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Künzel SE, Frentzel DP, Flesch LTM, Knecht VA, Rübsam A, Dreher F, Schütte M, Dubrac A, Lange B, Yaspo ML, Lehrach H, Joussen AM, Zeitz O. AI-driven discovery of blood xenobiotic biomarkers in neovascular age-related macular degeneration using iterative random forests. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024:10.1007/s00417-024-06538-2. [PMID: 38842593 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-024-06538-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the xenobiotic profiles of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) undergoing anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) intravitreal therapy (IVT) to identify biomarkers indicative of clinical phenotypes through advanced AI methodologies. METHODS In this cross-sectional observational study, we analyzed 156 peripheral blood xenobiotic features in a cohort of 46 nAMD patients stratified by choroidal neovascularization (CNV) control under anti-VEGF IVT. We employed Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for measurement and leveraged an AI-driven iterative Random Forests (iRF) approach for robust pattern recognition and feature selection, aligning molecular profiles with clinical phenotypes. RESULTS AI-augmented iRF models effectively refined the metabolite spectrum by discarding non-predictive elements. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and Ethyl β-glucopyranoside were identified as significant biomarkers through this process, associated with various clinically relevant phenotypes. Unlike single metabolite classes, drug metabolites were distinctly correlated with subretinal fluid presence. CONCLUSIONS This study underscores the enhanced capability of AI, particularly iRF, in dissecting complex metabolomic data to elucidate the xenobiotic landscape of nAMD and environmental impact on the disease. The preliminary biomarkers discovered offer promising directions for personalized treatment strategies, although further validation in broader cohorts is essential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen E Künzel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität Zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dominik P Frentzel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität Zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie T M Flesch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität Zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vitus A Knecht
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität Zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Rübsam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität Zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Dreher
- Alacris Theranostics, Max-Planck-Straße 3, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Schütte
- Alacris Theranostics, Max-Planck-Straße 3, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandre Dubrac
- Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Bodo Lange
- Alacris Theranostics, Max-Planck-Straße 3, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Laure Yaspo
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Lehrach
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia M Joussen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität Zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Zeitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität Zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
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Yang H, Zhang H, Li X. Navigating the future of retinitis pigmentosa treatments: A comprehensive analysis of therapeutic approaches in rd10 mice. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 193:106436. [PMID: 38341159 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a degenerative disease, caused by genetic mutations that lead to a loss in photoreceptors. For research on RP, rd10 mice, which carry mutations in the phosphodiesterase (PDE) gene, exhibit degenerative patterns comparable to those of patients with RP, making them an ideal model for investigating potential treatments. Although numerous studies have reported the potential of biochemical drugs, gene correction, and stem cell transplantation in decelerating rd10 retinal degeneration, a comprehensive review of these studies has yet to be conducted. Therefore, here, a comparative analysis of rd10 mouse treatment research over the past decade was performed. Our findings suggest that biochemical drugs capable of inhibiting the inflammatory response may be promising therapeutics. Additionally, significant progress has been made in the field of gene therapy; nevertheless, challenges such as strict delivery requirements, bystander editing, and off-target effects still need to be resolved. Nevertheless, secretory function is the only unequivocal protective effect of stem cell transplantation. In summary, this review presents a comprehensive analysis and synthesis of the treatment approaches employing rd10 mice as experimental subjects, describing a clear pathway for future RP treatment research and identifies potential clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Tianjin 300384, China.
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3
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Chen T, Xiong Y, Deng C, Hu C, Li M, Quan R, Yu X. NDRG2 alleviates photoreceptor apoptosis by regulating the STAT3/TIMP3/MMP pathway in mice with retinal degenerative disease. FEBS J 2024; 291:986-1007. [PMID: 38037211 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Photoreceptor apoptosis is the main pathological feature of retinal degenerative diseases; however, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been elucidated. Recent studies have shown that N-myc downstream regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) exerts a neuroprotective effect on the brain and spinal cord. In addition, our previous studies have confirmed that NDRG2 is expressed in mouse retinal photoreceptors and counteracts N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced apoptosis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we observed that the expression of NDRG2 was not only significantly inhibited in photoreceptors after MNU treatment but also after hydrogen peroxide treatment, and photoreceptor apoptosis was alleviated or aggravated after overexpression or knockdown of NDRG2 in the 661W photoreceptor cell line, respectively. The apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK rescued photoreceptor apoptosis induced by MNU after NDRG2 knockdown. Next, we screened and identified tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3) as the downstream molecule of NDRG2 in 661W cells by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. TIMP3 exerts a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Subsequently, we found that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mediated the NDRG2-associated regulation of TIMP3. Finally, we overexpressed NDRG2 in mouse retinal tissues by intravitreally injecting an adeno-associated virus with mouse NDRG2 in vivo. Results showed that NDRG2 upregulated the expression of phospho-STAT3 (p-STAT3) and TIMP3, while suppressing MNU-induced photoreceptor apoptosis and MMP expression. Our findings revealed how NDRG2 regulates the STAT3/TIMP3/MMP pathway and uncovered the molecular mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect on mouse retinal photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yecheng Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Chunlei Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Chengbiao Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Mengxing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Rui Quan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Xiaorui Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, China
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Niu Y, Zhang G, Sun X, He S, Dou G. Distinct Role of Lycium barbarum L. Polysaccharides in Oxidative Stress-Related Ocular Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:215. [PMID: 37259363 PMCID: PMC9966716 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the increased production of reactive species and reduced antioxidant activity, which can cause a variety of disturbances including ocular diseases. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) are complex polysaccharides isolated from the fruit of L. barbarum, showing distinct roles in antioxidants. Moreover, it is relatively safe and non-toxic. In recent years, the antioxidant activities of LBPs have attracted remarkable attention. In order to illustrate its significance and underlying therapeutic value for vision, we comprehensively review the recent progress on the antioxidant mechanisms of LBP and its potential applications in ocular diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive neuroretinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury, glaucoma, dry eye syndrome, and diabetic cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Niu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwestern University, Xi’an 710069, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Guoheng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Xiaojia Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Shikun He
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Guorui Dou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
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Lazinski LM, Royal G, Robin M, Maresca M, Haudecoeur R. Bioactive Aurones, Indanones, and Other Hemiindigoid Scaffolds: Medicinal Chemistry and Photopharmacology Perspectives. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12594-12625. [PMID: 36126323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hemiindigoids comprise a range of natural and synthetic scaffolds that share the same aromatic hydrocarbon backbone as well as promising biological and optical properties. The encouraging therapeutic potential of these scaffolds has been unraveled by many studies over the past years and uncovered representants with inspiring pharmacophoric features such as the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donezepil and the tubulin polymerization inhibitor indanocine. In this review, we summarize the last advances in the medicinal potential of hemiindigoids, with a special attention to molecular design, structure-activity relationship, ligand-target interactions, and mechanistic explanations covering their effects. As their strong fluorogenic potential and photoswitch behavior recently started to be highlighted and explored in biology, giving rise to the development of novel fluorescent probes and photopharmacological agents, we also discuss these properties in a medicinal chemistry perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia M Lazinski
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS 5063, DPM, 38000 Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS 5250, DCM, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Guy Royal
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS 5250, DCM, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Maxime Robin
- Mediterranean Institute of Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Marc Maresca
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13397 Marseille, France
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Pinilla I, Maneu V, Campello L, Fernández-Sánchez L, Martínez-Gil N, Kutsyr O, Sánchez-Sáez X, Sánchez-Castillo C, Lax P, Cuenca N. Inherited Retinal Dystrophies: Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Their Physiopathology and Therapeutic Implications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061086. [PMID: 35739983 PMCID: PMC9219848 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are a large group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous diseases characterized by the progressive degeneration of the retina, ultimately leading to loss of visual function. Oxidative stress and inflammation play fundamental roles in the physiopathology of these diseases. Photoreceptor cell death induces an inflammatory state in the retina. The activation of several molecular pathways triggers different cellular responses to injury, including the activation of microglia to eliminate debris and recruit inflammatory cells from circulation. Therapeutical options for IRDs are currently limited, although a small number of patients have been successfully treated by gene therapy. Many other therapeutic strategies are being pursued to mitigate the deleterious effects of IRDs associated with oxidative metabolism and/or inflammation, including inhibiting reactive oxygen species’ accumulation and inflammatory responses, and blocking autophagy. Several compounds are being tested in clinical trials, generating great expectations for their implementation. The present review discusses the main death mechanisms that occur in IRDs and the latest therapies that are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pinilla
- Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lozano Blesa, University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Surgery, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain; (P.L.); (N.C.)
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Laura Campello
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Laura Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Natalia Martínez-Gil
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Oksana Kutsyr
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Xavier Sánchez-Sáez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Carla Sánchez-Castillo
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Pedro Lax
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain; (P.L.); (N.C.)
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain; (P.L.); (N.C.)
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
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Combined drug triads for synergic neuroprotection in retinal degeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Kaur G, Singh NK. The Role of Inflammation in Retinal Neurodegeneration and Degenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010386. [PMID: 35008812 PMCID: PMC8745623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal neurodegeneration is predominantly reported as the apoptosis or impaired function of the photoreceptors. Retinal degeneration is a major causative factor of irreversible vision loss leading to blindness. In recent years, retinal degenerative diseases have been investigated and many genes and genetic defects have been elucidated by many of the causative factors. An enormous amount of research has been performed to determine the pathogenesis of retinal degenerative conditions and to formulate the treatment modalities that are the critical requirements in this current scenario. Encouraging results have been obtained using gene therapy. We provide a narrative review of the various studies performed to date on the role of inflammation in human retinal degenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, inherited retinal dystrophies, retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt macular dystrophy, and Leber congenital amaurosis. In addition, we have highlighted the pivotal role of various inflammatory mechanisms in the progress of retinal degeneration. This review also offers an assessment of various therapeutic approaches, including gene-therapies and stem-cell-based therapies, for degenerative retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Kaur
- Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Nikhlesh K. Singh
- Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Correspondence:
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Retinal Inflammation, Cell Death and Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042096. [PMID: 33672611 PMCID: PMC7924201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are a group of retinal disorders that cause progressive and severe loss of vision because of retinal cell death, mainly photoreceptor cells. IRDs include retinitis pigmentosa (RP), the most common IRD. IRDs present a genetic and clinical heterogeneity that makes it difficult to achieve proper treatment. The progression of IRDs is influenced, among other factors, by the activation of the immune cells (microglia, macrophages, etc.) and the release of inflammatory molecules such as chemokines and cytokines. Upregulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is found in IRDs. This cytokine may influence photoreceptor cell death. Different cell death mechanisms are proposed, including apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, excessive activation of calpains, or parthanatos for photoreceptor cell death. Some of these cell death mechanisms are linked to TNFα upregulation and inflammation. Therapeutic approaches that reduce retinal inflammation have emerged as useful therapies for slowing down the progression of IRDs. We focused this review on the relationship between retinal inflammation and the different cell death mechanisms involved in RP. We also reviewed the main anti-inflammatory therapies for the treatment of IRDs.
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Neelam K, Dey S, Sim R, Lee J, Au Eong KG. Fructus lycii: A Natural Dietary Supplement for Amelioration of Retinal Diseases. Nutrients 2021; 13:246. [PMID: 33467087 PMCID: PMC7830576 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructus lycii (F. lycii) is an exotic "berry-type" fruit of the plant Lycium barbarum that is characterized by a complex mixture of bioactive compounds distinguished by their high antioxidant potential. F. lycii is used in traditional Chinese home cooking and in the Chinese Pharmacopeia as an aid to vision and longevity as well as a remedy for diabetes to balance "yin" and "yang" in the body for about two centuries. Although a myriad of bioactive compounds have been isolated from F. lycii, polysaccharides, carotenoids, flavonoids, and phenolics represent the key functional components of F. lycii. F. lycii has been shown to exhibit a wide range of biological activities in experimental settings including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and neuroprotective effects. Despite its medicinal role dating back to the eighteenth century in the Far East and robust evidence of beneficial effects on ocular health and retinal diseases originating mainly from studies in animal models, the role of F. lycii in the clinical management of retinal diseases is yet to be established. This article comprehensively reviews the literature germane to F. lycii and retinal diseases with particular emphasis on age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinitis pigmentosa, which are commonly seen in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Neelam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore 768828, Singapore; (J.L.); (K.-G.A.E.)
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Sonali Dey
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (S.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Ralene Sim
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (S.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Jason Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore 768828, Singapore; (J.L.); (K.-G.A.E.)
| | - Kah-Guan Au Eong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore 768828, Singapore; (J.L.); (K.-G.A.E.)
- International Eye Cataract Retina Center, Farrer Park Medical Center, Singapore 217562, Singapore
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Wang J, Xiao H, Barwick S, Liu Y, Smith SB. Optimal timing for activation of sigma 1 receptor in the Pde6b rd10/J (rd10) mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Exp Eye Res 2021; 202:108397. [PMID: 33310057 PMCID: PMC7808329 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sigma 1 Receptor (Sig1R), a pluripotent modulator of cell survival, is a promising target for treatment of retinal degenerative diseases. Previously, we reported that administration of the high-affinity, high-specificity Sig1R ligand (+)-pentazocine, ((+)-PTZ) beginning at post-natal day 14 (P14) and continuing every other day improves visual acuity and delays loss of photoreceptor cells (PRCs) in the Pde6βrd10/J (rd10) mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Whether administration of (+)-PTZ, at time points concomitant with (P18) or following (P21, P24) onset of PRC death, would prove neuroprotective was investigated in this study. Rd10 mice were administered (+)-PTZ intraperitoneally [0.5 mg/kg], starting at either P14, P18, P21 or P24. Injections continued every other day through P42. Visual acuity was assessed using the optokinetic tracking response (OKR). Rd10 mice treated with (+)-PTZ beginning at P14 retained visual acuity for the duration of the study (~0.33 c/d at P21, ~0.38 c/d at P28, ~0.32 c/d at P35, ~0.32 c/d at P42), whereas mice injected beginning at P18, P21, P24 showed a decline in acuity when tested at P35 and P42. Their acuity was only slightly better than rd10-non-treated mice. Electrophysiologic function was assessed using scotopic and photopic electroretinography (ERG) to assess rod and cone function, respectively. Photopic a- and b-wave amplitudes were significantly greater in rd10 mice treated with (+)-PTZ beginning at P14 compared with non-treated mice and those in the later-onset (+)-PTZ injection groups. Retinal architecture was visualized in living mice using spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) allowing measurement of the total retinal thickness, the inner retina and the outer retina (the area most affected in rd10 mice). The outer retina measured ~35 μm in rd10 mice treated with (+)-PTZ beginning at P14, which was significantly greater than mice in the later-onset (+)-PTZ injection groups (~25 μm) and non-treated rd10 mice (~25 μm). Following the visual function studies performed in the living mice, eyes were harvested at P42 for histologic analysis. While the inner retina was largely intact in all (+)-PTZ-injection groups, there was a marked reduction in the outer retina of non-treated rd10 mice (e.g. in the outer nuclear layer there were ~10 PRCs/100 μm retinal length). The rd10 mice treated with (+)-PTZ beginning at P14 had ~20 PRCs/100 μm retinal length, whereas the mice in groups beginning P18, P21 and P24 had ~16 PRCs/100 μm retinal length. In conclusion, the data indicate that delaying (+)-PTZ injection past the onset of PRC death in rd10 mice - even by a few days - can negatively impact the long-term preservation of retinal function. Our findings suggest that optimizing the administration of Sig1R ligands is critical for retinal neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Haiyan Xiao
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Shannon Barwick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Sylvia B Smith
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.
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12
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Newton F, Megaw R. Mechanisms of Photoreceptor Death in Retinitis Pigmentosa. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101120. [PMID: 32987769 PMCID: PMC7598671 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common cause of inherited blindness and is characterised by the progressive loss of retinal photoreceptors. However, RP is a highly heterogeneous disease and, while much progress has been made in developing gene replacement and gene editing treatments for RP, it is also necessary to develop treatments that are applicable to all causative mutations. Further understanding of the mechanisms leading to photoreceptor death is essential for the development of these treatments. Recent work has therefore focused on the role of apoptotic and non-apoptotic cell death pathways in RP and the various mechanisms that trigger these pathways in degenerating photoreceptors. In particular, several recent studies have begun to elucidate the role of microglia and innate immune response in the progression of RP. Here, we discuss some of the recent progress in understanding mechanisms of rod and cone photoreceptor death in RP and summarise recent clinical trials targeting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay Newton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Roly Megaw
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK;
- Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh EH3 9HA, UK
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13
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Carullo G, Federico S, Relitti N, Gemma S, Butini S, Campiani G. Retinitis Pigmentosa and Retinal Degenerations: Deciphering Pathways and Targets for Drug Discovery and Development. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2173-2191. [PMID: 32589402 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are a group of retinopathies generally caused by genetic mutations. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) represents one of the most studied IRDs. RP leads to intense vision loss or blindness resulting from the degeneration of photoreceptor cells. To date, RP is mainly treated with palliative supplementation of vitamin A and retinoids, gene therapies, or surgical interventions. Therefore, a pharmacologically based therapy is an urgent need requiring a medicinal chemistry approach, to validate molecular targets able to deal with retinal degeneration. This Review aims at outlining the recent research efforts in identifying new drug targets for RP, especially focusing on the neuroprotective role of the Wnt/β-catenin/GSK3β pathway and apoptosis modulators (in particular PARP-1) but also on growth factors such as VEGF and BDNF. Furthermore, the role of spatiotemporally expressed G protein-coupled receptors (GPR124) in the retina and the emerging function of histone deacetylase inhibitors in promoting retinal neuroprotection will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018−2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Federico
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018−2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Relitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018−2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018−2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018−2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018−2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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14
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Du R, Zhou X, Yang D, Zhou H, Lin F, Li Q. (Z)-7,4′-Dimethoxy-6-hydroxy-aurone- 4-O-β-glucopyranoside alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats associating with the regulation of JAK1/STAT1 signaling pathway. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 39:1507-1517. [PMID: 32515232 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120927439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses have been demonstrated to contribute to the neuronal death following cerebral ischemia. This study was to investigate the repairing effects and potential mechanisms of (Z)-7,4′-dimethoxy-6-hydroxy-aurone-4-O-β-glucopyranoside (DHAG), a compound with neuroprotective effects, on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Cerebral I/R model was established with middle cerebral artery occlusion method in Sprague Dawley rats and then rats were treated with DHAG (1 and 2 mg/kg) for 7 days. The volume of cerebral infarction was detected by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. The apoptosis in ischemic brain tissues was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. Oxidative stress markers and inflammatory factors were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Protein expression was detected by Western blot. DHAG treatment significantly alleviated the cerebral I/R injury and decreased apoptosis in brain tissues. Moreover, DHAG treatment significantly inhibited oxidative stress and reduced inflammatory responses, associating with decreasing the protein expression of phosphorylated Janus kinase 1/phosphorylated signal transducer and transcriptional activator 1. These results demonstrated neuroprotective properties of DHAG and highlighted it as a potential therapeutic agent against injury of cerebral IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Du
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - X Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the People’s Hospital of Laizhou, Laizhou, China
| | - D Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - H Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - F Lin
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
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