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Mustapha AN, AlMheiri M, AlShehhi N, Rajput N, Matouk Z, Tomić N. The Incorporation of Graphene Nanoplatelets in Tung Oil-Urea Formaldehyde Microcapsules: A Paradigm Shift in Physicochemical Enhancement. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:909. [PMID: 38611167 PMCID: PMC11013791 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Tung oil (TO) microcapsules (MCs) with a poly(urea-formaldehyde) (PUF) shell were synthesized via one-step in situ polymerization, with the addition of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) (1-5 wt. %). The synergistic effects of emulsifiers between gelatin (gel) and Tween 80 were observed, with gel chosen to formulate the MCs due to its enhanced droplet stability. SEM images then displayed an increased shell roughness of the TO-GNP MCs in comparison to the pure TO MCs due to the GNP species on the shell. At the same time, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images also confirmed the presence of GNPs on the outer layer of the MCs, with the stacked graphene layers composed of 5-7 layers with an interlayer distance of ~0.37 nm. Cross-sectional TEM imaging of the MCs also confirmed the successful encapsulation of the GNPs in the core of the MCs. Micromanipulation measurements displayed that the 5% GNPs increased the toughness by 71% compared to the pure TO MCs, due to the reduction in the fractional free volume of the core material. When the MCs were dispersed in an epoxy coating and applied on a metallic substrate, excellent healing capacities of up to 93% were observed for the 5% GNP samples, and 87% for the pure TO MC coatings. The coatings also exhibited excellent corrosion resistance for all samples up to 7 days, with the GNP samples offering a more strenuous path for the corrosive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Naseer Mustapha
- Advanced Materials Research Centre (AMRC), Technology Innovation Institute (TII), Masdar City, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 9639, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (N.A.); (N.R.); (Z.M.); (N.T.)
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2
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Collu M, Rossi E, Giamberini M, Sebastiani M, Del Pezzo R, Smets J, Bemporad E. A Methodology for Multivariate Investigation on the Effect of Acrylate Molecular Structure on the Mechanical Properties and Delivery Efficiency of Microcapsules via In Situ Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4158. [PMID: 37896402 PMCID: PMC10610868 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of encapsulation, microcapsules containing perfume have emerged as effective vehicles for delivering active ingredients across various applications. The present study employed a multivariate analysis framework to examine polyacrylate microcapsules for household products synthesized using different acrylate monomers. The advanced multivariate approach allowed us to quantify critical properties such as the Molecular Weight between Cross-links (MWc), mechanical attributes, Encapsulation Efficiency (EE), and On-Fabric delivery. It is worth noting that the mechanical properties were gauged using a novel nanoindentation technique, which measures the Rupture Force per unit diameter (RFD). Both Encapsulation Efficiency and On-Fabric delivery were assessed using GC-MS. Our findings identified the optimal microcapsule system as one synthesized with 100% aromatic hexafunctional urethane acrylate, showcasing a 94.3% Encapsulation Efficiency and an optimal RFD of 85 N/mm. This system achieved an exemplary On-Fabric delivery rate of 307.5 nmol/L. In summary, this research provides crucial insights for customizing microcapsule design to achieve peak delivery efficiency. Furthermore, by designing acrylic monomers appropriately, there is potential to reduce the amount of active ingredients used, owing to enhanced delivery efficiency and the optimization of other microcapsule properties. Such advancements pave the way for more environmentally friendly and sustainable production processes in the fast-moving consumer goods industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Collu
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Temselaan 100, 1853 Strombeek-Bever, Belgium; (R.D.P.); (J.S.)
| | - Edoardo Rossi
- Department of Civil, Computer Science and Aeronautical Technologies Engineering, Roma Tre University, Via Vito Volterra 62, 00146 Rome, Italy; (E.R.); (M.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Marta Giamberini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda Paisos Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marco Sebastiani
- Department of Civil, Computer Science and Aeronautical Technologies Engineering, Roma Tre University, Via Vito Volterra 62, 00146 Rome, Italy; (E.R.); (M.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Rita Del Pezzo
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Temselaan 100, 1853 Strombeek-Bever, Belgium; (R.D.P.); (J.S.)
| | - Johan Smets
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Temselaan 100, 1853 Strombeek-Bever, Belgium; (R.D.P.); (J.S.)
| | - Edoardo Bemporad
- Department of Civil, Computer Science and Aeronautical Technologies Engineering, Roma Tre University, Via Vito Volterra 62, 00146 Rome, Italy; (E.R.); (M.S.); (E.B.)
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3
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Russell S, Bruns N. Encapsulation of Fragrances in Micro- and Nano-Capsules, Polymeric Micelles, and Polymersomes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300120. [PMID: 37150605 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fragrances are ubiquitously and extensively used in everyday life and several industrial applications, including perfumes, textiles, laundry formulations, hygiene household products, and food products. However, the intrinsic volatility of these small organic molecules leaves them particularly susceptible to fast depletion from a product or from the surface they have been applied to. Encapsulation is a very effective method to limit the loss of fragrance during their use and to sustain their release. This review gives an overview of the different materials and techniques used for the encapsulation of fragrances, scents, and aromas, as well as the methods used to characterize the resulting encapsulation systems, with a particular focus on cyclodextrins, polymer microcapsules, inorganic microcapsules, block copolymer micelles, and polymersomes for fragrance encapsulation, sustained release, and controlled release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, G1 1XL, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, G1 1XL, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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4
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Zhao J, Li C, Sui J, Jiang S, Zhao W, Zhang S, Wu R, Li J, Chen X. A Novel One-Step Reactive Extrusion Process for High-Performance Rigid Crosslinked PVC Composite Fabrication Using Triazine Crosslinking Agent@Melamine-Formaldehyde Microcapsules. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4600. [PMID: 37444914 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we propose, for the first time, a simple, fast, and efficient strategy to fabricate high-performance rigid crosslinked PVC composites by continuous extrusion. This strategy improves the poor processing fluidity of composites and solves the impossibility of conducting extrusion in one step via using microcapsule-type crosslinking agents prepared by in situ polymerization to co-extrude with PVC blends. The results demonstrate that the PVC/microcapsule composites were successfully prepared. Within the studied parameters, the properties of crosslinked PVC gradually increased with the addition of microcapsules, and its Vicat softening temperature increased from 79.3 °C to 86.2 °C compared with pure PVC. This study shows the possibility for the industrial scale-up of the extrusion process for rigid crosslinked PVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshun Zhao
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chun Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiayang Sui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weizhen Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Longzihu New Energy Laboratory, Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shihao Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Rong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jintong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuhuang Chen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
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5
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Misra S, Banerjee U, Mitra SK. Liquid-Liquid Encapsulation: Penetration vs. Trapping at a Liquid Interfacial Layer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:23938-23950. [PMID: 37145417 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation protects vulnerable cores in an aggressive environment and imparts desirable functionalities to the overall encapsulated cargo, including control of mechanical properties, release kinetics, and targeted delivery. Liquid-liquid encapsulation to create such capsules, where a liquid layer (shell) is used to wrap another liquid (core), is an attractive value proposition for ultrafast encapsulation (∼100 ms). Here, we demonstrate a robust framework for stable liquid-liquid encapsulation. Wrapping is achieved by simple impingement of a target core (in liquid form) on top of an interfacial layer of another shell-forming liquid floating on a host liquid bath. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is chosen as the shell-forming liquid due to its biocompatibility, physicochemical stability, heat curability, and acceptability as both a drug excipient and food additive. Depending on the kinetic energy of the impinging core droplet, encapsulation is accomplished by either of the two pathways─necking-driven complete interfacial penetration and subsequent generation of encapsulated droplets inside the host bath or trapping inside the interfacial layer. Combining thermodynamic argument with experimental demonstration, we show that the interfacially trapped state, which results in a low kinetic energy of impact, is also an encapsulated state where the core droplet is wholly enclosed inside the floating interfacial layer. Therefore, despite being impact-driven, our method remains kinetic energy independent and minimally restrictive. We describe the underlying interfacial evolution behind encapsulation and experimentally identify a nondimensional regime of occurrence for the two pathways mentioned above. Successful encapsulation by either path offers efficient long-term protection of the encased cores in aggressive surroundings (e.g., protection of honey/maple syrup inside a water bath despite their miscibility). We enable the generation of multifunctional compound droplets via interfacial trapping, where multiple core droplets with different compositions are encapsulated within the same wrapping shell. Further, we demonstrate the practical utility of the interfacially trapped state by showing successful heat-curing of the shell and subsequent extraction of the capsule. The cured capsules are sufficiently robust and remain stable under normal handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirshendu Misra
- Micro & Nano-Scale Transport Laboratory, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Utsab Banerjee
- Micro & Nano-Scale Transport Laboratory, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sushanta K Mitra
- Micro & Nano-Scale Transport Laboratory, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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6
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Channab BE, El Idrissi A, Zahouily M, Essamlali Y, White JC. Starch-based controlled release fertilizers: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 238:124075. [PMID: 36940767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Starch, as a widely available renewable resource, has the potential to be used in the production of controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) that support sustainable agriculture. These CRFs can be formed by incorporating nutrients through coating or absorption, or by chemically modifying the starch to enhance its ability to carry and interact with nutrients. This review examines the various methods of creating starch-based CRFs, including coating, chemical modification, and grafting with other polymers. In addition, the mechanisms of controlled release in starch-based CRFs are discussed. Overall, the potential benefits of using starch-based CRFs in terms of resource efficiency and environmental protection are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badr-Eddine Channab
- Laboratoire de Matériaux, Catalyse & Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, URAC 24, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan II, Casablanca B.P. 146, Morocco.
| | - Ayoub El Idrissi
- Laboratoire de Matériaux, Catalyse & Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, URAC 24, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan II, Casablanca B.P. 146, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Zahouily
- Laboratoire de Matériaux, Catalyse & Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, URAC 24, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan II, Casablanca B.P. 146, Morocco; Natural Resources Valorization Center, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research, Rabat, Morocco; Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Younes Essamlali
- Natural Resources Valorization Center, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research, Rabat, Morocco; Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Jason C White
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, United States.
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7
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Packaging ink microcapsules with high stability and biocompatibility based on natural dye gardenia blue. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Sbehat M, Mauriello G, Altamimi M. Microencapsulation of Probiotics for Food Functionalization: An Update on Literature Reviews. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101948. [PMID: 36296223 PMCID: PMC9610121 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional foods comprise the largest growing food category due to both consumer demands and health claims by manufacturers. Probiotics are considered one of the best choices for meeting these demands. Traditionally, the food vehicle for introducing probiotics to consumers was dairy products, and to expand the benefits of probiotics for a wider range of consumers, the need to use other food items was essential. To achieve this goal while maximising the benefits of probiotics, protection methods used during food processing were tackled. The microencapsulation of probiotics is a promising methodology for achieving this function. This review highlights the use of the microencapsulation of probiotics in order to functionalise food items that initially were not considered suitable for probiotication, such as baked products, or to increase their functionality such as dairy products. The co-microencapsulation of probiotics with other functional ingredients such polyphenol, prebiotics, or omega-3 is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram Sbehat
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box 7, Palestine
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Mauriello
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohammad Altamimi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box 7, Palestine
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9
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Mustapha AN, AlMheiri M, AlShehhi N, Rajput N, Joshi S, Antunes A, AlTeneiji M. The Microencapsulation of Tung Oil with a Natural Hydrocolloid Emulsifier for Extrinsic Self-Healing Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091907. [PMID: 35567076 PMCID: PMC9103524 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, tung oil was utilised as a catalyst-free self-healing agent, and an in-situ polymerization process was applied to encapsulate the tung oil core with a poly(urea-formaldehyde) (PUF) shell. The conventional poly(ethylene-alt-maleic-anhydride) (PEMA) polymer was compared to a more naturally abundant gelatin (GEL) emulsifier to compare the microcapsules’ barrier, morphological, thermal, and chemical properties, and the crystalline nature of the shell material. GEL emulsifiers produced microcapsules with a higher payload (96.5%), yield (28.9%), and encapsulation efficiency (61.7%) compared to PEMA (90.8%, 28.6% and 52.6%, respectively). Optical and electron microscopy imaging indicated a more uniform morphology for the GEL samples. The thermal decomposition measurements indicated that GEL decomposed to a value 7% lower than that of PEMA, which was suggested to be attributed to the much thinner shell materials that the GEL samples produced. An innovative and novel focused ion beam (FIB) milling method was exerted on the GEL sample, confirming the storage and release of the active tung oil material upon rupturing. The samples with GEL conveyed a higher healing efficiency of 91%, compared to PEMA’s 63%, and the GEL samples also conveyed higher levels of corrosion resistance.
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10
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A systematic study on the reaction mechanisms for the microencapsulation of a volatile phase change material (PCM) via one-step in situ polymerisation. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Characterization of polyurea microcapsules synthesized with an isocyanate of low toxicity and eco-friendly esters via microfluidics: shape, shell thickness, morphology and encapsulation efficiency. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Parvate S, Chattopadhyay S. Complex Polymeric Microstructures with Programmable Architecture via Pickering Emulsion-Templated In Situ Polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:1406-1421. [PMID: 35051332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aside from smooth and spherical microcapsules, the concept of tailoring complex polymeric microstructures is being taken a step ahead due to their great demand in various applications and fundamental studies in the subjects of microfluidics and nanotechnology. Size, shape, and morphology are of paramount importance for their functional performance and various applications. However, simple, inexpensive, versatile, and high-throughput techniques for fabricating microcapsules with controlled morphology remain a bottleneck for discoveries in the subject of polymer colloids. In this paper, we directly fulfill this need by reporting a novel approach of Pickering emulsion-templated in situ polymerization for tailoring complex polymeric microstructures comprised of a composite shell of titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2 NP)-embedded poly(melamine-urea-formaldehyde) (polyMUF) and a core of hexadecane (HD, soft template). At first, we hydrophobize TiO2 NPs by chemisorbing long-chain biobased myristic acid via a bidentate chelating complex and precisely tune their wettability by varying the grafting density of myristic acid to obtain highly stable oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsion. Thereafter, we employ the optimized TiO2 NPs in the intended encapsulation strategy that enables various microstructures and morphologies with the particle diameter ranging from 5 to 20 μm. Careful manipulation of reaction parameters and copolymer components leads to novel complex microstructures: smooth, raspberry-like, partially budded, hollow, filled, single-holed, and closed-cell-like microstructures. Particle properties such as morphology, size, shell thickness, and core content are governed by the TiO2 NP content, core-to-shell ratio, copolymer component, conversion, and pH value. Based on the results of a series of control experiments, novel mechanisms for the formation of various such microstructures are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Parvate
- Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur 247001, India
| | - Sujay Chattopadhyay
- Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur 247001, India
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13
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Gao Z, Rao S, Zhang T, Gao F, Xiao Y, Shali L, Wang X, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Zong Y, Li W, Chen Y. Bioinspired Thermal Runaway Retardant Capsules for Improved Safety and Electrochemical Performance in Lithium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103796. [PMID: 34923778 PMCID: PMC8844567 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Vigorous development of electric vehicles is one way to achieve global carbon reduction goals. However, fires caused by thermal runaway of the power battery has seriously hindered large-scale development. Adding thermal runaway retardants (TRRs) to electrolytes is an effective way to improve battery safety, but it often reduces electrochemical performance. Therefore, it is difficult to apply in practice. TRR encapsulation is inspired by the core-shell structures such as cells, seeds, eggs, and fruits in nature. In these natural products, the shell isolates the core from the outside, and has to break as needed to expose the core, such as in seed germination, chicken hatching, etc. Similarly, TRR encapsulation avoids direct contact between the TRR and the electrolyte, so it does not affect the electrochemical performance of the battery during normal operation. When lithium-ion battery (LIB) thermal runaway occurs, the capsules release TRRs to slow down and even prevent further thermal runaway. This review aims to summarize the fundamentals of bioinspired TRR capsules and highlight recent key progress in LIBs with TRR capsules to improve LIB safety. It is anticipated that this review will inspire further improvement in battery safety, especially for emerging LIBs with high-electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhai Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and ControlJilin UniversityChangchun130025China
| | - Shun Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and ControlJilin UniversityChangchun130025China
| | - Tianyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and ControlJilin UniversityChangchun130025China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and ControlJilin UniversityChangchun130025China
| | - Yang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and ControlJilin UniversityChangchun130025China
| | - Longfei Shali
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and ControlJilin UniversityChangchun130025China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and ControlJilin UniversityChangchun130025China
| | - Yadan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and ControlJilin UniversityChangchun130025China
| | - Yiyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and ControlJilin UniversityChangchun130025China
| | - Yuan Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and ControlJilin UniversityChangchun130025China
| | - Weifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and ControlJilin UniversityChangchun130025China
| | - Yupeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
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14
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Yang R, Lu X, Gu X. Pyrolysis Kinetics of a Lignin-Modified Cellulose Composite Film. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35584-35592. [PMID: 34984289 PMCID: PMC8717570 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant natural biopolymer material, which has been widely used in film making and food packaging in recent years. However, lignin, a natural bioaromatic material, is always applied as a waste resource due to its low utilization efficiency. In this study, a ZnCl2/CaCl2/cellulose mixed system was used to prepare film materials via a regeneration method. The chemical structure and corresponding properties were characterized. The thermal decomposition process of film materials showed that with an increase of the heating rate, the maximum weight loss temperature gradually shifted to the higher-temperature region. Additionally, the combination of lignin with cellulose as composite films can effectively improve thermal stability. Furthermore, kinetics methods such as Kissing-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), and Friedman were used to calculate the average activation energy (E). This study proposed a facile method for preparing biobased multifunctional composite films using two kinds of naturally renewable materials.
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15
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Wibowo ES, Park BD, Causin V. Recent advances in urea–formaldehyde resins: converting crystalline thermosetting polymers back to amorphous ones. POLYM REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.2014520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eko Setio Wibowo
- Department of Wood and Paper Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Dae Park
- Department of Wood and Paper Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Valerio Causin
- Departimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
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16
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Mytara AD, Chronaki K, Nikitakos V, Papaspyrides CD, Beltsios K, Vouyiouka S. Synthesis of Polyamide-Based Microcapsules via Interfacial Polymerization: Effect of Key Process Parameters. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5895. [PMID: 34640292 PMCID: PMC8510004 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Polyamide microcapsules have gathered significant research interest during the past years due to their good barrier properties; however, the potential of their application is limited due to the fragility of the polymeric membrane. Fully aliphatic polyamide microcapsules (PA MCs) were herein prepared from ethylene diamine and sebacoyl chloride via interfacial polymerization, and the effect of key encapsulation parameters, i.e., monomers ratio, core solvent, stirring rate and time during the polymerization step, were examined concerning attainable process yield and microcapsule properties (shell molecular weight and thermal properties, MC size and morphology). The process yield was found to be mainly influenced by the nature of the organic solvent, which was correlated to the diffusion potential of the diamine from the aqueous phase to the organic core through the polyamide membrane. Thus, spherical microcapsules with a size between 14 and 90 μm and a yield of 33% were prepared by using toluene as core solvent. Milder stirring during the polymerization step led to an improved microcapsule morphology; yet, the substantial improvement of mechanical properties remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki D. Mytara
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Zographou Campus, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.D.M.); (K.C.); (V.N.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Konstantina Chronaki
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Zographou Campus, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.D.M.); (K.C.); (V.N.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Vasilis Nikitakos
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Zographou Campus, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.D.M.); (K.C.); (V.N.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Constantine D. Papaspyrides
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Zographou Campus, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.D.M.); (K.C.); (V.N.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Konstantinos Beltsios
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Zographou Campus, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatina Vouyiouka
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Zographou Campus, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.D.M.); (K.C.); (V.N.); (C.D.P.)
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Zhao H, Fei X, Liang C, Xian Z, Cao L, Yang T. The evaluation and selection of core materials for microencapsulation: A case study with fragrances. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Zhao
- School of Science Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin China
- Tianjin Engineering Technology Center of Chemical Wastewater Source Reduction and Recycling Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Xuening Fei
- School of Science Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin China
- Tianjin Engineering Technology Center of Chemical Wastewater Source Reduction and Recycling Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Chao Liang
- Tianjin Double Horse Flavor and Fragrance Co., Ltd. Tianjin China
| | | | - Lingyun Cao
- School of Science Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin China
- Tianjin Engineering Technology Center of Chemical Wastewater Source Reduction and Recycling Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin China
| | - Tingyu Yang
- School of Science Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin China
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18
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Biopesticide Encapsulation Using Supercritical CO 2: A Comprehensive Review and Potential Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134003. [PMID: 34209179 PMCID: PMC8272144 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As an alternative to synthetic pesticides, natural chemistries from living organisms, are not harmful to nontarget organisms and the environment, can be used as biopesticides, nontarget. However, to reduce the reactivity of active ingredients, avoid undesired reactions, protect from physical stress, and control or lower the release rate, encapsulation processes can be applied to biopesticides. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of the most common encapsulation processes for biopesticides are discussed. The use of supercritical fluid technology (SFT), mainly carbon dioxide (CO2), to encapsulate biopesticides is highlighted, as they reduce the use of organic solvents, have simpler separation processes, and achieve high-purity particles. This review also presents challenges to be surpassed and the lack of application of SFT for biopesticides in the published literature is discussed to evaluate its potential and prospects.
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Farshi Azhar F, Ahmadinia A, Mohammadjafari Sadeghi A. Modified self-healing cementitious materials based on epoxy and calcium nitrate microencapsulation. J Microencapsul 2021; 38:203-217. [PMID: 33587668 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2021.1887382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study was conducted to utilise the effective self-healing system to regain the mechanical properties of the cementitious materials containing micro-cracks. METHODS Storing epoxy and calcium nitrate as healing agents was performed by microencapsulation in the urea-formaldehyde shell. The microcapsules were characterised by Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetric, field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Cementitious samples were prepared by mortar mixing with various amounts of microcapsules (0, 1, 3 and 6% w/w). The healing potential of microcapsules was analysed based on the recovery rate of the mechanical properties. RESULTS The obtained microcapsules have an outer rough surface, suitable diameter (1-100 μm) and shell thickness (0.2-0.6 µm), and remarkable thermal stability (up to 260 °C). Mechanical test results exhibit that created micro-cracks were healed completely and regained the recovery rates over 100%. CONCLUSION The prepared microcapsules besides enhancing thermal stability, demonstrate a high performance in microcracks sealing to improve durability of cementitious materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Farshi Azhar
- Applied Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aylin Ahmadinia
- Applied Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
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20
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Tian Q, Zhou W, Cai Q, Ma G, Lian G. Concepts, processing, and recent developments in encapsulating essential oils. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Kumar GN, Al-Aifan B, Parameshwaran R, Ram VV. Facile synthesis of microencapsulated 1-dodecanol/melamine-formaldehyde phase change material using in-situ polymerization for thermal energy storage. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Li F, Sun Z, Jiao S, Ma Y, Zhang Q, Zhou Y, Wen J, Liu Y. Preparation and Performance of Dual-functional Magnetic Phase-change Microcapsules. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:102-109. [PMID: 33258315 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of desired anti-magnetic materials for irradiation shielding remains a challenge to date. In this work, a new type of dual-functional magnetic shielding phase change microcapsules with paraffin as the core, melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin as the shell and doped with magnetic particles in the shell were successfully prepared by in situ polymerization. The magnetic particles were dispersed in the shell layer by coating a hydrophilic emulsifier on the surface. These microcapsules were specifically applied to the field of magnetic shielding by the screen printing method. The effect of magnetic particles on the performance of phase-change microcapsules was examined by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analyses. The magnetic type and magnetic strength of the microcapsules were studied by the vibrating sample magnetometer. Moreover, the effects of different magnetic particles (Fe3 O4 , CrO2 ) on the performance of phase change microcapsules and the magnetic strength of microcapsules were compared. The results showed that these two kinds of magnetic particles can greatly improve the phase change latent heat, thermal stability, and thermal conductivity of the microcapsules. Finally, the great magnetic shielding role of these microcapsules was demonstrated in both static and pulsed magnetic fields through the screen printing of magnetic shielding ink on wallpaper. Incorporating 0.5 g Fe3 O4 inside of microcapsules, specifically, the magnetic intensity was effectively reduced by ∼250 Oe within a short distance in the static field. We expect that these magnetic microcapsules hold great potential for the shielding of irradiations via the screen printing on various substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, P. R. China
| | - Zhicheng Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, P. R. China
| | - Shouzheng Jiao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, P. R. China
| | - Yutong Ma
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Jinyue Wen
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, P. R. China
| | - YuanYuan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, P. R. China
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23
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Pak GT, Kim H, Lee TS. Synthesis of
Melamine‐Formaldehyde
Microcapsules Containing Polyfluorene for Fluorescent Detection of Picric Acid in Aqueous Medium. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geun Tae Pak
- Organic and Optoelectronic Materials Laboratory, Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile System Engineering Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Korea
| | - Hyunchul Kim
- Organic and Optoelectronic Materials Laboratory, Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile System Engineering Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Korea
| | - Taek Seung Lee
- Organic and Optoelectronic Materials Laboratory, Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile System Engineering Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Korea
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24
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Xu Y, Zhao R, Chen H, Guo X, Huang Y, Gao H, Wu X. Preparation, characterization and biological activity evaluation of pirimiphos-methyl microcapsules. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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High‐efficiency
ammonium polyphosphate intumescent encapsulated polypropylene flame retardant. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Chronaki K, Korres DM, Papaspyrides CD, Vouyiouka S. Poly(lactic acid) microcapsules: Tailoring properties via solid state polymerization. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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27
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Tzavidi S, Zotiadis C, Porfyris A, Korres DM, Vouyiouka S. Epoxy loaded poly(urea‐formaldehyde) microcapsules via in situ polymerization designated for self‐healing coatings. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Tzavidi
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical EngineeringNational Technical University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Christos Zotiadis
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical EngineeringNational Technical University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Athanasios Porfyris
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical EngineeringNational Technical University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Dimitrios M. Korres
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical EngineeringNational Technical University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Stamatina Vouyiouka
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical EngineeringNational Technical University of Athens Athens Greece
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28
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Bah MG, Bilal HM, Wang J. Fabrication and application of complex microcapsules: a review. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:570-590. [PMID: 31845956 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01634a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of new functional materials requires cutting-edge technologies for incorporating different functional materials without reducing their functionality. Microencapsulation is a method to encapsulate different functional materials at nano- and micro-scales, which can provide the necessary protection for the encapsulated materials. In this review, microencapsulation is categorized into chemical, physical, physico-chemical and microfluidic methods. The focus of this review is to describe these four categories in detail by elaborating their various microencapsulation methods and mechanisms. This review further discusses the key features and potential applications of each method. Through this review, the readers could be aware of many aspects of this field from the fabrication processes, to the main properties, and to the applications of microcapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Gibril Bah
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.
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