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Gunn NJ, Kidd SP, Solomon LB, Yang D, Roscioli E, Atkins GJ. Staphylococcus aureus persistence in osteocytes: weathering the storm of antibiotics and autophagy/xenophagy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1403289. [PMID: 38915921 PMCID: PMC11194354 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1403289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major causative pathogen of osteomyelitis. Intracellular infections of resident bone cells including osteocytes can persist despite gold-standard clinical intervention. The mechanisms by which intracellular S. aureus evades antibiotic therapy are unknown. In this study, we utilised an in vitro S. aureus infection model of human osteocytes to investigate whether antibiotic-mediated dysregulation of autophagy contributes to this phenomenon. Infected or non-infected osteocyte-like cells were exposed to combinations of rifampicin, vancomycin, and modulators of autophagy. Intracellular bacterial growth characteristics were assessed using colony-forming unit (CFU) analysis, viable bacterial DNA abundance, and the rate of escape into antibiotic-free medium, together with measures of autophagic flux. Rifampicin, alone or in combination with vancomycin, caused a rapid decrease in the culturability of intracellular bacteria, concomitant with stable or increased absolute bacterial DNA levels. Both antibiotics significantly inhibited autophagic flux. However, modulation of autophagic flux did not affect viable bacterial DNA levels. In summary, autophagy was shown to be a factor in the host-pathogen relationship in this model, as its modulation affected the growth state of intracellular S. aureus with respect to both their culturability and propensity to escape the intracellular niche. While rifampicin and vancomycin treatments moderately suppressed autophagic flux acutely, this did not explain the paradoxical response of antibiotic treatment in decreasing S. aureus culturability whilst failing to clear bacterial DNA and hence intracellular bacterial load. Thus, off-target effects of rifampicin and vancomycin on autophagic flux in osteocyte-like cells could not explain the persistent S. aureus infection in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Gunn
- Biomedical Orthopaedic Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen P. Kidd
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Research Centre for Infectious Disease, School of Biological Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lucian B. Solomon
- Biomedical Orthopaedic Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dongqing Yang
- Biomedical Orthopaedic Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Eugene Roscioli
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Biology, South Australia (SA) Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gerald J. Atkins
- Biomedical Orthopaedic Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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2
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Kerro Dego O, Vidlund J. Staphylococcal mastitis in dairy cows. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1356259. [PMID: 38863450 PMCID: PMC11165426 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1356259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is one of the most common diseases of dairy cattle. Even though different infectious microorganisms and mechanical injury can cause mastitis, bacteria are the most common cause of mastitis in dairy cows. Staphylococci, streptococci, and coliforms are the most frequently diagnosed etiological agents of mastitis in dairy cows. Staphylococci that cause mastitis are broadly divided into Staphylococcus aureus and non-aureus staphylococci (NAS). NAS is mainly comprised of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (CNS) and some coagulase-positive and coagulase-variable staphylococci. Current staphylococcal mastitis control measures are ineffective, and dependence on antimicrobial drugs is not sustainable because of the low cure rate with antimicrobial treatment and the development of resistance. Non-antimicrobial effective and sustainable control tools are critically needed. This review describes the current status of S. aureus and NAS mastitis in dairy cows and flags areas of knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oudessa Kerro Dego
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jessica Vidlund
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- East Tennessee AgResearch and Education Center-Little River Animal and Environmental Unit, University of Tennessee, Walland, TN, United States
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3
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van den Biggelaar RHGA, Walburg KV, van den Eeden SJF, van Doorn CLR, Meiler E, de Ries AS, Meijer AH, Ottenhoff THM, Saris A. Identification of kinase modulators as host-directed therapeutics against intracellular methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1367938. [PMID: 38590439 PMCID: PMC10999543 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1367938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), poses a threat to successful antibiotic treatment. Unsuccessful attempts to develop a vaccine and rising resistance to last-resort antibiotics urge the need for alternative treatments. Host-directed therapy (HDT) targeting critical intracellular stages of S. aureus emerges as a promising alternative, potentially acting synergistically with antibiotics and reducing the risk of de novo drug resistance. We assessed 201 ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors from Published Kinase Inhibitor Sets (PKIS1 and PKIS2) against intracellular MRSA. Seventeen hit compounds were identified, of which the two most effective and well-tolerated hit compounds (i.e., GW633459A and GW296115X) were selected for further analysis. The compounds did not affect planktonic bacterial cultures, while they were active in a range of human cell lines of cervical, skin, lung, breast and monocyte origin, confirming their host-directed mechanisms. GW633459A, structurally related to lapatinib, exhibited an HDT effect on intracellular MRSA independently of its known human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/(HER) kinase family targets. GW296115X activated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), thereby enhancing bacterial degradation via autophagy. Finally, GW296115X not only reduced MRSA growth in human cells but also improved the survival rates of MRSA-infected zebrafish embryos, highlighting its potential as HDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin H. G. A. van den Biggelaar
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kimberley V. Walburg
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Susan J. F. van den Eeden
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Cassandra L. R. van Doorn
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eugenia Meiler
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Alex S. de Ries
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anno Saris
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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4
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Wang L, Liu M, Qi Y, Wang J, Shi Q, Xie X, Zhou C, Ma L. hsdSA regulated extracellular vesicle-associated PLY to protect Streptococcus pneumoniae from macrophage killing via LAPosomes. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0099523. [PMID: 38018988 PMCID: PMC10783081 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00995-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE S. pneumoniae is a major human pathogen that undergoes a spontaneous and reversible phase variation that allows it to survive in different host environments. Interestingly, we found hsdSA , a gene that manipulated the phase variation, promoted the survival and replication of S. pneumoniae in macrophages by regulating EV production and EV-associated PLY. More importantly, here we provided the first evidence that higher EV-associated PLY (produced by D39) could form LAPosomes that were single membrane compartments containing S. pneumoniae, which are induced by integrin β1/NOX2/ROS pathway. At the same time, EV-associated PLY increased the permeability of lysosome membrane and induced an insufficient acidification to escape the host killing, and ultimately prolonged the survival of S. pneumoniae in macrophages. In contrast, lower EV-associated PLY (produced by D39ΔhsdSA ) activated ULK1 recruitment to form double-layered autophagosomes to eliminate bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yixin Qi
- College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qixue Shi
- College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changlin Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingman Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Meng M, Wang J, Li H, Wang J, Wang X, Li M, Gao X, Li W, Ma C, Wei L. Eliminating the invading extracellular and intracellular FnBp + bacteria from respiratory epithelial cells by autophagy mediated through FnBp-Fn-Integrin α5β1 axis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1324727. [PMID: 38264727 PMCID: PMC10803403 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1324727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background We previously found that the respiratory epithelial cells could eliminate the invaded group A streptococcus (GAS) through autophagy induced by binding a fibronectin (Fn) binding protein (FnBp) expressed on the surface of GAS to plasma protein Fn and its receptor integrin α5β1 of epithelial cells. Is autophagy initiated by FnBp+ bacteria via FnBp-Fn-Integrin α5β1 axis a common event in respiratory epithelial cells? Methods We chose Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus/S. a) and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes/L. m) as representatives of extracellular and intracellular FnBp+ bacteria, respectively. The FnBp of them was purified and the protein function was confirmed by western blot, viable bacteria count, confocal and pull-down. The key molecule downstream of the action axis was detected by IP, mass spectrometry and bio-informatics analysis. Results We found that different FnBp from both S. aureus and L. monocytogenes could initiate autophagy through FnBp-Fn-integrin α5β1 axis and this could be considered a universal event, by which host tries to remove invading bacteria from epithelial cells. Importantly, we firstly reported that S100A8, as a key molecule downstream of integrin β1 chain, is highly expressed upon activation of integrin α5β1, which in turn up-regulates autophagy. Conclusions Various FnBp from FnBp+ bacteria have the ability to initiate autophagy via FnBp-Fn-Integrin α5β1 axis to promote the removal of invading bacteria from epithelial cells in the presence of fewer invaders. S100A8 is a key molecule downstream of Integrin α5β1 in this autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Meng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiachao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongru Li
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenjian Li
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Nagdev PK, Agnivesh PK, Roy A, Sau S, Kalia NP. Exploring and exploiting the host cell autophagy during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 42:1297-1315. [PMID: 37740791 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-023-04663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a fatal infectious disease that prevails to be the second leading cause of death from a single infectious agent despite the availability of multiple drugs for treatment. The current treatment regimen involves the combination of several drugs for 6 months that remain ineffective in completely eradicating the infection because of several drawbacks, such as the long duration of treatment and the side effects of drugs causing non-adherence of patients to the treatment regimen. Autophagy is an intracellular degradative process that eliminates pathogens at the early stages of infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis's unique autophagy-blocking capability makes it challenging to eliminate compared to usual pathogens. The present review discusses recent advances in autophagy-inhibiting factors and mechanisms that could be exploited to identify autophagy-inducing chemotherapeutics that could be used as adjunctive therapy with the existing first-line anti-TB agent to shorten the duration of therapy and enhance cure rates from multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extreme drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar Nagdev
- Department of Biological Sciences (Pharmacology and Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Puja Kumari Agnivesh
- Department of Biological Sciences (Pharmacology and Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Arnab Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences (Pharmacology and Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Shashikanta Sau
- Department of Biological Sciences (Pharmacology and Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Nitin Pal Kalia
- Department of Biological Sciences (Pharmacology and Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
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7
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Briassoulis G, Briassoulis P, Ilia S, Miliaraki M, Briassouli E. The Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Apoptotic, and Anti-Necroptotic Role of Zinc in COVID-19 and Sepsis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1942. [PMID: 38001795 PMCID: PMC10669546 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is a structural component of proteins, functions as a catalytic co-factor in DNA synthesis and transcription of hundreds of enzymes, and has a regulatory role in protein-DNA interactions of zinc-finger proteins. For many years, zinc has been acknowledged for its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory functions. Furthermore, zinc is a potent inhibitor of caspases-3, -7, and -8, modulating the caspase-controlled apoptosis and necroptosis. In recent years, the immunomodulatory role of zinc in sepsis and COVID-19 has been investigated. Both sepsis and COVID-19 are related to various regulated cell death (RCD) pathways, including apoptosis and necroptosis. Lack of zinc may have a negative effect on many immune functions, such as oxidative burst, cytokine production, chemotaxis, degranulation, phagocytosis, and RCD. While plasma zinc concentrations decline swiftly during both sepsis and COVID-19, this reduction is primarily attributed to a redistribution process associated with the inflammatory response. In this response, hepatic metallothionein production increases in reaction to cytokine release, which is linked to inflammation, and this protein effectively captures and stores zinc in the liver. Multiple regulatory mechanisms come into play, influencing the uptake of zinc, the binding of zinc to blood albumin and red blood cells, as well as the buffering and modulation of cytosolic zinc levels. Decreased zinc levels are associated with increasing severity of organ dysfunction, prolonged hospital stay and increased mortality in septic and COVID-19 patients. Results of recent studies focusing on these topics are summarized and discussed in this narrative review. Existing evidence currently does not support pharmacological zinc supplementation in patients with sepsis or COVID-19. Complementation and repletion should follow current guidelines for micronutrients in critically ill patients. Further research investigating the pharmacological mechanism of zinc in programmed cell death caused by invasive infections and its therapeutic potential in sepsis and COVID-19 could be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Briassoulis
- Postgraduate Program “Emergency and Intensive Care in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults”, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis Briassoulis
- Second Department of Anesthesiology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Stavroula Ilia
- Postgraduate Program “Emergency and Intensive Care in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults”, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Marianna Miliaraki
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Efrossini Briassouli
- Infectious Diseases Department “MAKKA”, First Department of Paediatrics, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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8
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Sun Y, Liu C. Application and value of hydrogen sulfide modulated autophagy in sepsis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110662. [PMID: 37473711 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is is anabnormalhost immune responsecausedbyinfection. Antibiotics, anti-viral drugs, and vasoactive drugs have always been used in the traditional treatment of sepsis, but there are no specific and effective drugs in clinical practice. Autophagy is a highly conservative process in biological evolution, and plays an important role in maintaining intracellular homeostasis and cellular self-renewal. Autophagy can remove and degrade misfolding proteins and damaged organelles in cells, providing materials for cell repair and self-renewal. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless gas that smells likerotteneggs. It is the third endogenous gas signal molecule discovered after nitric oxide and carbon monoxide and has become a research hotspot in recent years. H2S has a variety of biological functions and plays an important role in various physiological and pathological processes. Thereisgrowingevidencethat H2S can regulate autophagy. The intervention of autophagy is a promising therapeutic strategy to improve sepsis organ damage. This article reviews the organ protection of autophagy in sepsis and the role of H2S in regulating autophagy in sepsis, revealing that H2S intervention with autophagy may be a a worthy target in sepsis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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Deramaudt TB, Chehaitly A, Charrière T, Arnaud J, Bonay M. High-Frequency Repetitive Magnetic Stimulation Activates Bactericidal Activity of Macrophages via Modulation of p62/Keap1/Nrf2 and p38 MAPK Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1695. [PMID: 37759998 PMCID: PMC10525279 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of repetitive magnetic stimulation (rMS) have predominantly been studied in excitable cells, with limited research in non-excitable cells. This study aimed to investigate the impact of rMS on macrophages, which are crucial cells in the innate immune defense. THP-1-derived macrophages subjected to a 5 min session of 10 Hz rMS exhibited increased Nrf2 activation and decreased Keap1 expression. We found that activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway relied on rMS-induced phosphorylation of p62. Notably, rMS reduced the intracellular survival of Staphylococcus aureus in macrophages. Silencing Nrf2 using siRNA in THP-1-derived macrophages or utilizing Nrf2 knockout in alveolar macrophages abolished this effect. Additionally, rMS attenuated the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α inflammatory genes by S. aureus and inhibited p38 MAPK activation. These findings highlight the capacity of rMS to activate the non-canonical Nrf2 pathway, modulate macrophage function, and enhance the host's defense against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese B. Deramaudt
- U1179 INSERM, END-ICAP, UFR des Sciences de la Santé-Simone Veil, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France (M.B.)
| | - Ahmad Chehaitly
- U1179 INSERM, END-ICAP, UFR des Sciences de la Santé-Simone Veil, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France (M.B.)
| | - Théo Charrière
- U1179 INSERM, END-ICAP, UFR des Sciences de la Santé-Simone Veil, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France (M.B.)
| | - Julie Arnaud
- U1179 INSERM, END-ICAP, UFR des Sciences de la Santé-Simone Veil, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France (M.B.)
| | - Marcel Bonay
- U1179 INSERM, END-ICAP, UFR des Sciences de la Santé-Simone Veil, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France (M.B.)
- Service de Physiologie-Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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10
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Peilin W, Ying P, Renyuan W, Zhuoxuan L, Zhenwu Y, Mai Z, Jianguo S, Hao Z, Gang Y, Lin L, Haodong L. Size-dependent gold nanoparticles induce macrophage M2 polarization and promote intracellular clearance of Staphylococcus aureus to alleviate tissue infection. Mater Today Bio 2023; 21:100700. [PMID: 37455821 PMCID: PMC10338365 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue infection typically results from blood transmission or the direct inoculation of bacteria following trauma. The pathogen-induced destruction of tissue prevents antibiotics from penetrating the infected site, and severe inflammation further impairs the efficacy of conventional treatment. The current study describes the size-dependent induction of macrophage polarization using gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles with a diameter of 50 nm (Au50) can induce M2 polarization in macrophages by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and stimulate an inflammatory response in the environment by inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway LPS. Furthermore, the induced polarization and anti-inflammatory effects of the Au50 nanoparticles promoted the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro. In addition, the overexpression of TREM2 in macrophage induced by Au50 nanoparticles was found to promote macrophage phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus, enhance the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes, accelerate the intracellular degradation of S. aureus, in addition to achieving an effective local treatment of osteomyelitis and infectious skin defects in conjunction with inflammatory regulation and accelerating bone regeneration. The findings, therefore, demonstrate that Au50 nanoparticles can be utilized as a promising nanomaterial for in vivo treatment of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Peilin
- Trauma Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Peng Ying
- Trauma Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wang Renyuan
- Trauma Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Li Zhuoxuan
- Trauma Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yang Zhenwu
- Trauma Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhao Mai
- Trauma Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Song Jianguo
- Trauma Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhang Hao
- Trauma Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yin Gang
- Trauma Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Chemical and Environmental, Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Lin Haodong
- Trauma Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
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11
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Chen Z, Xie Z, Han M, Jin Q, Li Z, Zhai Y, Zhang M, Hu G, Zhang H. Global Transcriptomic Study of Circular-RNA Expression Profile in Osteoclasts Infected by Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0035722. [PMID: 37212691 PMCID: PMC10269070 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00357-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis is difficult to cure, and the rapidly rising morbidity is a thorny problem accompanied by a large number of joint replacement applications. Staphylococcus aureus is the main pathogen of osteomyelitis. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), as emerging noncoding RNAs, play important roles in multiple physiopathological processes which could provide novel insights into osteomyelitis. However, little is known about the roles of circRNAs in the pathogenesis of osteomyelitis. Osteoclasts, considered bone sentinels, are the resident macrophages in bone and may play the immune defense roles in osteomyelitis. It has been reported that S. aureus can survive in osteoclasts, but the function of osteoclast circRNAs in response to intracellular S. aureus infection remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the profile of circRNAs in osteoclasts infected by intracellular S. aureus through high-throughput RNA sequencing. In total, 24 upregulated and 62 downregulated differentially expressed circRNAs were identified and subsequently analyzed to demonstrate their potential functions. On this basis, three circRNAs (chr4:130718154-130728164+, chr8:77409548-77413627-, and chr1:190871592-190899571-) were confirmed as potential novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of osteomyelitis through the murine model of osteomyelitis. Most importantly, we verified that the circRNA chr4:130718154-130728164+ named circPum1 could regulate the host autophagy to affect the intracellular infection of S. aureus through miR-767. In addition, circPum1 could serve as a promising serum biomarker in osteomyelitis patients caused by S. aureus infection. Taken together, this study provided the first global transcriptomic profile analysis of circRNAs in osteoclasts infected by intracellular S. aureus and first proposed a novel perspective for the pathogenesis and immunotherapy of S. aureus-induced osteomyelitis from the term of circRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zonggang Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingxiao Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiyuan Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyuan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaxuan Zhai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minxing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gangfeng Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haifang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Wacker M, Ball A, Beer HD, Schmitz I, Borucki K, Azizzadeh F, Scherner M, Awad G, Wippermann J, Veluswamy P. Immunophenotyping of Monocyte Migration Markers and Therapeutic Effects of Selenium on IL-6 and IL-1β Cytokine Axes of Blood Mononuclear Cells in Preoperative and Postoperative Coronary Artery Disease Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7198. [PMID: 37108367 PMCID: PMC10139122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) is characterized by underlying chronic vascular inflammation and occlusion in the coronary arteries, where these patients undergo coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Since post-cardiotomy inflammation is a well known phenomenon after CABG, attenuation of this inflammation is required to reduce perioperative morbidity and mortality. In this study, we aimed to phenotype circulating frequencies and intensities of monocyte subsets and monocyte migration markers, respectively, and to investigate the plasma level of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines between preoperative and postoperative CAD patients and later, to intervene the inflammation with sodium selenite. We found a higher amplitude of inflammation, postoperatively, in terms of CCR1high monocytes and significantly increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1RA. Further, in vitro intervention with selenium displayed mitigating effects on the IL-6/STAT-3 axis of mononuclear cells derived from postoperative CAD patients. In addition, in vitro selenium intervention significantly reduced IL-1β production as well as decreased cleaved caspase-1 (p20) activity by preoperative (when stimulated) as well as postoperative CAD mononuclear cells. Though TNF-α exhibited a positive correlation with blood troponin levels in postoperative CAD patients, there was no obvious effect of selenium on the TNF-α/NF-κB axis. In conclusion, anti-inflammatory selenium might be utilized to impede systemic inflammatory cytokine axes to circumvent aggravating atherosclerosis and further damage to the autologous bypass grafts during the post-surgical period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Wacker
- Heart Surgery Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.W.); (A.B.); (F.A.); (M.S.); (G.A.); (J.W.)
| | - Anna Ball
- Heart Surgery Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.W.); (A.B.); (F.A.); (M.S.); (G.A.); (J.W.)
| | - Hans-Dietmar Beer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland;
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty of Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Katrin Borucki
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Faranak Azizzadeh
- Heart Surgery Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.W.); (A.B.); (F.A.); (M.S.); (G.A.); (J.W.)
| | - Maximilian Scherner
- Heart Surgery Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.W.); (A.B.); (F.A.); (M.S.); (G.A.); (J.W.)
| | - George Awad
- Heart Surgery Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.W.); (A.B.); (F.A.); (M.S.); (G.A.); (J.W.)
| | - Jens Wippermann
- Heart Surgery Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.W.); (A.B.); (F.A.); (M.S.); (G.A.); (J.W.)
| | - Priya Veluswamy
- Heart Surgery Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.W.); (A.B.); (F.A.); (M.S.); (G.A.); (J.W.)
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13
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Staphylococcus aureus induces mitophagy to promote its survival within bovine mammary epithelial cells. Vet Microbiol 2023; 280:109697. [PMID: 36827937 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitophagy occurs in a variety of pathogenic infections. However, the role of mitophagy in the intracellular survival of Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) within bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) and which molecules specifically mediate the induction of mitophagy remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role and mechanism of mitophagy in the intracellular survival of S.aureus. Here, we reported that S.aureus induced complete mitophagy to promote its survival within BMECs. The further mechanistic study showed that S. aureus induced mitophagy by activating the p38-PINK1-Parkin signaling pathway. These findings expand our knowledge of the intracellular survival mechanism of S.aureus in the host and provide a desirable therapeutic strategy against S.aureus and other intracellular infections.
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Zhao Q, Gong Z, Wang J, Fu L, Zhang J, Wang C, Miron RJ, Yuan Q, Zhang Y. A Zinc- and Calcium-Rich Lysosomal Nanoreactor Rescues Monocyte/Macrophage Dysfunction under Sepsis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205097. [PMID: 36596693 PMCID: PMC9951326 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a dysregulation of the immune response to pathogens and has high morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, the unclear mapping and course of dysregulated immune cells currently hinders the development of advanced therapeutic strategies to treat sepsis. Here, evidence is provided using single-cell RNA sequencing from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in sepsis that pathogens attacking monocytes/macrophages disrupt their immune function. The results reveal an enormous decline in monocytes/macrophages in sepsis and chart the evolution of their impaired phagocytosis (Pha) capabilities. Inspired by these findings, nanoparticles, named "Alpha-MOFs," are developed that target dysfunctional monocytes/macrophages to actively (A) lift (L) Pha by the release of lysosome-sensitive ions from a mineralized metal-organic framework (MOF). Alpha-MOFs have good stability and biosafety in peripheral blood and efficiently targeted monocytes/macrophages. They also release calcium and zinc ions into monocyte/macrophage lysosomes to promote the Pha and degradation of bacteria. Taken together, these results suggest that Alpha-MOFs rescue monocytes/macrophages dysfunction and effectively improve their survival rate during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool & Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
- Medical Research InstituteSchool of MedicineWuhan UniversityWuhan430071P. R. China
| | - Zijian Gong
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool & Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
- Medical Research InstituteSchool of MedicineWuhan UniversityWuhan430071P. R. China
| | - Jiaolong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool & Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
- Medical Research InstituteSchool of MedicineWuhan UniversityWuhan430071P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Fu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool & Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
- Medical Research InstituteSchool of MedicineWuhan UniversityWuhan430071P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool & Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
- Medical Research InstituteSchool of MedicineWuhan UniversityWuhan430071P. R. China
| | - Can Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool & Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
- Medical Research InstituteSchool of MedicineWuhan UniversityWuhan430071P. R. China
| | - Richard J. Miron
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool & Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
- Medical Research InstituteSchool of MedicineWuhan UniversityWuhan430071P. R. China
| | - Quan Yuan
- Institute of Chemical Biology and NanomedicineState Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and ChemometricsCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool & Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
- Medical Research InstituteSchool of MedicineWuhan UniversityWuhan430071P. R. China
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15
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Wang Z, Wang L, Bian H, Huang Z, Zhang X, Xiao Y. Outer Surface-Labeled Bacteria as Live Sensors Accurately Quantitating Interfacial pH: A Smart Technique for Antimicrobial Resistance. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18344-18354. [PMID: 36373972 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The techniques to quantitatively monitor environmental factors surrounding the bacterial outer surface rather than the host's subcellular regions (e.g., lysosomes) should be the key to evaluate bacterial immune escape behavior. We report wild Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) labeled with a fluorescent resonance energy transfer probe, 4SR-L-BDP, on their outer surfaces as smart live sensors to quantify interfacial pH. The dual emission of 4SR-L-BDP affords high sensitivity to pH change in a ratiometric way in the pH range of 4-8 with high precision. Notably, 4SR-L-BDP possesses an anchoring group to fix on the bacterial surface for sensing the microenvironment encountered. Super-resolution imaging clearly demonstrates the specific labeling of bacterial membranes. These live sensors are applied in two-channel ratiometric imaging to dynamically visualize and quantify their interfacial pH changes during infection of macrophages. It is found that the interfacial pH of MRSA is lower by 0.2 units compared to that of SA. Such small but critical difference in pH reflects MRSA's ability to adapt to microenvironmental pH inside macrophages. These labeled bacteria as live sensors are also proven to be practically applicable in mice models with immune deficiency and immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hui Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhenlong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xinfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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16
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YAP promotes cell-autonomous immune responses to tackle intracellular Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6995. [PMID: 36384856 PMCID: PMC9669043 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional cofactors YAP/TAZ have recently been found to support autophagy and inflammation, which are part of cell-autonomous immunity and are critical in antibacterial defense. Here, we studied the role of YAP against Staphylococcus aureus using CRISPR/Cas9-mutated HEK293 cells and a primary cell-based organoid model. We found that S. aureus infection increases YAP transcriptional activity, which is required to reduce intracellular S. aureus replication. A 770-gene targeted transcriptomic analysis revealed that YAP upregulates genes involved in autophagy/lysosome and inflammation pathways in both infected and uninfected conditions. The YAP-TEAD transcriptional activity promotes autophagic flux and lysosomal acidification, which are then important for defense against intracellular S. aureus. Furthermore, the staphylococcal toxin C3 exoenzyme EDIN-B was found effective in preventing YAP-mediated cell-autonomous immune response. This study provides key insights on the anti-S. aureus activity of YAP, which could be conserved for defense against other intracellular bacteria.
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17
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Chen Z, Zeng L, Liu G, Ou Y, Lu C, Yang B, Zuo L. Construction of Autophagy-Related Gene Classifier for Early Diagnosis, Prognosis and Predicting Immune Microenvironment Features in Sepsis by Machine Learning Algorithms. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:6165-6186. [PMID: 36386585 PMCID: PMC9653048 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s386714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The immune system plays a fundamental role in the pathophysiology of sepsis, and autophagy and autophagy-related molecules are crucial in innate and adaptive immune responses; however, the potential roles of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) in sepsis are not comprehensively understood. Methods A systematic search was conducted in ArrayExpress and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohorts from July 2005 to May 2022. Machine learning approaches, including modified Lasso penalized regression, support vector machine, and artificial neural network, were applied to identify hub ARGs, thereby developing a prediction model termed ARG classifier. Diagnostic and prognostic performance of the model was comprehensively analyzed using multi-transcriptome data. Subsequently, we systematically correlated the ARG classifier/hub ARGs with immunological characteristics of multiple aspects, including immune cell infiltration, immune and molecular pathways, cytokine levels, and immune-related genes. Further, we collected clinical specimens to preliminarily investigate ARG expression levels and to assess the diagnostic performance of ARG classifier. Results A total of ten GEO and three ArrayExpress datasets were included in this study. Based on machine learning algorithms, eight key ARGs (ATG4C, BAX, BIRC5, ERBB2, FKBP1B, HIF1A, NCKAP1, and NFKB1) were integrated to establish ARG classifier. The model exhibited excellent diagnostic values (AUC > 0.85) in multiple datasets and multiple points in time and superiorly distinguished sepsis from other critical illnesses. ARG classifier showed significant correlations with clinical characteristics or endotypes and performed better in predicting mortality (AUC = 0.70) than other clinical characteristics. Additionally, the identified hub ARGs were significantly associated with immune cell infiltration (B, T, NK, dendritic, T regulatory, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells), immune and molecular pathways (inflammation-promoting pathways, HLA, cytolytic activity, apoptosis, type-II IFN response, complement and coagulation cascades), levels of several cytokines (PDGFRB, IL-10, IFNG, and TNF), which indicated that ARG classifier/hub ARGs adequately reflected the immune microenvironment during sepsis. Finally, using clinical specimens, the expression levels of key ARGs in patients with sepsis were found to differ significantly from those of control patients, and ARG classifier exhibited superior diagnostic performance, compared to procalcitonin and C-reactive protein. Conclusion Collectively, a diagnostic and prognostic model (ARG classifier) based on eight ARGs was developed which may assist clinicians in diagnosis of sepsis and recognizing patient at high risk to guide personalized treatment. Additionally, the ARG classifier effectively reflected the immune microenvironment diversity of sepsis and may facilitate personalized counseling for specific therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528308, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zhen Chen; Liuer Zuo, Department of Intensive care Unit, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528308, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
| | - Liming Zeng
- Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528308, People’s Republic of China
| | - Genglong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 511495, People’s Republic of China
- Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, Pleasanton, CA, 94566, USA
| | - Yangpeng Ou
- Department of Oncology, Huizhou Third People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, 516000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuangang Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sanya Central Hospital, Sanya, Hainan Province, 572000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ben Yang
- Department of Burn Surgery, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, 516000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liuer Zuo
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528308, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zhen Chen; Liuer Zuo, Department of Intensive care Unit, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528308, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
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18
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Ivanovic I, Boss R, Romanò A, Guédon E, Le-Loir Y, Luini M, Graber H. Penicillin resistance in bovine Staphylococcus aureus: Genomic evaluation of the discrepancy between phenotypic and molecular test methods. J Dairy Sci 2022; 106:462-475. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Tian J, Chen S, Liu F, Zhu Q, Shen J, Lin W, Zhu K. Equisetin Targets Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus through a Host Acting Strategy. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:656. [PMID: 36354979 PMCID: PMC9694014 DOI: 10.3390/md20110656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells act as reservoirs of internalized bacteria to circumvent extracellular antibacterial compounds, resulting in relapse and reinfection diseases. The intracellular persistence of Staphylococcus aureus renders most traditional antibiotics useless, due to their inadequate subcellular accumulation. To replenish our antibiotic arsenal, we found that a marine-derived compound, equisetin, efficiently eliminates intracellular S. aureus by potentiating the host autophagy and inducing mitochondrial-mediated ROS generation to clear the invading S. aureus. The remarkable anti-infection activity of equisetin was validated in a peritonitis-infected mouse model. The marine product equisetin utilizes a unique dual mechanism to modulate the host-pathogen interaction in the clearance of intracellular bacteria. Thus, equisetin is an inspiring host-acting candidate for overcoming intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Tian
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shang Chen
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fei Liu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kui Zhu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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20
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Liu K, Zhou X, Fang L, Dong J, Cui L, Li J, Meng X, Zhu G, Li J, Wang H. PINK1/parkin-mediated mitophagy alleviates Staphylococcus aureus-induced NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathway activation in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109200. [PMID: 36063687 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is known to induce chronic and persistent bovine mammary infection, which affects milk quality and leads to premature culling. The ability of S. aureus to invade mammalian cells protects it from clearance by the immune system. Mitophagy is important in cell homeostasis, and can be utilized by pathogens for immune escape. However, mitophagy's role in S. aureus-associated bovine mastitis remains unclear. Here, S. aureus infection induced mitophagy and enhanced mitochondrial translocation of parkin in MAC-T cells. After mitophagy inhibition by Mdivi-1 treatment or PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) silencing in MAC-T cells infected with S. aureus, NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and p65 and IκBα phosphorylation were increased. Meanwhile, PINK1 overexpression had the opposite effects. In addition, NLRP3 inflammasome overactivation and enhanced p65 and IκBα phosphorylation caused by PINK1 silencing were reversed by MitoTEMPO. Furthermore, PINK1/parkin-mediated mitophagy promoted S. aureus survival and contributed to persistent S. aureus infection. These findings provide new insights into S. aureus invasion in bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangjun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Xi Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Li Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Junsheng Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Luying Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Jun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Xia Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Jianji Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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21
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Yuan J, Zhang Q, Chen S, Yan M, Yue L. LC3-Associated Phagocytosis in Bacterial Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080863. [PMID: 36014984 PMCID: PMC9415076 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is a noncanonical autophagy process reported in recent years and is one of the effective mechanisms of host defense against bacterial infection. During LAP, bacteria are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), enter the body, and then recruit LC3 onto a single-membrane phagosome to form a LAPosome. LC3 conjugation can promote the fusion of the LAPosomes with lysosomes, resulting in their maturation into phagolysosomes, which can effectively kill the identified pathogens. However, to survive in host cells, bacteria have also evolved strategies to evade killing by LAP. In this review, we summarized the mechanism of LAP in resistance to bacterial infection and the ways in which bacteria escape LAP. We aim to provide new clues for developing novel therapeutic strategies for bacterial infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yuan
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (J.Y.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (J.Y.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Shihua Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (J.Y.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Min Yan
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (J.Y.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lei Yue
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (L.Y.)
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22
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Wang M, Qi Y, Cao Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, Liu Q, Zhang J, Zhou G, Ai Y, Wei S, Wang L, Liu G, Lian Z, Han H. Domain fusion TLR2-4 enhances the autophagy-dependent clearance of Staphylococcus aureus in the genetic engineering goat. eLife 2022; 11:78044. [PMID: 35762728 PMCID: PMC9239677 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infections pose a potential threat to livestock production and public health. A novel strategy is needed to control S. aureus infections due to its adaptive evolution to antibiotics. Autophagy plays a key role in degrading bacteria for innate immune cells. In order to promote S. aureus clearance via Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced autophagy pathway, the domain fusion TLR2-4 with the extracellular domain of TLR2, specific recognizing S. aureus, and transmembrane and intracellular domains of TLR4 is assembled, then the goat expressing TLR2-4 is generated. TLR2-4 substantially augments the removal of S. aureus within macrophages by elevating autophagy level. Phosphorylated JNK and ERK1/2 promote LC3-puncta in TLR2-4 macrophages during S. aureus-induced autophagy via MyD88 mediated the TAK1 signaling cascade. Meantime, the TRIF-dependent TBK1-TFEB-OPTN signaling is involved in TLR2-4-triggered autophagy after S. aureus challenge. Moreover, the transcript of ATG5 and ATG12 is significantly increased via cAMP-PKA-NF-κB signaling, which facilitates S. aureus-induced autophagy in TLR2-4 macrophages. Overall, the novel receptor TLR2-4 enhances the autophagy-dependent clearance of S. aureus in macrophages via TAK1/TBK1-JNK/ERK, TBK1-TFEB-OPTN, and cAMP-PKA-NF-κB-ATGs signaling pathways, which provide an alternative approach for resistant against S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yutao Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yongsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingyou Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangbin Zhou
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Ai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shao Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Linli Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoshi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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23
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Zheng L, Wei F, Li G. The crosstalk between bacteria and host autophagy: host defense or bacteria offense. J Microbiol 2022; 60:451-460. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-2009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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24
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The Influence of Antibiotic Resistance on Innate Immune Responses to Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050542. [PMID: 35625186 PMCID: PMC9138074 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes a broad range of infections and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. S. aureus produces a diverse range of cellular and extracellular factors responsible for its invasiveness and ability to resist immune attack. In recent years, increasing resistance to last-line anti-staphylococcal antibiotics daptomycin and vancomycin has been observed. Resistant strains of S. aureus are highly efficient in invading a variety of professional and nonprofessional phagocytes and are able to survive inside host cells. Eliciting immune protection against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus infection is a global challenge, requiring both innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms. Dendritic cells (DC), which sit at the interface between innate and adaptive immune responses, are central to the induction of immune protection against S. aureus. However, it has been observed that S. aureus has the capacity to develop further antibiotic resistance and acquire increased resistance to immunological recognition by the innate immune system. In this article, we review the strategies utilised by S. aureus to circumvent antibiotic and innate immune responses, especially the interaction between S. aureus and DC, focusing on how this relationship is perturbed with the development of antibiotic resistance.
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25
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Klapan K, Simon D, Karaulov A, Gomzikova M, Rizvanov A, Yousefi S, Simon HU. Autophagy and Skin Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:844756. [PMID: 35370701 PMCID: PMC8971629 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.844756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal degradation system that involves the creation of autophagosomes, which eventually fuse with lysosomes and breakdown misfolded proteins and damaged organelles with their enzymes. Autophagy is widely known for its function in cellular homeostasis under physiological and pathological settings. Defects in autophagy have been implicated in the pathophysiology of a variety of human diseases. The new line of evidence suggests that autophagy is inextricably linked to skin disorders. This review summarizes the principles behind autophagy and highlights current findings of autophagy's role in skin disorders and strategies for therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Klapan
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Gomzikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
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26
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Profile analysis of circRNAs in human THP-1 derived macrophages infected with intracellular Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog 2022; 165:105466. [PMID: 35247499 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection is generally persistent, recurrent and difficult to treat due to the poor availability of antibiotics within macrophages cells and the lack of ideal diagnostic markers. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), with covalently closed circular structures, exists in the serum stably and is not easily degraded by nucleases. Besides, circRNAs play a pivotal in the eukaryotic regulation of genes expression and served as biomarkers in variety disease including microbial infections. However, the function of host circRNAs in intracellular S. aureus infection remains largely unclear. METHODS In this study, the circRNAs expression profile was investigated by RNA sequencing technology in both S. aureus-infected THP-1 derived macrophages and mock control cells. The differentially expressed circRNAs (DE circRNAs) with a fold-change >1.5 (p < 0.05) are analyzed using functional pathway clustering prediction. Then, RT-qPCR was performed to verify the top 2 up-regulated circRNAs in the THP-1 cell and human serum samples so as to evaluate the value of circRNAs for S. aureus diagnosis. RESULTS An intracellular survival THP-1 derived macrophages model of S. aureus infection was established. A total of 5,299 circRNAs were identified in human THP-1 derived macrophages infected with intracellular S. aureus. There were 61 DE circRNAs with a fold-change >1.5 (p < 0.05) after S. aureus infection. Among them, 22 circRNAs were up-regulated while 39 circRNAs down-regulated. GO and KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated that DE circRNAs were enriched in the processes such as Neurotrophin, Pyruvate metabolism and Notch signaling pathway. Moreover, hsa_circ_0000311 and chr13:43500472-43544806-(novel) were verified to be significantly upregulated in THP-1 derived macrophages and human serum samples between two groups. Finally, the networks of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA based on these two circRNAs were constructed respectively. CONCLUSION Our study provides the first profile analysis of host circRNAs involved in intracellular S. aureus infection, which may serve as biomarkers for S. aureus diagnosis and contribute to the understanding of S. aureus evasion mechanisms.
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27
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Kember M, Grandy S, Raudonis R, Cheng Z. Non-Canonical Host Intracellular Niche Links to New Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanism. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020220. [PMID: 35215166 PMCID: PMC8876822 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, infectious diseases are one of the leading causes of death among people of all ages. The development of antimicrobials to treat infectious diseases has been one of the most significant advances in medical history. Alarmingly, antimicrobial resistance is a widespread phenomenon that will, without intervention, make currently treatable infections once again deadly. In an era of widespread antimicrobial resistance, there is a constant and pressing need to develop new antibacterial drugs. Unraveling the underlying resistance mechanisms is critical to fight this crisis. In this review, we summarize some emerging evidence of the non-canonical intracellular life cycle of two priority antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The bacterial factors that modulate this unique intracellular niche and its implications in contributing to resistance are discussed. We then briefly discuss some recent research that focused on the promises of boosting host immunity as a combination therapy with antimicrobials to eradicate these two particular pathogens. Finally, we summarize the importance of various strategies, including surveillance and vaccines, in mitigating the impacts of antimicrobial resistance in general.
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28
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Zheng Q, Duan L, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang S, Wang H. A dynamically evolving war between autophagy and pathogenic microorganisms. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:19-41. [PMID: 35029086 PMCID: PMC8758936 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that maintains cellular homeostasis. It is essential for protecting organisms from environmental stress. Autophagy can help the host to eliminate invading pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. However, pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to interfere with autophagic signaling pathways or inhibit the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes to form autolysosomes. Moreover, host cell matrix degradation by different types of autophagy can be used for the proliferation and reproduction of pathogens. Thus, determining the roles and mechanisms of autophagy during pathogen infections will promote understanding of the mechanisms of pathogen‒host interactions and provide new strategies for the treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Liangwei Duan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Jiaoyang Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China. .,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
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29
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Ramser A, Greene E, Alrubaye AA, Wideman R, Dridi S. Role of Autophagy Machinery Dysregulation in Bacterial Chondronecrosis with Osteomyelitis (BCO). Poult Sci 2022; 101:101750. [PMID: 35278754 PMCID: PMC8914211 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cell survival and homeostasis mechanism involving lysosomal degradation of cellular components and foreign bodies. It plays a role in bone homeostasis, skeletal diseases, and bacterial infections as both a cell-survival or cell-death pathway. This study sought to determine if autophagy played a role in bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO). BCO is a prominent cause of lameness in modern broilers and results from bacterial infection of mechanically stressed leg bone growth plates. The protein and gene expression of key autophagy machinery was analyzed in both normal and BCO-affected broilers using real-time qPCR and immunoblot, respectively. Gene expression showed a significant downregulation of key target signatures involved in every stage of autophagy in BCO-affected bone, such as ATG13, SQSTM1 (p62), ATG9B, ATG16L, ATG12, LC3C, and RAB7A. Additionally, protein expression for LC3 was also significantly lower in BCO. An in vitro study using human fetal osteoblast cells challenged with BCO isolate, Staphylococcus agnetis 908, showed a similar dysregulation of autophagy machinery along with a significant decrease in cell viability. When autophagy was inhibited via 3-methyladenine or chloroquine, comparable decreases in cell viability were seen along with dysregulation of autophagy machinery. Together, these results are the first to implicate autophagy machinery dysregulation in the pathology of BCO.
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30
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Schmitz I. Gadd45 Proteins in Immunity 2.0. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1360:69-86. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-94804-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Li JX, Cao XJ, Huang YY, Li YP, Yu ZY, Lin M, Li QY, Chen JC, Guo XG. Investigation of hub gene associated with the infection of Staphylococcus aureus via weighted gene co-expression network analysis. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:329. [PMID: 34852788 PMCID: PMC8633612 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium that causes serious infection. With the increasing resistance of bacteria to current antibiotics, it is necessary to learn more about the molecular mechanism and cellular pathways involved in the Staphylococcus aureus infection. Methods We downloaded the GSE33341 dataset from the GEO database and applied the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), from which we obtained some critical modules. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) were applied to illustrate the biological functions of genes in these modules. We constructed the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network by Cytoscape and selected five candidate hub genes. Five potential hub genes were validated in GSE30119 by GraphPad Prism 8.0. The diagnostic values of these genes were calculated and present in the ROC curve based on the GSE13670 dataset. Their gene functions were analyzed by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Results A co-expression network was built with 5000 genes divided into 11 modules. The genes in green and turquoise modules demonstrated a high correlation. According to the KEGG and GO analyses, genes in the green module were closely related to ubiquitination and autophagy. Subsequently, we picked out the top five hub genes in the green module. And UBB was determined as the hub gene in the GSE30119 dataset. The expression level of UBB, ASB, and MKRN1 could significantly differentiate between Staphylococcus aureus infection and healthy controls based on the ROC curve. The GSEA analysis indicated that lower expression levels of UBB were associated with the P53 signal pathway. Conclusions We identified some hub genes and significant signal enrichment pathways in Staphylococcus aureus infection via bioinformatics analysis, which may facilitate the development of potential clinical therapeutic strategies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02392-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xun-Jie Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yuan-Yi Huang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Ya-Ping Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Traditional Chinese and Western Clinical Medicine, The Traditional Chinese and Western Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Qiu-Ying Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Ji-Chun Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xu-Guang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China. .,Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
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32
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Gunn NJ, Zelmer AR, Kidd SP, Solomon LB, Roscioli E, Yang D, Atkins GJ. A Human Osteocyte Cell Line Model for Studying Staphylococcus aureus Persistence in Osteomyelitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:781022. [PMID: 34805001 PMCID: PMC8597899 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.781022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious osteomyelitis associated with periprosthetic joint infections is often recalcitrant to treatment and has a high rate of recurrence. In the case of Staphylococcus aureus, the most common pathogen in all forms of osteomyelitis, this may be attributed in part to residual intracellular infection of host cells, yet this is not generally considered in the treatment strategy. Osteocytes represent a unique cell type in this context due to their abundance, their formation of a syncytium throughout the bone that could facilitate bacterial spread and their relative inaccessibility to professional immune cells. As such, there is potential value in studying the host-pathogen interactions in the context of this cell type in a replicable and scalable in vitro model. Here, we examined the utility of the human osteosarcoma cell line SaOS2 differentiated to an osteocyte-like stage (SaOS2-OY) as an intracellular infection model for S. aureus. We demonstrate that S. aureus is capable of generating stable intracellular infections in SaOS2-OY cells but not in undifferentiated, osteoblast-like SaOS2 cells (SaOS2-OB). In SaOS2-OY cells, S. aureus transitioned towards a quasi-dormant small colony variant (SCV) growth phenotype over a 15-day post-infection period. The infected cells exhibited changes in the expression of key immunomodulatory mediators that are consistent with the infection response of primary osteocytes. Thus, SaOS2-OY is an appropriate cell line model that may be predictive of the interactions between S. aureus and human osteocytes, and this will be useful for studying mechanisms of persistence and for testing the efficacy of potential antimicrobial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Gunn
- Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anja R Zelmer
- Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen P Kidd
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Research Centre for Infectious Disease, School of Biological Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lucian B Solomon
- Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Eugene Roscioli
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dongqing Yang
- Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gerald J Atkins
- Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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33
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Wang M, Fan Z, Han H. Autophagy in Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:750222. [PMID: 34692566 PMCID: PMC8529010 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.750222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an invasive, facultative intracellular pathogen that can colonize niches in various host organisms, making it difficult for the host immune system to completely eliminate. Host autophagy is an intracellular clearance pathway involved in degrading S. aureus. Whereas the accessory gene regulatory system of S. aureus that controls virulence factors could resist the host immune defenses by evading and even utilizing autophagy. This article reviews the interaction between autophagy and S. aureus, providing insights on how to use these mechanisms to improve S. aureus infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyao Fan
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongbing Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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34
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Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus inhibits autophagy of bovine mammary epithelial cells through activating p38α. J DAIRY RES 2021; 88:293-301. [PMID: 34425921 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029921000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen of bovine mastitis which can induce autophagy and inhibit autophagy flux, resulting in intracellular survival and persistent infection. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of p38α in the autophagy induced by intracellular S. aureus in bovine mammary epithelial cells. An intracellular infection model of MAC-T cells was constructed, and activation of p38α was examined after S. aureus invasion. Through activating/inhibiting p38α by anisomycin/SB203580, the autophagosomes, LC3 and p62 level were analyzed by immunofluorescence and western blot. To further study the detailed mechanism of p38α, phosphorylation of ULK1ser757 was also detected. The results showed that intracellular S. aureus activated p38α, and the activation developed in a time-dependent manner. Inhibition of p38α promoted intracellular S. aureus-induced autophagy flow, up-regulated the ratio of LC3 II/I, reduced the level of p62 and inhibited the phosphorylation of ULK1ser757, whereas the above results were reversed after activation of p38α. The current study indicated that intracellular S. aureus can inhibit autophagy flow by activating p38α in bovine mammary epithelial cells.
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35
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Staphylococcus aureus Decreases SUMOylation Host Response to Promote Intramacrophage Survival. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158108. [PMID: 34360873 PMCID: PMC8347835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal bacterium that causes severe infections in soft tissue and the bloodstream. During infection, S. aureus manipulates host cell response to facilitate its own replication and dissemination. Here, we show that S. aureus significantly decreases the level of SUMOylation, an essential post-translational modification, in infected macrophages 24 h post-phagocytosis. The reduced level of SUMOylation correlates with a decrease in the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9. The over-expression of SUMO proteins in macrophages impaired bacterial intracellular proliferation and the inhibition of SUMOylation with ML-792 increased it. Together, these findings demonstrated for the first time the role of host SUMOylation response toward S. aureus infection.
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36
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Wang Z, Wen Y, Zhou B, Tian Y, Ning Y, Ding H. Incomplete autophagy promotes the replication of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. J Microbiol 2021; 59:782-791. [PMID: 34219210 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-1232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an important cellular homeostatic mechanism for recycling of degradative proteins and damaged organelles. Autophagy has been shown to play an important role in cellular responses to bacteria and bacterial replication. However, the role of autophagy in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection and the pathogenic mechanism is not well characterized. In this study, we showed that M. hyopneumoniae infection significantly increases the number of autophagic vacuoles in host cells. Further, we found significantly enhanced expressions of autophagy marker proteins (LC3-II, ATG5, and Beclin 1) in M. hyopneumoniae-infected cells. Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis showed colocalization of P97 protein with LC3 during M. hyopneumoniae infection. Interestingly, autophagic flux marker, p62, accumulated with the induction of infection. Conversely, the levels of p62 and LC3-II were decreased after treatment with 3-MA, inhibiting the formation of autophagosomes, during infection. In addition, accumulation of autophagosomes promoted the expression of P97 protein and the survival of M. hyopneumoniae in PK-15 cells, as the replication of M. hyopneumoniae was down-regulated by adding 3-MA. Collectively, these findings provide strong evidence that M. hyopneumoniae induces incomplete autophagy, which in turn enhances its reproduction in host cells. These findings provide novel insights into the interaction of M. hyopneumoniae and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaodi Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yukang Wen
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Bingqian Zhou
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yaqin Tian
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yaru Ning
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Honglei Ding
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China.
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37
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Vozza EG, Mulcahy ME, McLoughlin RM. Making the Most of the Host; Targeting the Autophagy Pathway Facilitates Staphylococcus aureus Intracellular Survival in Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667387. [PMID: 34220813 PMCID: PMC8242348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of Staphylococcus aureus as a human commensal and an opportunistic pathogen relies on its ability to adapt to several niches within the host. The innate immune response plays a key role in protecting the host against S. aureus infection; however, S. aureus adeptness at evading the innate immune system is indisputably evident. The “Trojan horse” theory has been postulated to describe a mechanism by which S. aureus takes advantage of phagocytes as a survival niche within the host to facilitate dissemination of S. aureus to secondary sites during systemic infection. Several studies have determined that S. aureus can parasitize both professional and non-professional phagocytes by manipulating the host autophagy pathway in order to create an intracellular survival niche. Neutrophils represent a critical cell type in S. aureus infection as demonstrated by the increased risk of infection among patients with congenital neutrophil disorders. However, S. aureus has been repeatedly shown to survive intracellularly within neutrophils with evidence now supporting a pathogenic role of host autophagy. By manipulating this pathway, S. aureus can also alter the apoptotic fate of the neutrophil and potentially skew other important signalling pathways for its own gain. Understanding these critical host-pathogen interactions could lead to the development of new host directed therapeutics for the treatment of S. aureus infection by removing its intracellular niche and restoring host bactericidal functions. This review discusses the current findings surrounding intracellular survival of S. aureus within neutrophils, the pathogenic role autophagy plays in this process and considers the therapeutic potential for targeting this immune evasion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio G Vozza
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michelle E Mulcahy
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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38
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Gibson JF, Prajsnar TK, Hill CJ, Tooke AK, Serba JJ, Tonge RD, Foster SJ, Grierson AJ, Ingham PW, Renshaw SA, Johnston SA. Neutrophils use selective autophagy receptor Sqstm1/p62 to target Staphylococcus aureus for degradation in vivo in zebrafish. Autophagy 2021; 17:1448-1457. [PMID: 32559122 PMCID: PMC8204994 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1765521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy functions to degrade cellular components and intracellular pathogens. Autophagy receptors, including SQSTM1/p62, target intracellular pathogens. Staphylococcus aureus is a significant pathogen of humans, especially in immunocompromise. S. aureus may use neutrophils as a proliferative niche, but their intracellular fate following phagocytosis has not been analyzed in vivo. In vitro, SQSTM1 can colocalize with intracellular Staphylococcus aureus, but whether SQSTM1 is beneficial or detrimental in host defense against S. aureus in vivo is unknown. Here we determine the fate and location of S. aureus within neutrophils throughout zebrafish infection. We show Lc3 and Sqstm1 recruitment to phagocytosed S. aureus is altered depending on the bacterial location within the neutrophil and that Lc3 marking of bacterial phagosomes within neutrophils may precede bacterial degradation. Finally, we show Sqstm1 is important for controlling cytosolic bacteria, demonstrating for the first time a key role of Sqstm1 in autophagic control of S. aureus in neutrophils.Abbreviations: AR: autophagy receptor; CFU: colony-forming unit; CHT: caudal hematopoietic tissue; GFP: green fluorescent protein; hpf: hours post-fertilization; hpi: hours post-infection; LWT: london wild-type: lyz: lysozyme; Map1lc3/Lc3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; RFP: red fluorescent protein; Sqstm1/p62: sequestosome 1; Tg: transgenic; TSA: tyramide signal amplification; UBD: ubiquitin binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie F. Gibson
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A-star), Singapore
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tomasz K. Prajsnar
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher J. Hill
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Amy K. Tooke
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Justyna J. Serba
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rebecca D. Tonge
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon J Foster
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrew J. Grierson
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Philip W. Ingham
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A-star), Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Stephen A. Renshaw
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon A. Johnston
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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39
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Mohsin M, Tabassum G, Ahmad S, Ali S, Ali Syed M. The role of mitophagy in pulmonary sepsis. Mitochondrion 2021; 59:63-75. [PMID: 33894359 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory disease with an unacceptably high mortality rate caused by an infection or trauma that involves both innate and adaptive immune systems. Inflammatory events activate different downstream pathways leading to tissue damage and ultimately multi-organ failure. Mitochondria are responsible for cellular energy, thermoregulation, metabolite biosynthesis, intracellular calcium regulation, and cell death. Damaged mitochondria induce the high Ca2+ influx through mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU). It also generates excessive Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and releases mtDNA into the cytoplasm, which causes induction of NLRP3 inflammasome and apoptosis. Mitophagy (Autophagy of damaged mitochondria) controls mitochondrial dynamics and function. It also maintains cellular homeostasis. This review is about how pulmonary sepsis affects the body. What is the aftermath of sepsis, and how mitophagy affects Acute Lung Injury and macrophage polarisation to overcome the damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Mohsin
- Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Gulnaz Tabassum
- Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Shaniya Ahmad
- Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Shakir Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Mansoor Ali Syed
- Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
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40
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Siegmund A, Afzal MA, Tetzlaff F, Keinhörster D, Gratani F, Paprotka K, Westermann M, Nietzsche S, Wolz C, Fraunholz M, Hübner CA, Löffler B, Tuchscherr L. Intracellular persistence of Staphylococcus aureus in endothelial cells is promoted by the absence of phenol-soluble modulins. Virulence 2021; 12:1186-1198. [PMID: 33843450 PMCID: PMC8043190 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1910455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A large proportion of clinical S. aureus isolates that carry an inactive Agr system are associated with persistent infection that is difficult to treat. Once S. aureus is inside the bloodstream, it can cross the endothelial barrier and invade almost every organ in the human body. Endothelial cells can either be lysed by this pathogen or they serve as a niche for its intracellular long-term survival. Following phagocytosis, several vesicles such as phagosomes and autophagosomes, target intracellular S. aureus for elimination. S. aureus can escape from these vesicles into the host cytoplasm through the activation of phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) αβ. Thereafter, it replicates and lyses the host cell to disseminate to adjacent tissues. Herein we demonstrate that staphylococcal strains which lack the expression of PSMs employ an alternative pathway to better persist within endothelial cells. The intracellular survival of S. aureus is associated with the co-localization of the autophagy marker LC3. In cell culture infection models, we found that the absence of psmαβ decreased the host cell lysis and increased staphylococcal long-term survival. This study explains the positive selection of agr-negative strains that lack the expression of psmαβ in chronic infection due to their advantage in surviving and evading the clearance system of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Siegmund
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Muhammad Awais Afzal
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Tetzlaff
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniela Keinhörster
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fabio Gratani
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Paprotka
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Westermann
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandor Nietzsche
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christiane Wolz
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Fraunholz
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian A Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Lorena Tuchscherr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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41
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Prajsnar TK, Serba JJ, Dekker BM, Gibson JF, Masud S, Fleming A, Johnston SA, Renshaw SA, Meijer AH. The autophagic response to Staphylococcus aureus provides an intracellular niche in neutrophils. Autophagy 2021; 17:888-902. [PMID: 32174246 PMCID: PMC8078660 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1739443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen causing multiple pathologies, from cutaneous lesions to life-threatening sepsis. Although neutrophils contribute to immunity against S. aureus, multiple lines of evidence suggest that these phagocytes can provide an intracellular niche for staphylococcal dissemination. However, the mechanism of neutrophil subversion by intracellular S. aureus remains unknown. Targeting of intracellular pathogens by macroautophagy/autophagy is recognized as an important component of host innate immunity, but whether autophagy is beneficial or detrimental to S. aureus-infected hosts remains controversial. Here, using larval zebrafish, we showed that the autophagy marker Lc3 rapidly decorates S. aureus following engulfment by macrophages and neutrophils. Upon phagocytosis by neutrophils, Lc3-positive, non-acidified spacious phagosomes are formed. This response is dependent on phagocyte NADPH oxidase as both cyba/p22phox knockdown and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) treatment inhibited Lc3 decoration of phagosomes. Importantly, NADPH oxidase inhibition diverted neutrophil S. aureus processing into tight acidified vesicles, which resulted in increased host resistance to the infection. Some intracellular bacteria within neutrophils were also tagged by Sqstm1/p62-GFP fusion protein and loss of Sqstm1 impaired host defense. Together, we have shown that intracellular handling of S. aureus by neutrophils is best explained by Lc3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), which appears to provide an intracellular niche for bacterial pathogenesis, while the selective autophagy receptor Sqstm1 is host-protective. The antagonistic roles of LAP and Sqstm1-mediated pathways in S. aureus-infected neutrophils may explain the conflicting reports relating to anti-staphylococcal autophagy and provide new insights for therapeutic strategies against antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococci.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy related; CFU: colony-forming units; CMV: cytomegalovirus; Cyba/P22phox: cytochrome b-245, alpha polypeptide; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DPI: diphenyleneiodonium; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; GFP: green fluorescent protein; hpf: hours post-fertilization; hpi: hours post-infection; Irf8: interferon regulatory factor 8; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; lyz: lysozyme; LWT: london wild type; Map1lc3/Lc3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; NADPH oxidase: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; RFP: red fluorescent protein; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RT-PCR: reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; Sqstm1/p62: sequestosome 1; Tg: transgenic; TSA: tyramide signal amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz K. Prajsnar
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Justyna J. Serba
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Bernice M. Dekker
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Josie F. Gibson
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Krebs Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Samrah Masud
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Angeleen Fleming
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon A. Johnston
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stephen A. Renshaw
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Annemarie H. Meijer
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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42
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Tosetti B, Ward B, Grumme D, Herb M, Schramm M, Utermöhlen O, Heukamp LC, Krönke M, Krut O. NOX2 Deficiency Permits Sustained Survival of S. aureus in Macrophages and Contributes to Severity of Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633629. [PMID: 33868252 PMCID: PMC8044967 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the crucial role of professional phagocytes for the clearance of S. aureus infections is well-established, several studies indicate an adverse role of leukocytes in the dissemination of S. aureus during infection. Since only little is known about macrophages in this context, we analyzed the role of macrophages, and in particular reactive oxygen species deficiency, for the seeding of S. aureus metastases. Infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) with S. aureus revealed that NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2-) deficient, but not NOX1- or NOX4-deficient, BMDM failed to clear intracellular S. aureus. Despite of larger intracellular bacterial burden, NOX2-deficient BMDM showed significantly improved survival. Intravenous injection of mice with in vitro-infected BMDMs carrying intracellular viable S. aureus led to higher bacterial loads in kidney and liver of mice compared to injection with plain S. aureus. An even higher frequency of liver abscesses was observed in mice infected with S. aureus-loaded nox2 -/- BMDM. Thus, the improved intracellular survival of S. aureus and improved viability of NOX2-deficient BMDM is associated with an aggravated metastatic dissemination of S. aureus infection. A combination of vancomycin and the intracellularly active antibiotic rifampicin led to complete elimination of S. aureus from liver within 48 h, which was not achieved with vancomycin treatment alone, underscoring the impact of intracellular S. aureus on the course of disease. The results of our study indicate that intracellular S. aureus carried by macrophages are sufficient to establish a systemic infection. This suggests the inclusion of intracellularly active antibiotics in the therapeutic regimen of invasive S. aureus infections, especially in patients with NADPH oxidase deficiencies such as chronic granulomatous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Tosetti
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Beate Ward
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniela Grumme
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Herb
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Schramm
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Olaf Utermöhlen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Martin Krönke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Oleg Krut
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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43
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Vozandychova V, Stojkova P, Hercik K, Rehulka P, Stulik J. The Ubiquitination System within Bacterial Host-Pathogen Interactions. Microorganisms 2021; 9:638. [PMID: 33808578 PMCID: PMC8003559 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination of proteins, like phosphorylation and acetylation, is an important regulatory aspect influencing numerous and various cell processes, such as immune response signaling and autophagy. The study of ubiquitination has become essential to learning about host-pathogen interactions, and a better understanding of the detailed mechanisms through which pathogens affect ubiquitination processes in host cell will contribute to vaccine development and effective treatment of diseases. Pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Salmonella enterica, Legionella pneumophila and Shigella flexneri) encode many effector proteins, such as deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), targeting the host ubiquitin machinery and thus disrupting pertinent ubiquitin-dependent anti-bacterial response. We focus here upon the host ubiquitination system as an integral unit, its interconnection with the regulation of inflammation and autophagy, and primarily while examining pathogens manipulating the host ubiquitination system. Many bacterial effector proteins have already been described as being translocated into the host cell, where they directly regulate host defense processes. Due to their importance in pathogenic bacteria progression within the host, they are regarded as virulence factors essential for bacterial evasion. However, in some cases (e.g., Francisella tularensis) the host ubiquitination system is influenced by bacterial infection, although the responsible bacterial effectors are still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Vozandychova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (P.R.)
| | - Pavla Stojkova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (P.R.)
| | - Kamil Hercik
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (P.R.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 542/2, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Rehulka
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (P.R.)
| | - Jiri Stulik
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (P.R.)
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Kunz TC, Rühling M, Moldovan A, Paprotka K, Kozjak-Pavlovic V, Rudel T, Fraunholz M. The Expandables: Cracking the Staphylococcal Cell Wall for Expansion Microscopy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:644750. [PMID: 33796486 PMCID: PMC8008081 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.644750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion Microscopy (ExM) is a novel tool improving the resolution of fluorescence microscopy by linking the sample into a hydrogel that gets physically expanded in water. Previously, we have used ExM to visualize the intracellular Gram-negative pathogens Chlamydia trachomatis, Simkania negevensis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gram-positive bacteria have a rigid and thick cell wall that impedes classic expansion strategies. Here we developed an approach, which included a series of enzymatic treatments resulting in isotropic 4× expansion of the Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. We further demonstrate the suitability of the technique for imaging of planktonic bacteria as well as endocytosed, intracellular bacteria at a spatial resolution of approximately 60 nm with conventional confocal laser scanning microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias C Kunz
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Rühling
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Adriana Moldovan
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Paprotka
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vera Kozjak-Pavlovic
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fraunholz
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Kouroumalis E, Voumvouraki A, Augoustaki A, Samonakis DN. Autophagy in liver diseases. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:6-65. [PMID: 33584986 PMCID: PMC7856864 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the liver cell energy recycling system regulating a variety of homeostatic mechanisms. Damaged organelles, lipids and proteins are degraded in the lysosomes and their elements are re-used by the cell. Investigations on autophagy have led to the award of two Nobel Prizes and a health of important reports. In this review we describe the fundamental functions of autophagy in the liver including new data on the regulation of autophagy. Moreover we emphasize the fact that autophagy acts like a two edge sword in many occasions with the most prominent paradigm being its involvement in the initiation and progress of hepatocellular carcinoma. We also focused to the implication of autophagy and its specialized forms of lipophagy and mitophagy in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. We analyzed autophagy not only in well studied diseases, like alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver and liver fibrosis but also in viral hepatitis, biliary diseases, autoimmune hepatitis and rare diseases including inherited metabolic diseases and also acetaminophene hepatotoxicity. We also stressed the different consequences that activation or impairment of autophagy may have in hepatocytes as opposed to Kupffer cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells or hepatic stellate cells. Finally, we analyzed the limited clinical data compared to the extensive experimental evidence and the possible future therapeutic interventions based on autophagy manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Kouroumalis
- Liver Research Laboratory, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Argryro Voumvouraki
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Augoustaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Samonakis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece.
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Autophagy-A Story of Bacteria Interfering with the Host Cell Degradation Machinery. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020110. [PMID: 33499114 PMCID: PMC7911818 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved and fundamental cellular process to maintain cellular homeostasis through recycling of defective organelles or proteins. In a response to intracellular pathogens, autophagy further acts as an innate immune response mechanism to eliminate pathogens. This review will discuss recent findings on autophagy as a reaction to intracellular pathogens, such as Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, and pathogenic Escherichia coli. Interestingly, while some of these bacteria have developed methods to use autophagy for their own benefit within the cell, others have developed fascinating mechanisms to evade recognition, to subvert the autophagic pathway, or to escape from autophagy.
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Missiakas D, Winstel V. Selective Host Cell Death by Staphylococcus aureus: A Strategy for Bacterial Persistence. Front Immunol 2021; 11:621733. [PMID: 33552085 PMCID: PMC7859115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.621733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host cell death programs are fundamental processes that shape cellular homeostasis, embryonic development, and tissue regeneration. Death signaling and downstream host cell responses are not only critical to guide mammalian development, they often act as terminal responses to invading pathogens. Here, we briefly review and contrast how invading pathogens and specifically Staphylococcus aureus manipulate apoptotic, necroptotic, and pyroptotic cell death modes to establish infection. Rather than invading host cells, S. aureus subverts these cells to produce diffusible molecules that cause death of neighboring hematopoietic cells and thus shapes an immune environment conducive to persistence. The exploitation of cell death pathways by S. aureus is yet another virulence strategy that must be juxtaposed to mechanisms of immune evasion, autophagy escape, and tolerance to intracellular killing, and brings us closer to the true portrait of this pathogen for the design of effective therapeutics and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Missiakas
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Volker Winstel
- Research Group Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Al-Awad D, Al-Emadi N, Abu-Madi M, Al-Thani AA, Zughaier SM. The Role of Soluble Uric Acid in Modulating Autophagy Flux and Inflammasome Activation during Bacterial Infection in Macrophages. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E598. [PMID: 33322651 PMCID: PMC7763195 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a homeostatic process that regulates and recycles intracellular structures and is a host defense mechanism that facilitates bacterial clearance. Uric acid in plasma is a major antioxidant but in certain conditions acts as an inflammatory danger signal. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of soluble uric acid on autophagy and the inflammatory responses in macrophages during bacterial infection. Herein, we employed murine RAW264.7 macrophages that express uricase enzyme and human THP-1 cells that are uricase-deficient. Three different strains of Staphylococcus aureus and two different strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae were used to infect macrophages in presence and absence of soluble uric acid. We found that soluble uric acid enhanced autophagy flux in infected macrophages. We observed that IL-1β increased during bacterial infection but decreased when macrophages were co-stimulated with bacteria and uric acid. In contrast to IL-1β, soluble uric acid did not affect TNFα release and there were no dramatic differences when macrophages were infected with S. aureus or K. pneumoniae. In conclusion, uric acid enhances autophagy flux during bacterial infection, consequently reducing inflammasome activation in macrophages. Understanding the effect of uric acid on the interplay between autophagy and inflammation will facilitate therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duha Al-Awad
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (D.A.-A.); (N.A.-E.); (M.A.-M.); (A.A.A.-T.)
| | - Nada Al-Emadi
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (D.A.-A.); (N.A.-E.); (M.A.-M.); (A.A.A.-T.)
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Marawan Abu-Madi
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (D.A.-A.); (N.A.-E.); (M.A.-M.); (A.A.A.-T.)
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Asmaa A. Al-Thani
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (D.A.-A.); (N.A.-E.); (M.A.-M.); (A.A.A.-T.)
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Susu M. Zughaier
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
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Huitema L, Phillips T, Alexeev V, Tomic-Canic M, Pastar I, Igoucheva O. Intracellular escape strategies of Staphylococcus aureus in persistent cutaneous infections. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:1428-1439. [PMID: 33179358 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic invasion of Staphylococcus aureus is a major concern in patients with chronic skin diseases like atopic dermatitis (AD), epidermolysis bullosa (EB), or chronic diabetic foot and venous leg ulcers, and can result in persistent and life-threatening chronic non-healing wounds. Staphylococcus aureus is generally recognized as extracellular pathogens. However, S. aureus can also invade, hide and persist in skin cells to contribute to wound chronicity. The intracellular life cycle of S. aureus is currently incompletely understood, although published studies indicate that its intracellular escape strategies play an important role in persistent cutaneous infections. This review provides current scientific knowledge about the intracellular life cycle of S. aureus in skin cells, which can be classified into professional and non-professional antigen-presenting cells, and its strategies to escape adaptive defense mechanisms. First, we discuss phenotypic switch of S. aureus, which affects intracellular routing and degradation. This review also evaluates potential intracellular escape mechanism of S. aureus to avoid intracellular degradation and antigen presentation, preventing an immune response. Furthermore, we discuss potential drug targets that can interfere with the intracellular life cycle of S. aureus. Taken together, this review aimed to increase scientific understanding about the intracellular life cycle of S. aureus into skin cells and its strategies to evade the host immune response, information that is crucial to reduce pathogenic invasion and life-threatening persistence of S. aureus in chronic cutaneous infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Huitema
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Taylor Phillips
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vitali Alexeev
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Olga Igoucheva
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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50
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Mulcahy ME, O'Brien EC, O'Keeffe KM, Vozza EG, Leddy N, McLoughlin RM. Manipulation of Autophagy and Apoptosis Facilitates Intracellular Survival of Staphylococcus aureus in Human Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2020; 11:565545. [PMID: 33262756 PMCID: PMC7686353 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.565545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are critical for first line innate immune defence against Staphylococcus aureus. Mature circulating PMN maintain a short half-life ending in constitutive apoptotic cell death. This makes them unlikely candidates as a bacterial intracellular niche. However, there is significant evidence to suggest that S. aureus can survive intracellularly within PMN and this contributes to persistence and dissemination during infection. The precise mechanism by which S. aureus parasitizes these cells remains to be established. Herein we propose a novel mechanism by which S. aureus subverts both autophagy and apoptosis in PMN in order to maintain an intracellular survival niche during infection. Intracellular survival of S. aureus within primary human PMN was associated with an accumulation of the autophagic flux markers LC3-II and p62, while inhibition of the autophagy pathway led to a significant reduction in intracellular survival of bacteria. This intracellular survival of S. aureus was coupled with a delay in neutrophil apoptosis as well as increased expression of several anti-apoptotic factors. Importantly, blocking autophagy in infected PMN partially restored levels of apoptosis to that of uninfected PMN, suggesting a connection between the autophagic and apoptotic pathways during intracellular survival. These results provide a novel mechanism for S. aureus intracellular survival and suggest that S. aureus may be subverting crosstalk between the autophagic and apoptosis pathways in order to maintain an intracellular niche within human PMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Mulcahy
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eóin C O'Brien
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kate M O'Keeffe
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emilio G Vozza
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Neal Leddy
- bioTEM, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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