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Mylonaki M, Gini M, Georgopoulou M, Pilou M, Chalvatzaki E, Solomos S, Diapouli E, Giannakaki E, Lazaridis M, Pandis SN, Nenes A, Eleftheriadis K, Papayannis A. Wildfire and African dust aerosol oxidative potential, exposure and dose in the human respiratory tract. Sci Total Environ 2024; 913:169683. [PMID: 38160832 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to wildfire smoke and dust can severely affect air quality and health. Although particulate matter (PM) levels and exposure are well-established metrics linking to health outcomes, they do not consider differences in particle toxicity or deposition location in the respiratory tract (RT). Usage of the oxidative potential (OP) exposure may further shape our understanding on how different pollution events impact health. Towards this goal, we estimate the aerosol deposition rates, OP and resulting OP deposition rates in the RT for a typical adult Caucasian male residing in Athens, Greece. We focus on a period when African dust (1-3 of August 2021) and severe wildfires at the northern part of the Attika peninsula and the Evia island, Greece (4-18 of August 2021) affected air quality in Athens. During these periods, the aerosol levels increased twofold leading to exceedances of the World Health Organization (WHO) [15(5) μg m-3] PM10 (PM2.5) air quality standard by almost 100 %. We show that the OP exposure is 1.5-times larger during the wildfire smoke events than during the dust intrusion, even if the latter was present in higher mass loads - because wildfire smoke has a higher specific OP than dust. This result carries two important implications: OP exposure should be synergistically used with other metrics - such as PM levels - to efficiently link aerosol exposure with the resulting health effects, and, certain sources of air pollution (in our case, exposure to biomass burning smoke) may need to be preferentially controlled, whenever possible, owing to their disproportionate contribution to OP exposure and ability to penetrate deeper into the human RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mylonaki
- Laser Remote Sensing Unit, Department of Physics, National and Technical University of Athens, Zografou 15780, Greece; Meteorological Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Maria Gini
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Ag. Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Maria Georgopoulou
- Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Marika Pilou
- Thermal Hydraulics and Multiphase Flow Laboratory, INRaSTES, NCSR "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Chalvatzaki
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Stavros Solomos
- Research Centre for Atmospheric Physics and Climatology, Academy of Athens, Athens 10679, Greece
| | - Evangelia Diapouli
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Ag. Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Elina Giannakaki
- Department of Environmental Physics and Meteorology, Faculty of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mihalis Lazaridis
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Spyros N Pandis
- Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece; Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Ag. Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Alexandros Papayannis
- Laser Remote Sensing Unit, Department of Physics, National and Technical University of Athens, Zografou 15780, Greece; Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
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Faria T, Cunha-Lopes I, Pilou M, Housiadas C, Querol X, Alves C, Almeida SM. Children's exposure to size-fractioned particulate matter: Chemical composition and internal dose. Sci Total Environ 2022; 823:153745. [PMID: 35150685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The health effects of the particulate matter (PM) depend not only on its aerodynamic diameter (AD) and chemical composition, but also on the time activity pattern of the individuals and on their age. The main objective of this work was to assess the exposure of children to aerosol particles by using personal instruments, to study the particle size and composition of the inhaled PM, and to estimate their transport and deposition into the human respiratory tract (HRT). The average daily PM2.5 exposure was 19 μg/m3 and the size fractions with the greatest contribution to PM2.5 concentrations were 1 < AD <2.5 μm and AD <0.25 μm. Results indicated a contribution of 9% from the mineral aerosol, 7.2% from anthropogenic sulphate, 6.7% from black carbon and 5% from anthropogenic trace elements to the daily exposure to PM2.5. The levels of mineral and marine elements increased with increasing particle size, while anthropogenic elements were present in higher concentrations in the finest particles. Particle size has been shown to influence the variability of daily dose deposited between the extrathoracic and alveolar-interstitial zones. On average, 3% of the PM deposited in the bronchial region, whereas 5% to 8% were found in the bronchiolar region. The level of physical activity had a significant contribution to the total daily dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Faria
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - I Cunha-Lopes
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Pilou
- Thermal Hydraulics & Multiphase Flow Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "DEMOKRITOS", Athens, Greece
| | - C Housiadas
- Thermal Hydraulics & Multiphase Flow Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "DEMOKRITOS", Athens, Greece
| | - X Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Research Council, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Alves
- Department of Environment, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - S M Almeida
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
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Marcoulaki E, López de Ipiña JM, Vercauteren S, Bouillard J, Himly M, Lynch I, Witters H, Shandilya N, van Duuren-Stuurman B, Kunz V, Unger WES, Hodoroaba VD, Bard D, Evans G, Jensen KA, Pilou M, Viitanen AK, Bochon A, Duschl A, Geppert M, Persson K, Cotgreave I, Niga P, Gini M, Eleftheriadis K, Scalbi S, Caillard B, Arevalillo A, Frejafon E, Aguerre-Chariol O, Dulio V. Blueprint for a self-sustained European Centre for service provision in safe and sustainable innovation for nanotechnology. NanoImpact 2021; 23:100337. [PMID: 35559838 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The coming years are expected to bring rapid changes in the nanotechnology regulatory landscape, with the establishment of a new framework for nano-risk governance, in silico approaches for characterisation and risk assessment of nanomaterials, and novel procedures for the early identification and management of nanomaterial risks. In this context, Safe(r)-by-Design (SbD) emerges as a powerful preventive approach to support the development of safe and sustainable (SSbD) nanotechnology-based products and processes throughout the life cycle. This paper summarises the work undertaken to develop a blueprint for the deployment and operation of a permanent European Centre of collaborating laboratories and research organisations supporting safe innovation in nanotechnologies. The proposed entity, referred to as "the Centre", will establish a 'one-stop shop' for nanosafety-related services and a central contact point for addressing stakeholder questions about nanosafety. Its operation will rely on significant business, legal and market knowledge, as well as other tools developed and acquired through the EU-funded EC4SafeNano project and subsequent ongoing activities. The proposed blueprint adopts a demand-driven service update scheme to allow the necessary vigilance and flexibility to identify opportunities and adjust its activities and services in the rapidly evolving regulatory and nano risk governance landscape. The proposed Centre will play a major role as a conduit to transfer scientific knowledge between the research and commercial laboratories or consultants able to provide high quality nanosafety services, and the end-users of such services (e.g., industry, SMEs, consultancy firms, and regulatory authorities). The Centre will harmonise service provision, and bring novel risk assessment and management approaches, e.g. in silico methodologies, closer to practice, notably through SbD/SSbD, and decisively support safe and sustainable innovation of industrial production in the nanotechnology industry according to the European Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effie Marcoulaki
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", PO Box 60037, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Greece.
| | - Jesús M López de Ipiña
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Alava, 01510 Miñano, Spain.
| | | | - Jacques Bouillard
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS), Rue Jacques Taffanel, Parc technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, 60550, France.
| | - Martin Himly
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Kapitelgasse 4/6, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK.
| | - Hilda Witters
- VITO NV, Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Neeraj Shandilya
- TNO, Research group Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Birgit van Duuren-Stuurman
- TNO, Research group Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Valentin Kunz
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E S Unger
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Delphine Bard
- Health & Safety Executive Science and Research Centre, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK.
| | - Gareth Evans
- Health & Safety Executive Science and Research Centre, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK.
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- National Research Center for the Work Environment (NRCWE), Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 København, Denmark.
| | - Marika Pilou
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", PO Box 60037, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Greece.
| | - Anna-Kaisa Viitanen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), P.O. Box 40, FI-00032 Työterveyslaitos, Finland.
| | - Anthony Bochon
- JurisLab, Centre de droit privé, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F. Roosevelt 50, CP 137, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Albert Duschl
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Kapitelgasse 4/6, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Mark Geppert
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Kapitelgasse 4/6, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Karin Persson
- RISE Surface, Process and Formulation, Box 5607, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ian Cotgreave
- RISE Surface, Process and Formulation, Box 5607, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Petru Niga
- RISE Surface, Process and Formulation, Box 5607, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maria Gini
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", PO Box 60037, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Greece.
| | | | - Simona Scalbi
- ENEA, Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo sostenibile, SSPT-USER-RISE, Via martiri di monte sole 4, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Bastien Caillard
- European Risk Management Institute (EU-VRi), Fangelsbachstr. 14, 70178 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Alfonso Arevalillo
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Area Anardi 5, 20730 Azpeitia, Spain.
| | - Emeric Frejafon
- BRGM, 3 av. Claude-Guillemin, BP 36009, 45100 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Olivier Aguerre-Chariol
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS), Rue Jacques Taffanel, Parc technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, 60550, France.
| | - Valeria Dulio
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS), Rue Jacques Taffanel, Parc technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, 60550, France.
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Almeida-Silva M, Pilou M, Housiadas C, Almeida SM. Internal dose of particles in the elderly-modeling based on aerosol measurements. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:23645-23656. [PMID: 29978317 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents an integrated methodology that combines experimental and modeling techniques and links exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) with internal dose in the respiratory system and burden in adjacent tissues over a period of time. The methodology is used to estimate doses in the respiratory systems of elders that reside in 10 elderly care centers (ECCs) in the metropolitan area of Lisbon. Measurements of PM were performed in the ECCs and combined with a time-budget survey for the occupants. This information served as input to the first model that estimated particle doses in the different regions of the respiratory tract of the elderly, and then a second model was used to calculate particle build-up in the alveolar region, the interstitium and the hilar lymph nodes of the elders over a 5-year exposure period. It was found that in 5 years of continuous exposure to the average particle concentration measured over all ECCs, 258 mg of all particles are deposited on the surface of the alveoli of which 79.6% are cleared, 18.8% are retained in the alveolar region, 1.5% translocate to the hilar lymph nodes, and 0.1% are transferred to the interstitium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Almeida-Silva
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066, Bobadela LRS, Portugal.
- H&TRC - Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Marika Pilou
- Thermal Hydraulics & Multiphase Flow Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR "DEMOKRITOS", 153 10, Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Christos Housiadas
- Thermal Hydraulics & Multiphase Flow Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR "DEMOKRITOS", 153 10, Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Susana M Almeida
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066, Bobadela LRS, Portugal
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5
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Pilou M, Vaquero-Moralejo C, Jaén M, Lopez De Ipiña Peña J, Neofytou P, Housiadas C. Modeling of occupational exposure to accidentally released manufactured nanomaterials in a production facility and calculation of internal doses by inhalation. Int J Occup Environ Health 2016; 22:249-258. [PMID: 27670588 PMCID: PMC5102221 DOI: 10.1080/10773525.2016.1226535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational exposure to manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) and its potential health impacts are of scientific and practical interest, as previous epidemiological studies associate exposure to nanoparticles with health effects, including increased morbidity of the respiratory and the circulatory system. OBJECTIVES To estimate the occupational exposure and effective internal doses in a real production facility of TiO2 MNMs during hypothetical scenarios of accidental release. METHODS Commercial software for geometry and mesh generation, as well as fluid flow and particle dispersion calculation, were used to estimate occupational exposure to MNMs. The results were introduced to in-house software to calculate internal doses in the human respiratory tract by inhalation. RESULTS Depending on the accidental scenario, different areas of the production facility were affected by the released MNMs, with a higher dose exposure among individuals closer to the particles source. CONCLUSIONS Granted that the study of the accidental release of particles can only be performed by chance, this numerical approach provides valuable information regarding occupational exposure and contributes to better protection of personnel. The methodology can be used to identify occupational settings where the exposure to MNMs would be high during accidents, providing insight to health and safety officials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Pilou
- Thermal Hydraulics & Multiphase Flow Laboratory, INRASTES, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | | | - María Jaén
- Navarrean Nanoproduct Technology, TECNAN, Los Arcos, Spain
| | | | - Panagiotis Neofytou
- Thermal Hydraulics & Multiphase Flow Laboratory, INRASTES, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Christos Housiadas
- Thermal Hydraulics & Multiphase Flow Laboratory, INRASTES, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Greece
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Dusinska M, Boland S, Saunders M, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Tran L, Pojana G, Marcomini A, Volkovova K, Tulinska J, Knudsen LE, Gombau L, Whelan M, Collins AR, Marano F, Housiadas C, Bilanicova D, Halamoda Kenzaoui B, Correia Carreira S, Magdolenova Z, Fjellsbø LM, Huk A, Handy R, Walker L, Barancokova M, Bartonova A, Burello E, Castell J, Cowie H, Drlickova M, Guadagnini R, Harris G, Harju M, Heimstad ES, Hurbankova M, Kazimirova A, Kovacikova Z, Kuricova M, Liskova A, Milcamps A, Neubauerova E, Palosaari T, Papazafiri P, Pilou M, Poulsen MS, Ross B, Runden-Pran E, Sebekova K, Staruchova M, Vallotto D, Worth A. Towards an alternative testing strategy for nanomaterials used in nanomedicine: lessons from NanoTEST. Nanotoxicology 2016; 9 Suppl 1:118-32. [PMID: 25923349 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.991431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In spite of recent advances in describing the health outcomes of exposure to nanoparticles (NPs), it still remains unclear how exactly NPs interact with their cellular targets. Size, surface, mass, geometry, and composition may all play a beneficial role as well as causing toxicity. Concerns of scientists, politicians and the public about potential health hazards associated with NPs need to be answered. With the variety of exposure routes available, there is potential for NPs to reach every organ in the body but we know little about the impact this might have. The main objective of the FP7 NanoTEST project ( www.nanotest-fp7.eu ) was a better understanding of mechanisms of interactions of NPs employed in nanomedicine with cells, tissues and organs and to address critical issues relating to toxicity testing especially with respect to alternatives to tests on animals. Here we describe an approach towards alternative testing strategies for hazard and risk assessment of nanomaterials, highlighting the adaptation of standard methods demanded by the special physicochemical features of nanomaterials and bioavailability studies. The work has assessed a broad range of toxicity tests, cell models and NP types and concentrations taking into account the inherent impact of NP properties and the effects of changes in experimental conditions using well-characterized NPs. The results of the studies have been used to generate recommendations for a suitable and robust testing strategy which can be applied to new medical NPs as they are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory-MILK, NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research , Kjeller , Norway
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Pilou M, Mavrofrydi O, Housiadas C, Eleftheriadis K, Papazafiri P. Computational modeling as part of alternative testing strategies in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems: Inhaled nanoparticle dose modeling based on representative aerosol measurements and corresponding toxicological analysis. Nanotoxicology 2013; 9 Suppl 1:106-15. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.861527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Dusinska M, Dusinska M, Fjellsbø LM, Magdolenova Z, Rinna A, Runden Pran E, Bartonova A, Heimstad ES, Harju M, Tran L, Ross B, Juillerat L, Halamoda Kenzaui B, Marano F, Boland S, Guadaginini R, Saunders M, Cartwright L, Carreira S, Whelan M, Kelin CH, Worth A, Palosaari T, Burello E, Housiadas C, Pilou M, Volkovova K, Tulinska J, Kazimirova A, Barancokova M, Sebekova K, Hurbankova M, Kovacikova Z, Knudsen L, Poulsen MS, Mose T, Vilà M, Gombau L, Fernandez B, Castell J, Marcomini A, Pojana G, Bilanicova D, Vallotto D. Testing strategies for the safety of nanoparticles used in medical applications. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2009; 4:605-7. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.09.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - M Dusinska
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - LM Fjellsbø
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Z Magdolenova
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - A Rinna
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - E Runden Pran
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - A Bartonova
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - ES Heimstad
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - M Harju
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - L Tran
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - B Ross
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - L Juillerat
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - B Halamoda Kenzaui
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - F Marano
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - S Boland
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - R Guadaginini
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - M Saunders
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - L Cartwright
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - S Carreira
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - M Whelan
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - CH Kelin
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - A Worth
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - T Palosaari
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - E Burello
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - C Housiadas
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - M Pilou
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - K Volkovova
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - J Tulinska
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - A Kazimirova
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - M Barancokova
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - K Sebekova
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - M Hurbankova
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Z Kovacikova
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - L Knudsen
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - MS Poulsen
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - T Mose
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - M Vilà
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - L Gombau
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - B Fernandez
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - J Castell
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - A Marcomini
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - G Pojana
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - D Bilanicova
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - D Vallotto
- Health Effects Group, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Centre for Ecology and Economics, POB 100, Instituttvn. 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
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