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Lan CH, Ou LC, Liu HH, Peng CY. Investigation of metal concentration distribution and corresponding health exposure assessment of fabricated metal product manufacturers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13662. [PMID: 38871786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The fabricated metal product industries were identified as producers of variable and heterogeneous pollution. Workers in these manufacturing facilities are exposed to multiple pollutants present at variable concentrations. Specific known adverse health effects include bladder cancer associated with metalworking fluid exposure and lung cancer associated with electroplating processes. To reduce the incidence of these adverse effects, the main challenge is to identify the most hazardous pollutants within this complex exposure environment and evaluate the corresponding health potentials. In this study, exposure indices were formulated to assess multiple metal exposures with the ultimate goal of providing relevant information for exposure reduction and control measures. Fifteen plants, including metal mold manufacturing, metal casting, and surface treatment plants, were investigated in terms of total concentration, summation of corresponding ratio to threshold limit value (STLVr), hazard index (HI), and incremental cancer risk. The results revealed that emissions of aluminum, iron, and manganese were primarily found in the metal mold manufacturing/casting plants, while emissions of chromium, nickel, and zinc were found in surface treatment plants. STLVr and HI were more useful than the total concentration for identifying hazardous metals, which were chromium and nickel, and could specify the facilities that were in need of control measures. As for cancer risk, the metal mold manufacturing/casting plants had lower risk than the surface treatment plants, and the contributing metals for these two plant types were cobalt and chromium, respectively. This study established a useful procedure to evaluate health hazards and cancer risk. The resulting information is useful for prioritizing mitigation control of multiple metal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hang Lan
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung-Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, 71703, Taiwan
| | - Lun-Chun Ou
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hsin Liu
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yu Peng
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Community Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, 100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Pang Y, Qu J, Zhang H, Cao Y, Ma X, Wang S, Wang J, Wu J, Zhang T. Nose-to-brain translocation and nervous system injury in response to indium tin oxide nanoparticles of long-term low-dose exposures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167314. [PMID: 37742979 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a semiconductor nanomaterial with broad application in liquid crystal displays, solar cells, and electrochemical immune sensors. It is worth noting that, with the gradual increase in worker exposure opportunities, the exposure risk in occupational production cannot be ignored. At present, the toxicity of ITO mainly focuses on respiratory toxicity. ITO inhaled through the upper respiratory tract can cause pathological changes such as interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis. Still, extrapulmonary toxicity after nanoscale ITO nanoparticle (ITO NPs) exposure, such as long-term effects on the central nervous system, should also be of concern. Therefore, we set up exposure dose experiments (0 mg·kg-1, 3.6 mg·kg-1, and 36 mg·kg-1) based on occupational exposure limits to treat C57BL/6 mice via nasal drops for 15 weeks. Moreover, we conducted a preliminary assessment of the neurotoxicity of ITO NPs (20-30 nm) in vivo. The results indicated that ITO NPs can cause diffuse inflammatory infiltrates in brain tissue, increased glial cell responsiveness, abnormal neuronal cell lineage transition, neuronal migration disorders, and neuronal apoptosis related to the oxidative stress induced by ITO NPs exposure. Hence, our findings provide useful information for the fuller risk assessment of ITO NPs after occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Pang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haopeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuna Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinmo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shile Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jingying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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3
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Case reports of indium lung disease in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 120:893-898. [PMID: 32828652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of indium-tin oxide has increased in the past decades due to the increased manufacture of liquid crystal displays (LCD). Taiwan is one of the highest indium-consuming countries worldwide. After repeated inhalation, indium oxide (In2O3) particles would accumulate in the lungs, resulting in severe lung effects. We report two workers of an LCD producing facility with elevated serum indium level up to 149 and 73.8 μg/L (normal value <3.5 μg/L), which was much higher than that observed in previous case reports in Taiwan. We collected their detailed working history, symptoms, pulmonary function, radiologic findings, and followed up for more than one year. We also performed workplace evaluation of the facility. We observed that sandblasters who clean components of ITO thin-film production machinery by sandblasting with aluminum oxide tend to have higher indium exposure with worse pulmonary functions and HRCT findings.
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Mitsuhashi T. Effects of indium exposure on respiratory symptoms: a retrospective cohort study in Japanese workers using health checkup data. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8413. [PMID: 31988812 PMCID: PMC6969551 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indium compounds are known health hazards for lung cancer and interstitial pneumonia. Furthermore, they are related to emphysema, alveolar proteinosis, and cholesterol granuloma. In Japan, laws were revised in 2013 to tighten regulations on indium exposure in workplaces. However, its impact on the health of workers who handle indium has not been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate whether subjective respiratory symptoms in these workers have reduced after the 2013 amendment in the regulations. METHODS The subjects were workers from certain areas of Japan who had undergone health checkups between January 1, 2013, and June 30, 2015. Indium-handling and non-handling workers were categorized into the exposed and less-exposed groups, respectively. Based on the findings of health checkups during this period, the hazard ratio of subjective respiratory symptoms (cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, and palpitation) and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with the less-exposed group as the reference. The Prentice-Williams-Peterson model was used for calculation, and a model that adjusted for coarse analysis and potential confounding factors was adopted. RESULTS Overall, 2,561 workers (from 22 companies) who underwent 6,033 health checkups were included. The total person-years were 2,562.8 years, and 162 outcome events occurred. The hazard ratios of the exposed group were 1.65 (95% CI [1.14-2.39]: p = 0.008) and 1.61 (95% CI [1.04-2.50]: p = 0.032) in the crude and adjusted models, respectively. CONCLUSION Indium-handling workers had a high hazard of the subjective respiratory symptoms than non-indium -handling workers despite stricter regulations on indium exposure in workplaces. This indicates the need for further changes to the legislation to protect the health of workers exposed to harmful substances in workplaces. Further studies including larger diverse cohorts are needed to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Mitsuhashi
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
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HIGASHIKUBO I, ARITO H, EITAKI Y, ANDO K, ARAKI A, SHIMIZU H, SAKURAI H. Evaluation of personal exposure of workers to indium concentrations in total dust and its respirable fraction at three Japanese indium plants. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2019; 57:392-397. [PMID: 30068895 PMCID: PMC6546583 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2018-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate personal exposures of 27 workers to indium compounds as "total" dust and its "respirable" fraction in their breathing zones at 3 Japanese indium plants. Eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA) indium concentrations of personal exposure to dust collected in sampling periods of 6 h or longer were determined by ICP-MS. The arithmetic means of exposure concentrations were 0.095 mg indium (In)/m3, when sampled as total dust, and 0.059 mg In/m3, as respirable fraction. ACGIH's TLV-TWA of 0.1 mg In/m3 for total particulate matter and Acceptable Exposure Concentration Limit (AECL) of 3×10-4 mg In/m3 for the respirable fraction notified by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare were used to evaluate the exposure concentrations. Twenty-five out of 27 workers were exposed to indium concentrations lower than TLV-TWA, while all of the workers were exposed to the indium concentrations higher than AECL. We noted that there was a large discrepancy between the two occupational exposure limits referred to in this report, and these differences were attributed to the sampling strategies and health effects used as the prevention targets. Carcinogenicity of the respirable fraction of indium-containing particulates was considered in setting AECL, whereas it was not in ACGIH's TLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro HIGASHIKUBO
- Occupational Health Research and Development Center,
Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Japan
| | - Heihachiro ARITO
- Occupational Health Research and Development Center,
Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Japan
- The Association of Industrial Health, Japan
| | - Yoko EITAKI
- Occupational Health Research and Development Center,
Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Japan
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School
of Medicine, Keio University, Japan
| | - Kenji ANDO
- Occupational Health Research and Development Center,
Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Japan
| | - Akihiro ARAKI
- Occupational Health Research and Development Center,
Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Japan
| | - Hidesuke SHIMIZU
- Occupational Health Research and Development Center,
Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Japan
| | - Haruhiko SAKURAI
- Occupational Health Research and Development Center,
Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Japan
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Stefaniak AB, Virji MA, Badding MA, Cummings KJ. Application of the ICRP respiratory tract model to estimate pulmonary retention of industrially sampled indium-containing dusts. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 29:169-178. [PMID: 28595469 PMCID: PMC5746041 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1333548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of indium-containing dusts is associated with the development of indium lung disease. Workers may be exposed to several different chemical forms of indium; however, their lung dosimetry is not fully understood. We characterized the physicochemical properties and measured the lung dissolution kinetics of eight indium-containing dusts. Indium dissolution rates in artificial lung fluids spanned two orders of magnitude. We used the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) human respiratory model (HRTM) to estimate pulmonary indium deposition, retention and biokinetic clearance to blood. For a two-year (median workforce tenure at facility) exposure to respirable-sized particles of the indium materials, modeled indium clearance (>99.99% removed) from the alveolar-interstitial compartment was slow for all dusts; salts would clear in 4 years, sintered indium-tin oxide (ITO) would clear in 9 years, and indium oxide would require 48 years. For this scenario, the ICRP HRTM predicted that indium translocated to blood would be present in that compartment for 3.5-18 years after cessation of exposure, depending on the chemical form. For a 40-year exposure (working lifetime), clearance from the alveolar-interstitial compartment would require 5, 10 and 60 years for indium salts, sintered ITO and indium oxide, respectively and indium would be present in blood for 5-53 years after exposure. Consideration of differences in chemical forms of indium, dissolution rates, alveolar clearance and residence time in blood should be included in exposure assessment and epidemiological studies that rely on measures of total indium in air or blood to derive risk estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - M Abbas Virji
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Melissa A Badding
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Kristin J Cummings
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
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