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Đogo-Mračević S, Laketić T, Stanković M, Lolić A. Toxic element determination in selected cosmetic products: health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1059. [PMID: 37592113 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to determine the content of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) in selected lipsticks and face foundations of different price categories and the health risk assessment associated with these toxic elements via dermal and oral exposure. The samples (10 lipstick and 10 face foundations) were purchased from local markets in Belgrade, Serbia. The samples were prepared by acid digestion and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry (flame atomization for Cd, Pb, and Ni and electrothermal atomization for As). Arsenic was found in 50% of lipstick samples and in only two face foundation samples with the highest concentration of 0.28 mg/kg in the lipstick sample. Lead concentration was in the range of 1.15 to 5.12 mg/kg in ten samples. Nickel was found in five samples out of 20, with the highest concentration of 4.20 mg/kg. Cadmium was found in only one face foundation sample in the cheaper price range (1.11 mg/kg). The obtained results indicate that concentrations of As, Pb, Cd, and Ni were within the permissible limits according to Serbian legislation. Health risk associated with these elements was assessed as non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk. Obtained hazard quotients (HQs) and hazard indexes (HIs) were below 1, indicating the absence of significant non-carcinogenic health risk due to exposure to these toxic elements (TEs). The carcinogenic risk results show that investigated cosmetic products can be considered low-risky due to the possibility of causing malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Đogo-Mračević
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Laketić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Stanković
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Lolić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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MOHAMMED F, ABDULGHAFOR AHMED M, M. ORAİBİ H. Health Risk Assessment of Some Heavy Metals in Lipsticks Sold in Local Markets in Iraq. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.1154686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals found in cosmetics are a safety threat to the health of consumers. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the levels of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As) in lipstick makeup. The level of heavy metals in lipstick was discovered by using an analytical technique with high selectivity and sensitivity, namely atomic absorption spectrometry. Twenty lipsticks were selected from the same brands, yet differing in price. Ten original (expensive) and ten knockoff (cheap) lipsticks were chosen from shops in Diyala, Iraq. The detection-limit (LOD) was in between 0.01 and 0.1, the quantification-limit (LOQ) was within 0.03 and 0.33, the recovery values (Rec.%) ranged from 100.17% to 101.1%, the RE values were 0.81%, and the RSD values were 1.33%. The results also revealed that the levels of metals are in the order of Pb > Cd > Zn > Cu > As > Cr. However, the levels of heavy metals that were estimated in this study were less than the permissible limit set by the executive authorities, so there seems to be no concern associated with these heavy metals. However, the daily and frequent use of lipstick by women exposes them to low levels of toxic metals as these metals accumulate over time and pose adverse effects on the health of the users. The results of the hazard quotient (HQ) and health risk index (HI) indicate there was no harmful effect on human health related to heavy metals present in lipstick. Whereas the results of the biological activity of the samples indicated that there was no bacterial growth in expensive samples, cheap samples were contaminated with some types of organisms; this indicates poor quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima MOHAMMED
- Middle Technical University – Technical Institute – Baqubah – Department of Community Health Technique
| | - Maryam ABDULGHAFOR AHMED
- Renewable Energy Sciences Department, College of Energy & Environmental Science, Al-Karkh University of Science
| | - Hadeel M. ORAİBİ
- Department of Biology, Collage of science, University of Diyala, Iraq
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Irfan M, Shafeeq A, Siddiq U, Bashir F, Ahmad T, Athar M, Butt MT, Ullah S, Mukhtar A, Hussien M, Lam SS. A mechanistic approach for toxicity and risk assessment of heavy metals, hydroquinone and microorganisms in cosmetic creams. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 433:128806. [PMID: 35398795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The demand and importance of fairness creams as a major cosmetic have increased significantly in recent years. However, some of these cosmetics contain heavy metals, hydroquinone and microorganism that can cause various health problems. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine and examine the concentration of metals (i.e. Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, Hg), hydroquinone and microorganisms in nine different fairness creams produced by local and international brands. The health risk assessment of the tested substances for consumers was accessed through systemic exposure dosage (SED), margin of safety (MoS), lifetime cancer risk (LCR), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). The concentration of Zn and Hg were found the highest and measured in the range of 17.82-138.06 mg.kg-1 and 2.3-141 mg.kg-1, respectively. The concentrations of other metals were determined as 0.06-0.67 mg.kg-1 of Cd, 0.43-1.55 mg.kg-1 of Cr, 0.14-1.43 mg.kg-1 of Ni and 0.3-1.34 mg.kg-1 of Pb. HPLC results showed a significant presence of hydroquinone in the range of 0.12-7.2%. The total viable counts of cosmetic samples showed the substantial presence of microorganisms, and 44% of the collected samples surpassed the permissible limit of 100 cfu/g recommended by European Union. Many of the collected samples exceeded the MoS, HQ and HI tolerance limits. However, the LCR value in all samples was significantly higher than the acceptable limit. Therefore, it is advised to avoid overuse of these products in order to ensure human safety and reduce the risks to skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- Centre for Environmental Protection Studies, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amir Shafeeq
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Umair Siddiq
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farzana Bashir
- Centre for Environmental Protection Studies, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tausif Ahmad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology (KFUEIT), Abu Dhabi Road, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Athar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering and Technology, BCG Chowk, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tahir Butt
- Centre for Environmental Protection Studies, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sami Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Mukhtar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NFC Institute of Engineering and Fertilizer Research, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed Hussien
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Sorouraddin SM, Farajzadeh MA, Pinou R, Okhravi T. Development of a reversed-phase dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method for the extraction and preconcentration of lead and cadmium ions in some cosmetic products. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Akhtar A, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Baig JA, Arain MB. A tandem ionic liquid‐based dispersive microextraction method using in‐syringe air‐assisted vesicle system for rapid determination of lead and cadmium in artificial sweat extract of facial cosmetic products. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Akhtar
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Sindh Jamshoro 76080 Pakistan
| | - Tasneem Gul Kazi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Sindh Jamshoro 76080 Pakistan
| | - Hassan Imran Afridi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Sindh Jamshoro 76080 Pakistan
| | - Jameel Ahmed Baig
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Sindh Jamshoro 76080 Pakistan
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Moghaddam M, Mehdizadeh L, Sharifi Z. Macro- and microelement content and health risk assessment of heavy metals in various herbs of Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:12320-12331. [PMID: 31993898 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, element content and health risk of the most popular herbs from Iran were evaluated. The samples of raw materials from 30 different herbs were purchased from the local markets of Iran. The concentration levels of some elements including macroelements (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg), micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Na), and heavy metals (Cd, Ni, and Pb) of studied herbs were evaluated. The potential of health risks was calculated by Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), and Hazard Index (HI). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to test a hypothesis about differences between the mean values. The highest levels of Ca (20,000 ± 26.3 mg/kg), Mg (9600 ± 45.4 mg/kg), N (59,955 ± 11.55 mg/kg), P (6544 ± 20 mg/kg), and K (56,563.2 ± 18 mg/kg) were found in Zataria multiflora, Malva sylvestris, Acasia arbus, Cannabis sativa, and Amomum subulatum, respectively. In addition, the highest concentration levels of Fe (987 ± 75.27 mg/kg), Zn (1187.5 ± 10 mg/kg), Cu (64.2 ± 2 mg/kg), Mn (272.3 ± 66.62 mg/kg), and Na (2658.8 ± 20.3 mg/kg) were recorded in Bunium persicum, Peganum harmala, Papaver somniferum, Alpinia officinalis, and Cuminum cyminum, respectively. Acasia arbus, Anethum graveolens, and Malva sylvestris showed the highest concentration of Ni (6.07 ± 0.04 mg/kg), Cd (1.64 ± 0.16 mg/kg), and Pb (9.27 ± 0.25 mg/kg). Based on performed health risk assessment on the studied plants, EDI, THQ, and HI values of all of them were less than 1. This study indicated that there were several harmful elements in the herbs. The healthier plant species are those with the least concentration of Pb, Ni, and Cd, which include Vitex agnus-custus and Teucrium polium. On the other hand, the toxic plants with a higher concentration of Pb, Ni, and Cd included Malva sylvestris, Acasia arbus, and Anethum graveolens. In addition, evaluation of human risk assessment is an important factor for investigating the concentration of heavy metals harmful for human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moghaddam
- Department of Horticulture Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Leila Mehdizadeh
- Department of Horticulture Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Sharifi
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran
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Ghaderpoori M, Kamarehie B, Jafari A, Alinejad AA, Hashempour Y, Saghi MH, Yousefi M, Oliveri Conti G, Mohammadi AA, Ghaderpoury A, Ferrante M. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in cosmetic products sold in Iran: the Monte Carlo simulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:7588-7595. [PMID: 31885066 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07423-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cosmetics can contain harmful compounds such as heavy metals. Several metals have a cumulative effect on the body, especially fatty tissues, and may have different health effects on the human body over the long term. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the health risks of heavy metals in cosmetics in Iran. Also, in this study, Monte Carlo simulation was used to investigate uncertainties. In this study, heavy metals data of cosmetics were extracted from studies carried out at intervals 2010-2018. International and Iranian databases such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, Springer, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Irandoc, Magiran, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Information Institute for Scientific (ISC) were searched for this purpose. In this study, the index of the Margin of Safety was calculated to determine the risk of human contact with metallic impurities in cosmetic products used by humans. In the selected period, 11 studies were conducted on the measurement of heavy metals in cosmetics in Iran. In these studies, cosmetics such as eye shadow, eye pencil, powder, cream, and lipstick were studied. The Margin of Safety (MoS) values calculated for different metals were higher than the established safe standard by WHO. The highest and lowest amount of systemic exposure dosage in all types of cosmetic investigated (lipstick, cream, eye pencil, face powder, and eye shadow) was related to Fe and Hg. The mean hazardous quotient (HQ) for Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, and Hg was 1.05E-03, 1.03E-01, 7.95E-03, 2.59E-03, 1.05E-03, 4.98E-03, 7.22E-04, 1.85E-01, and 1.35E-05, respectively. The highest HQ (6.10E-01) was found for Pb, which was observed in the cream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Ghaderpoori
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Bahram Kamarehie
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ali Jafari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Abdol Azim Alinejad
- Department of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Yalda Hashempour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Saghi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mahmood Yousefi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia"-Hygiene and Public Health, Laboratory of Environmental and Food Hygiene (LIAA), University of Catania, 95131, Catania, Italy.
| | - Ali Akbar Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
| | - Afshin Ghaderpoury
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia"-Hygiene and Public Health, Laboratory of Environmental and Food Hygiene (LIAA), University of Catania, 95131, Catania, Italy
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Shirani K, Yousefsani BS, Shirani M, Karimi G. Protective effects of naringin against drugs and chemical toxins induced hepatotoxicity: A review. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1734-1744. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Shirani
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Bahare Sadat Yousefsani
- Research Institute for Islamic and Complementary MedicineIran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- School of Persian MedicineIran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Maryam Shirani
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of PharmacyAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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Heshmati A, Mehri F, Karami-Momtaz J, Khaneghah AM. Concentration and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements, Lead and Cadmium, in Vegetables and Cereals Consumed in Western Iran. J Food Prot 2020; 83:101-107. [PMID: 31855614 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in vegetable (potatoes, onions, tomatoes, lettuce, leeks, and carrots) and cereal (wheat and rice) samples collected from Iran were investigated by a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. In addition, we determined the health risks due to exposure to Cd and Pb through vegetable and cereal consumption by computing the estimated daily intake, the target hazard quotient (THQ), the total THQ, and the margin of exposure. The mean concentrations of Pb in potato, onion, tomato, lettuce, leek, carrot, wheat, and rice samples were measured as 0.029 ± 0.011, 0.016 ± 0.012, 0.007 ± 0.005, 0.022 ± 0.020, 0.040 ± 0.048, 0.029 ± 0.025, 0.123 ± 0.120, and 0.097 ± 0.059 mg kg-1 wet weight, respectively, and all were below the maximum allowable concentrations set by the European Union. The mean concentrations of Cd in potatoes, onions, tomatoes, lettuce, leeks, carrots, wheat, and rice samples were measured as 0.022 ± 0.013, 0.011 ± 0.009, 0.003 ± 0.003, 0.007 ± 0.005, 0.015 ± 0.024, 0.013 ± 0.011, 0.046 ± 0.043, and 0.049 ± 0.04 mg kg-1 wet weight, respectively, and all were below the permissible levels established by the European Union. The corresponding values for the estimated daily intake of Cd were acceptable and lower than the provisional tolerable daily intake. The THQ and total THQ values of Cd through consumption of all vegetables and cereals were lower than 1. The margin of exposure values for Pb in samples were >1, showing no significant human health risks for both potentially toxic elements. The findings of this study indicated there is no risk associated with exposure to Pb and Cd through the intake of selected vegetables and cereals in western Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Heshmati
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Medicine, Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Mehri
- Food and Drug Control Laboratory, Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Javad Karami-Momtaz
- Food and Drug Control Laboratory, Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, P.O. Box 6121, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5769-0004 [A.M.K.])
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Saadatzadeh A, Afzalan S, Zadehdabagh R, Tishezan L, Najafi N, Seyedtabib M, Noori SMA. Determination of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury) in authorized and unauthorized cosmetics. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2019; 38:207-211. [PMID: 31072152 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2019.1590389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aim: The present study evaluates lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury contamination in lipsticks, mascara, eye shadow, and eyebrow pencils, and compares the amounts of these toxic elements in both legal and contraband products. Background: The presence of heavy metals in cosmetics is of major concern, and requires constant monitoring to ensure the safety of consumers. Cosmetics contaminated with heavy metals can lead them to accumulate in the skin, while the further migration of these toxic elements to blood vessels can cause subsequent difficulties. Material and methods: The graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) and Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA) techniques were used. Results: The data indicate that the lead content in the products did not exceed the acceptable limit of the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety of Germany (BVL), and that the cadmium values in all products were significantly lower than the limit set by the BVL. The arsenic contents of lipsticks, eye shadows, and eyebrow pencils was significantly higher than the BVL standard, while the mercury content was far below the BVL standards, so there seems to be no concern associated with this toxic element. Legal cosmetics showed better results, except for mascara, which had higher amounts of arsenic than contraband. The higher contents of arsenic in contraband eye shadows and eyebrow pencils is an issue that should be taken into considerations by the relevant authorities. Conclusion: The authors suggest further analysis of the toxic elements in cosmetics and better monitoring of both imported and contraband cosmetics. Moreover, consumers' knowledge of the potential risks of the frequent application of cosmetic products should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrooz Saadatzadeh
- a Department of Food and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Sina Afzalan
- a Department of Food and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Reza Zadehdabagh
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Leila Tishezan
- c Food and Drug Administration, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Nahid Najafi
- c Food and Drug Administration, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran.,d Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Maryam Seyedtabib
- e Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Ali Noori
- a Department of Food and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran.,f Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
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Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Bhatti M, Akhtar A. A rapid ultrasonic energy assisted preconcentration method for simultaneous extraction of lead and cadmium in various cosmetic brands using deep eutectic solvent: A multivariate study. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 51:40-48. [PMID: 30514484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An innovative ultrasonic assisted microextraction method using a deep eutectic solvent for entrapping the organ metallic complexes was developed to pre-concentrate the trace quantities of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in lipsticks and eye shadows of different brands prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry analysis. A deep eutectic solvent (DES) was used in this study, prepared by mixing metal salt (ZnCl2) and hydrogen bond donors such as (acetamide) in different ratio. The different branded cosmetic items, lipstick and eye shadows, obtained from local market and subjected to acid digestion prior to application of proposed ultrasonic assisted microextraction method based on deep eutectic solvent (UAµE-DES) with the aid of mechanical and ultrasound energies. Ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate was used as a ligand to made hydrophobic complexes of Cd and Pb, entrapped in DES in the presence of aprotic solvent. The seven variables, mixing ratio of ZnCl2 and Acetamide, DES volume, Ultrasound and Conventional shaking time, pH, tetrahydrofuran and complexing reagent volume were optimized by multivariate approach for the optimum recovery of Cd and Pb from real cosmetic items. The resulted data indicates that ultrasound energy assisted extraction time, volume of DES and pH were most significant variables. The precision and validity of developed procedure were checked by the spiked known certified standards in real samples. The resulted data indicated that the lipsticks have different glittering colors contains high contents of Pb and Cd, whereas dark colors of eye shadows contain high level of both elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Gul Kazi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.
| | - Hassan Imran Afridi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.
| | - Murk Bhatti
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.
| | - Asma Akhtar
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.
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Taghizadeh SF, Davarynejad G, Asili J, Nemati SH, Rezaee R, Goumenou M, Tsatsakis AM, Karimi G. Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of five pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivars collected from different geographical sites of Iran. Food Chem Toxicol 2017. [PMID: 28647516 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pistachio is an important horticultural product and Iran is considered as a main pistachio producing country. Assessment of heavy metals in this export fruit is crucial for protecting public health against toxic heavy metals. The concentration of selected heavy metals in soil, water and five pistachio cultivars from four geographical regions of Iran were measured. Although none of the elements were detected in water irrigation, infield metal content in the soil had good correlation with that of pistachio. The highest amounts of Al, As, Co, Ni and Se were reported in samples collected from Sarakhs, Iran. Considering both cultivar and region effects on selected heavy metals concentration, Kaleghoochi cultivar from Sarakhs site showed the highest amount of Al, As, Ni and Se. The maximum concentration of Hg was found in Akbari cultivar collected from Damghan. In the Akbari and the Ahmad aghaei cultivars collected from Sarakhs and Damghan cultivation zones, respectively, the highest amount of Co were observed. Based on our results, the HI value for the consumers of Iranian pistachio was 0.066. It seems that the levels of heavy metals in these pistachio samples pose no risk to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Faezeh Taghizadeh
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Davarynejad
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Asili
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Nemati
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Aristides M Tsatsakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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