.L.); (V.K.-S.); (K.A.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Joonas Koivisto
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.C.Ø.J.); (S.H.N.); (N.S.); (P.A.C.); (B.X.N.L.); (V.K.-S.); (K.A.J.); (J.K.)
- ARCHE Consulting, B-9032 Ghent, Belgium
- Air Pollution Management, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 UHEL Helsinki, Finland
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Wu T, Täubel M, Holopainen R, Viitanen AK, Vainiotalo S, Tuomi T, Keskinen J, Hyvärinen A, Hämeri K, Saari SE, Boor BE. Infant and Adult Inhalation Exposure to Resuspended Biological Particulate Matter. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:237-247. [PMID: 29144737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Human-induced resuspension of floor dust is a dynamic process that can serve as a major indoor source of biological particulate matter (bioPM). Inhalation exposure to the microbial and allergenic content of indoor dust is associated with adverse and protective health effects. This study evaluates infant and adult inhalation exposures and respiratory tract deposited dose rates of resuspended bioPM from carpets. Chamber experiments were conducted with a robotic crawling infant and an adult performing a walking sequence. Breathing zone (BZ) size distributions of resuspended fluorescent biological aerosol particles (FBAPs), a bioPM proxy, were monitored in real-time. FBAP exposures were highly transient during periods of locomotion. Both crawling and walking delivered a significant number of resuspended FBAPs to the BZ, with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2 cm-3 (mass range: ∼50 to 600 μg/m3). Infants and adults are primarily exposed to a unimodal FBAP size distribution between 2 and 6 μm, with infants receiving greater exposures to super-10 μm FBAPs. In just 1 min of crawling or walking, 103-104 resuspended FBAPs can deposit in the respiratory tract, with an infant receiving much of their respiratory tract deposited dose in their lower airways. Per kg body mass, an infant will receive a nearly four times greater respiratory tract deposited dose of resuspended FBAPs compared to an adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianren Wu
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University , 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University , 177 South Russell Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Martin Täubel
- National Institute for Health and Welfare , P.O. Box 95, Kuopio, FI 70701, Finland
| | - Rauno Holopainen
- Oulu University of Applied Sciences , P.O. Box 222, Oulu, FI 90101, Finland
| | - Anna-Kaisa Viitanen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , P.O. Box 40, Helsinki, FI 00250, Finland
| | - Sinikka Vainiotalo
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , P.O. Box 40, Helsinki, FI 00250, Finland
| | - Timo Tuomi
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , P.O. Box 40, Helsinki, FI 00250, Finland
| | - Jorma Keskinen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692, Tampere, FI 33101, Finland
| | - Anne Hyvärinen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare , P.O. Box 95, Kuopio, FI 70701, Finland
| | - Kaarle Hämeri
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, Helsinki, FI 00014, Finland
| | - Sampo E Saari
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692, Tampere, FI 33101, Finland
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University , 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University , 177 South Russell Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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7
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Viitanen AK, Uuksulainen S, Koivisto AJ, Hämeri K, Kauppinen T. Workplace Measurements of Ultrafine Particles—A Literature Review. Ann Work Expo Health 2017; 61:749-758. [DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxx049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Järvelä M, Huvinen M, Viitanen AK, Kanerva T, Vanhala E, Uitti J, Koivisto AJ, Junttila S, Luukkonen R, Tuomi T. Characterization of particle exposure in ferrochromium and stainless steel production. J Occup Environ Hyg 2016; 13:558-568. [PMID: 26950803 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1159687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study describes workers' exposure to fine and ultrafine particles in the production chain of ferrochromium and stainless steel during sintering, ferrochromium smelting, stainless steel melting, and hot and cold rolling operations. Workers' personal exposure to inhalable dust was assessed using IOM sampler with a cellulose acetate filter (AAWP, diameter 25 mm; Millipore, Bedford, MA). Filter sampling methods were used to measure particle mass concentrations in fixed locations. Particle number concentrations and size distributions were examined using an SMPS+C sequential mobile particle sizer and counter (series 5.400, Grimm Aerosol Technik, Ainring, Germany), and a hand-held condensation particle counter (CPC, model 3007, TSI Incorporated, MN). The structure and elemental composition of particles were analyzed using TEM-EDXA (TEM: JEM-1220, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan; EDXA: Noran System Six, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Madison,WI). Workers' personal exposure to inhalable dust averaged 1.87, 1.40, 2.34, 0.30, and 0.17 mg m(-3) in sintering plant, ferrochromium smelter, stainless steel melting shop, hot rolling mill, and the cold rolling mill, respectively. Particle number concentrations measured using SMPS+C varied from 58 × 10(3) to 662 × 10(3) cm(-3) in the production areas, whereas concentrations measured using SMPS+C and CPC3007 in control rooms ranged from 24 × 10(3) to 243 × 10(3) cm(-3) and 5.1 × 10(3) to 97 × 10(3) cm(-3), respectively. The elemental composition and the structure of particles in different production phases varied. In the cold-rolling mill non-process particles were abundant. In other sites, chromium and iron originating from ore and recycled steel scrap were the most common elements in the particles studied. Particle mass concentrations were at the same level as that reported earlier. However, particle number measurements showed a high amount of ultrafine particles, especially in sintering, alloy smelting and melting, and tapping operations. Particle number concentration and size distribution measurements provide important information regarding exposure to ultrafine particles, which cannot be seen in particle mass measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Järvelä
- a Aerosols, Dusts and Metals, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki , Finland
| | | | - Anna-Kaisa Viitanen
- c Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Tampere , Finland
| | - Tomi Kanerva
- c Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Tampere , Finland
| | - Esa Vanhala
- a Aerosols, Dusts and Metals, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Jukka Uitti
- d Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Tampere , Finland
| | - Antti J Koivisto
- c Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Tampere , Finland
| | | | - Ritva Luukkonen
- f Statistical Services, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Timo Tuomi
- a Aerosols, Dusts and Metals, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki , Finland
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Mølgaard B, Viitanen AK, Kangas A, Huhtiniemi M, Larsen ST, Vanhala E, Hussein T, Boor BE, Hämeri K, Koivisto AJ. Exposure to airborne particles and volatile organic compounds from polyurethane molding, spray painting, lacquering, and gluing in a workshop. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015; 12:3756-73. [PMID: 25849539 PMCID: PMC4410214 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120403756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Due to the health risk related to occupational air pollution exposure, we assessed concentrations and identified sources of particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a handcraft workshop producing fishing lures. The work processes in the site included polyurethane molding, spray painting, lacquering, and gluing. We measured total VOC (TVOC) concentrations and particle size distributions at three locations representing the various phases of the manufacturing and assembly process. The mean working-hour TVOC concentrations in three locations studied were 41, 37, and 24 ppm according to photo-ionization detector measurements. The mean working-hour particle number concentration varied between locations from 3000 to 36,000 cm−3. Analysis of temporal and spatial variations of TVOC concentrations revealed that there were at least four substantial VOC sources: spray gluing, mold-release agent spraying, continuous evaporation from various lacquer and paint containers, and either spray painting or lacquering (probably both). The mold-release agent spray was indirectly also a major source of ultrafine particles. The workers’ exposure can be reduced by improving the local exhaust ventilation at the known sources and by increasing the ventilation rate in the area with the continuous source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Mølgaard
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 48, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anna-Kaisa Viitanen
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anneli Kangas
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marika Huhtiniemi
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Søren Thor Larsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.
| | - Esa Vanhala
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tareq Hussein
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 48, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, JO-11942, Jordan.
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 48, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Kaarle Hämeri
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 48, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Antti Joonas Koivisto
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.
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Fonseca AS, Viitanen AK, Koivisto AJ, Kangas A, Huhtiniemi M, Hussein T, Vanhala E, Viana M, Querol X, Hämeri K. Characterization of exposure to carbon nanotubes in an industrial setting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 59:586-99. [PMID: 25539647 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/meu110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
While production and use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is increasing, workers exposure to CNTs is expected to increase as well, with inhalation being potentially the main pathway for uptake. However, there have been few studies reporting results about workers' personal exposure to CNTs. In this study, worker exposure to single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) during the production of conductive films in a modern up-scaling factory was assessed. Particulate matter concentrations (2.5-10 μm) and concentrations of CO and CO2 were monitored by using real-time instruments. Workers' exposure levels to SWCNTs were qualitatively estimated by analyzing particle samples by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM samples identified high aspect ratio (length/width > 500) SWCNTs in workplace air. SWCNT concentrations estimated from micrographs varied during normal operation, reactor use without local exhaust ventilation (LEV), and cleaning between 1.7×10(-3), 5.6 and 6.0×10(-3) SWCNT cm(-3), respectively. However, during cleaning it was unclear whether the SWCNTs originated from the cleaning itself or from other reactor openings. We were unable to quantify the SWCNT emissions with online particle instrumentation due to the SWCNT low concentrations compared to background particle concentrations, which were on average 2.6±1.1×10(3)cm(-3). However, CO concentrations were verified as a good indicator of fugitive emissions of SWCNTs. During normal operation, exposure levels were well below proposed limit values (1.0×10(-2) fibers cm(-3) and 1 µg m(-3)) when LEV was used. Based on the results in this study, the analysis of TEM grids seems to be the only direct method to detect SWCNTs in workplace air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Fonseca
- 1.Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain 2.Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna-Kaisa Viitanen
- 3.Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Nanosafety Research Centre, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti J Koivisto
- 3.Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Nanosafety Research Centre, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland 4.National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Annelli Kangas
- 3.Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Nanosafety Research Centre, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marika Huhtiniemi
- 3.Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Nanosafety Research Centre, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tareq Hussein
- 5.Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland 6.Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Jordan, Amman, JO-11942, Jordan
| | - Esa Vanhala
- 3.Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Nanosafety Research Centre, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mar Viana
- 1.Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- 1.Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kaarle Hämeri
- 5.Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Koivisto AJ, Palomäki JE, Viitanen AK, Siivola KM, Koponen IK, Yu M, Kanerva TS, Norppa H, Alenius HT, Hussein T, Savolainen KM, Hämeri KJ. Range-finding risk assessment of inhalation exposure to nanodiamonds in a laboratory environment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014; 11:5382-402. [PMID: 24840353 PMCID: PMC4053885 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110505382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study considers fundamental methods in occupational risk assessment of exposure to airborne engineered nanomaterials. We discuss characterization of particle emissions, exposure assessment, hazard assessment with in vitro studies, and risk range characterization using calculated inhaled doses and dose-response translated to humans from in vitro studies. Here, the methods were utilized to assess workers' risk range of inhalation exposure to nanodiamonds (NDs) during handling and sieving of ND powder. NDs were agglomerated to over 500 nm particles, and mean exposure levels of different work tasks varied from 0.24 to 4.96 µg·m(-3) (0.08 to 0.74 cm(-3)). In vitro-experiments suggested that ND exposure may cause a risk for activation of inflammatory cascade. However, risk range characterization based on in vitro dose-response was not performed because accurate assessment of delivered (settled) dose on the cells was not possible. Comparison of ND exposure with common pollutants revealed that ND exposure was below 5 μg·m(-3), which is one of the proposed exposure limits for diesel particulate matter, and the workers' calculated dose of NDs during the measurement day was 74 ng which corresponded to 0.02% of the modeled daily (24 h) dose of submicrometer urban air particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti J Koivisto
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jaana E Palomäki
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anna-Kaisa Viitanen
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kirsi M Siivola
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ismo K Koponen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.
| | - Mingzhou Yu
- Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fenghui Road, Xi'an 710075, China.
| | - Tomi S Kanerva
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hannu Norppa
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Harri T Alenius
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tareq Hussein
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman JO-11942, Jordan.
| | - Kai M Savolainen
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kaarle J Hämeri
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin Katu 2, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
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Viitanen AK, Saukko E, Virtanen A, Yli-Pirilää P, Smith JN, Joutsensaari J, Mäkelä JM. Ion mobility distributions during the initial stages of new particle formation by the ozonolysis of α-pinene. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:8917-8923. [PMID: 21062070 DOI: 10.1021/es101572u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) was used to study gas phase compounds during nucleation and growth of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). In this study SOA particles were generated by oxidizing α-pinene with O(3) and OH in a 6 m(3) reaction chamber. Positive ion peaks with reduced mobilities of 1.59 cm(2)(Vs)(-1) and 1.05 cm(2)(Vs)(-1) were observed 7 min after α-pinene and ozone were added to the chamber. The detected compounds can be associated with low volatility oxidation products of α-pinene, which have been suggested to participate in new particle formation. This is the first time that IMS has been applied to laboratory studies of SOA formation. IMS was found suitable for continuous online monitoring of the SOA formation process, allowing for highly sensitive detection of gas phase species that are thought to initiate new particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Kaisa Viitanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
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13
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Pedersen CS, Lauritsen FR, Sysoev A, Viitanen AK, Mäkelä JM, Adamov A, Laakia J, Mauriala T, Kotiaho T. Characterization of proton-bound acetate dimers in ion mobility spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2008; 19:1361-1366. [PMID: 18635378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ionized acetates were used as model compounds to describe gas-phase behavior of oxygen containing compounds with respect to their formation of dimers in ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). The ions were created using corona discharge at atmospheric pressure and separated in a drift tube before analysis of the ions by mass spectrometry. At the ambient operational temperature and pressure used in our instrument, all acetates studied formed dimers. Using a homolog series of n-alkyl-acetates, we found that the collision cross section of a dimer was smaller than that of a monomer with the same reduced mass. Our experiments also showed that the reduced mobility of acetate dimers with different functional groups increased in the order n-alkyl <or= branched chain alkyl <or= cyclo alkyl < aromat. For mixed n-alkyl dimers we found that the reduced mobility of acetate dimers having the same number of carbons, for example a dimer of acetyl acetate and hexyl acetate has the same reduced mobility as a dimer composed of two butyl acetates. The fundamental behavior of acetate monomers and dimers described in this paper will assist in a better understanding of the influence of dimer formation in ion mobility spectrometry.
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