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Xue C, Zhang L, Li H, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Liu M, Zhao J. The effector PHYL1 JWB from Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi induces abnormal floral development by destabilising flower development proteins. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 39119795 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas can induce complex and substantial phenotypic changes in their hosts in ways that favour their colonisation, but the mechanisms underlying these changes remain largely unknown. Jujube witches' broom (JWB) disease is a typical phytoplasma disease causing great economic loss in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Here, we reported an effector, PHYL1JWB from Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi, which implicated in inducing abnormal floral organogenesis. Utilising a combination of in vivo and in vitro methods, we investigated the influence of PHYL1JWB on the proteins associated with floral development. Our findings reveal that PHYL1JWB facilitates the proteasome-mediated degradation of essential flower morphogenetic regulators, including AP1, SEP1, SEP2, SEP3, SEP4, CAL, and AGL6, through a distinctive pathway that is dependent on the activity of the 26S proteasome, thus obviating the requirement for lysine ubiquitination of the substrates. Further, the Y2H analysis showed that the leucine at position 75th in second α helix of PHYL1JWB is fundamental for the interactions of PHYL1JWB with AP1 and SEP1-4 in jujube and Arabidopsis. Our research carry profound implications for elucidating the contribution of PHYL1JWB to the aberrant floral development in diseased jujube, and help to establish a robust theoretical underpinning for the prophylaxis and therapy of JWB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoling Xue
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Shanxi Sericulture Science Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Yuncheng, Shanxi, China
| | - Liman Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Hongtai Li
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Mengjun Liu
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
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2
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Liu CY, Cheng HP, Lin CP, Liao YT, Ko TP, Lin SJ, Lin SS, Wang HC. Structural insights into the molecular mechanism of phytoplasma immunodominant membrane protein. IUCRJ 2024; 11:384-394. [PMID: 38656311 PMCID: PMC11067747 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252524003075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Immunodominant membrane protein (IMP) is a prevalent membrane protein in phytoplasma and has been confirmed to be an F-actin-binding protein. However, the intricate molecular mechanisms that govern the function of IMP require further elucidation. In this study, the X-ray crystallographic structure of IMP was determined and insights into its interaction with plant actin are provided. A comparative analysis with other proteins demonstrates that IMP shares structural homology with talin rod domain-containing protein 1 (TLNRD1), which also functions as an F-actin-binding protein. Subsequent molecular-docking studies of IMP and F-actin reveal that they possess complementary surfaces, suggesting a stable interaction. The low potential energy and high confidence score of the IMP-F-actin binding model indicate stable binding. Additionally, by employing immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, it was discovered that IMP serves as an interaction partner for the phytoplasmal effector causing phyllody 1 (PHYL1). It was then shown that both IMP and PHYL1 are highly expressed in the S2 stage of peanut witches' broom phytoplasma-infected Catharanthus roseus. The association between IMP and PHYL1 is substantiated through in vivo immunoprecipitation, an in vitro cross-linking assay and molecular-docking analysis. Collectively, these findings expand the current understanding of IMP interactions and enhance the comprehension of the interaction of IMP with plant F-actin. They also unveil a novel interaction pathway that may influence phytoplasma pathogenicity and host plant responses related to PHYL1. This discovery could pave the way for the development of new strategies to overcome phytoplasma-related plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yi Liu
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Pin Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Pin Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Liao
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Jen Lin
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shun Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ching Wang
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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3
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Langin G, González-Fuente M, Üstün S. The Plant Ubiquitin-Proteasome System as a Target for Microbial Manipulation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 61:351-375. [PMID: 37253695 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-110443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system perceives pathogens to trigger defense responses. In turn, pathogens secrete effector molecules to subvert these defense responses. The initiation and maintenance of defense responses involve not only de novo synthesis of regulatory proteins and enzymes but also their regulated degradation. The latter is achieved through protein degradation pathways such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The UPS regulates all stages of immunity, from the perception of the pathogen to the execution of the response, and, therefore, constitutes an ideal candidate for microbial manipulation of the host. Pathogen effector molecules interfere with the plant UPS through several mechanisms. This includes hijacking general UPS functions or perturbing its ability to degrade specific targets. In this review, we describe how the UPS regulates different immunity-related processes and how pathogens subvert this to promote disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautier Langin
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Suayib Üstün
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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4
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Kitazawa Y, Iwabuchi N, Maejima K, Matsumoto O, Suzuki M, Matsuyama J, Koinuma H, Oshima K, Namba S, Yamaji Y. Random mutagenesis-based screening of the interface of phyllogen, a bacterial phyllody-inducing effector, for interaction with plant MADS-box proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1058059. [PMID: 37056494 PMCID: PMC10086140 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1058059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
To understand protein function deeply, it is important to identify how it interacts physically with its target. Phyllogen is a phyllody-inducing effector that interacts with the K domain of plant MADS-box transcription factors (MTFs), which is followed by proteasome-mediated degradation of the MTF. Although several amino acid residues of phyllogen have been identified as being responsible for the interaction, the exact interface of the interaction has not been elucidated. In this study, we comprehensively explored interface residues based on random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR. Two novel residues, at which mutations enhanced the affinity of phyllogen to MTF, were identified. These residues, and all other known interaction-involved residues, are clustered together at the surface of the protein structure of phyllogen, indicating that they constitute the interface of the interaction. Moreover, in silico structural prediction of the protein complex using ColabFold suggested that phyllogen interacts with the K domain of MTF via the putative interface. Our study facilitates an understanding of the interaction mechanisms between phyllogen and MTF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Kitazawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomu Iwabuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensaku Maejima
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Oki Matsumoto
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Suzuki
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Juri Matsuyama
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Koinuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenro Oshima
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetou Namba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamaji
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Kitazawa Y, Iwabuchi N, Maejima K, Sasano M, Matsumoto O, Koinuma H, Tokuda R, Suzuki M, Oshima K, Namba S, Yamaji Y. A phytoplasma effector acts as a ubiquitin-like mediator between floral MADS-box proteins and proteasome shuttle proteins. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1709-1723. [PMID: 35234248 PMCID: PMC9048881 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria have developed effectors to manipulate host cell functions to facilitate infection. A certain number of effectors use the conserved ubiquitin-proteasome system in eukaryotic to proteolyze targets. The proteasome utilization mechanism is mainly mediated by ubiquitin interaction with target proteins destined for degradation. Phyllogens are a family of protein effectors produced by pathogenic phytoplasmas that transform flowers into leaves in diverse plants. Here, we present a noncanonical mechanism for phyllogen action that involves the proteasome and is ubiquitin-independent. Phyllogens induce proteasomal degradation of floral MADS-box transcription factors (MTFs) in the presence of RADIATION-SENSITIVE23 (RAD23) shuttle proteins, which recruit ubiquitinated proteins to the proteasome. Intracellular localization analysis revealed that phyllogen induced colocalization of MTF with RAD23. The MTF/phyllogen/RAD23 ternary protein complex was detected not only in planta but also in vitro in the absence of ubiquitin, showing that phyllogen directly mediates interaction between MTF and RAD23. A Lys-less nonubiquitinated phyllogen mutant induced degradation of MTF or a Lys-less mutant of MTF. Furthermore, the method of sequential formation of the MTF/phyllogen/RAD23 protein complex was elucidated, first by MTF/phyllogen interaction and then RAD23 recruitment. Phyllogen recognized both the evolutionarily conserved tetramerization region of MTF and the ubiquitin-associated domain of RAD23. Our findings indicate that phyllogen functionally mimics ubiquitin as a mediator between MTF and RAD23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Kitazawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nozomu Iwabuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | - Momoka Sasano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Oki Matsumoto
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Koinuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tokuda
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masato Suzuki
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenro Oshima
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
| | - Shigetou Namba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamaji
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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6
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Omenge KM, Rümpler F, Kathalingam SS, Furch ACU, Theißen G. Studying the Function of Phytoplasma Effector Proteins Using a Chemical-Inducible Expression System in Transgenic Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413582. [PMID: 34948378 PMCID: PMC8703313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are bacterial pathogens that live mainly in the phloem of their plant hosts. They dramatically manipulate plant development by secreting effector proteins that target developmental proteins of their hosts. Traditionally, the effects of individual effector proteins have been studied by ectopic overexpression using strong, ubiquitously active promoters in transgenic model plants. However, the impact of phytoplasma infection on the host plants depends on the intensity and timing of infection with respect to the developmental stage of the host. To facilitate investigations addressing the timing of effector protein activity, we have established chemical-inducible expression systems for the three most well-characterized phytoplasma effector proteins, SECRETED ASTER YELLOWS WITCHES’ BROOM PROTEIN 11 (SAP11), SAP54 and TENGU in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. We induced gene expression either continuously, or at germination stage, seedling stage, or flowering stage. mRNA expression was determined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR, protein accumulation by confocal laser scanning microscopy of GFP fusion proteins. Our data reveal tight regulation of effector gene expression and strong upregulation after induction. Phenotypic analyses showed differences in disease phenotypes depending on the timing of induction. Comparative phenotype analysis revealed so far unreported similarities in disease phenotypes, with all three effector proteins interfering with flower development and shoot branching, indicating a surprising functional redundancy of SAP54, SAP11 and TENGU. However, subtle but mechanistically important differences were also observed, especially affecting the branching pattern of the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keziah M. Omenge
- Department of Genetics, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany; (K.M.O.); (F.R.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Florian Rümpler
- Department of Genetics, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany; (K.M.O.); (F.R.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Subha Suvetha Kathalingam
- Department of Genetics, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany; (K.M.O.); (F.R.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Alexandra C. U. Furch
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Günter Theißen
- Department of Genetics, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany; (K.M.O.); (F.R.); (S.S.K.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Al-Subhi AM, Al-Sadi AM, Al-Yahyai RA, Chen Y, Mathers T, Orlovskis Z, Moro G, Mugford S, Al-Hashmi KS, Hogenhout SA. Witches' Broom Disease of Lime Contributes to Phytoplasma Epidemics and Attracts Insect Vectors. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2637-2648. [PMID: 33349007 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-20-2112-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An insect-transmitted phytoplasma causing Witches' Broom Disease of Lime (WBDL) is responsible for the drastic decline in lime production in several countries. However, it is unclear how WBDL phytoplasma (WBDLp) induces witches' broom symptoms and if these symptoms contribute to the spread of phytoplasma. Here we show that the gene encoding SAP11 of WBDLp (SAP11WBDL) is present in all WBDLp isolates collected from diseased trees. SAP11WBDL interacts with acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) TCP transcription factors, specifically members of the TB1/CYC class that have a role in suppressing axillary branching in plants. Sampling of WBDLp-infected lime trees revealed that WBDLp titers and SAP11WBDL expression levels were higher in symptomatic leaves compared with asymptomatic sections of the same trees. Moreover, the witches' brooms were found to attract the vector leafhopper. Defense genes that have a role in plant defense responses to bacteria and insects are more downregulated in witches' brooms compared with asymptomatic sections of trees. These findings suggest that witches' broom-affected parts of the trees contribute to WBDL epidemics by supporting higher phytoplasma titers and attracting insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Al-Subhi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - A M Al-Sadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - R A Al-Yahyai
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - Y Chen
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - T Mathers
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Z Orlovskis
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - G Moro
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - S Mugford
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - K S Al-Hashmi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - S A Hogenhout
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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8
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Garcion C, Béven L, Foissac X. Comparison of Current Methods for Signal Peptide Prediction in Phytoplasmas. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:661524. [PMID: 33841387 PMCID: PMC8026896 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.661524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although phytoplasma studies are still hampered by the lack of axenic cultivation methods, the availability of genome sequences allowed dramatic advances in the characterization of the virulence mechanisms deployed by phytoplasmas, and highlighted the detection of signal peptides as a crucial step to identify effectors secreted by phytoplasmas. However, various signal peptide prediction methods have been used to mine phytoplasma genomes, and no general evaluation of these methods is available so far for phytoplasma sequences. In this work, we compared the prediction performance of SignalP versions 3.0, 4.0, 4.1, 5.0 and Phobius on several sequence datasets originating from all deposited phytoplasma sequences. SignalP 4.1 with specific parameters showed the most exhaustive and consistent prediction ability. However, the configuration of SignalP 4.1 for increased sensitivity induced a much higher rate of false positives on transmembrane domains located at N-terminus. Moreover, sensitive signal peptide predictions could similarly be achieved by the transmembrane domain prediction ability of TMHMM and Phobius, due to the relatedness between signal peptides and transmembrane regions. Beyond the results presented herein, the datasets assembled in this study form a valuable benchmark to compare and evaluate signal peptide predictors in a field where experimental evidence of secretion is scarce. Additionally, this study illustrates the utility of comparative genomics to strengthen confidence in bioinformatic predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Garcion
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Laure Béven
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Xavier Foissac
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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9
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Iwabuchi N, Kitazawa Y, Maejima K, Koinuma H, Miyazaki A, Matsumoto O, Suzuki T, Nijo T, Oshima K, Namba S, Yamaji Y. Functional variation in phyllogen, a phyllody-inducing phytoplasma effector family, attributable to a single amino acid polymorphism. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1322-1336. [PMID: 32813310 PMCID: PMC7488466 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Flower malformation represented by phyllody is a common symptom of phytoplasma infection induced by a novel family of phytoplasma effectors called phyllogens. Despite the accumulation of functional and structural phyllogen information, the molecular mechanisms of phyllody have not yet been integrated with their evolutionary aspects due to the limited data on their homologs across diverse phytoplasma lineages. Here, we developed a novel universal PCR-based approach to identify 25 phytoplasma phyllogens related to nine "Candidatus Phytoplasma" species, including four species whose phyllogens have not yet been identified. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the phyllogen family consists of four groups (phyl-A, -B, -C, and -D) and that the evolutionary relationships of phyllogens were significantly distinct from those of phytoplasmas, suggesting that phyllogens were transferred horizontally among phytoplasma strains and species. Although phyllogens belonging to the phyl-A, -C, and -D groups induced phyllody, the phyl-B group lacked the ability to induce phyllody. Comparative functional analyses of phyllogens revealed that a single amino acid polymorphism in phyl-B group phyllogens prevented interactions between phyllogens and A- and E-class MADS domain transcription factors (MTFs), resulting in the inability to degrade several MTFs and induce phyllody. Our finding of natural variation in the function of phytoplasma effectors provides new insights into molecular mechanisms underlying the aetiology of phytoplasma diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Iwabuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yugo Kitazawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kensaku Maejima
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroaki Koinuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Akio Miyazaki
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Ouki Matsumoto
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Takumi Suzuki
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Takamichi Nijo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | | | - Shigetou Namba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamaji
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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10
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Aurin MB, Haupt M, Görlach M, Rümpler F, Theißen G. Structural Requirements of the Phytoplasma Effector Protein SAP54 for Causing Homeotic Transformation of Floral Organs. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1129-1141. [PMID: 32689871 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-20-0028-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are intracellular bacterial plant pathogens that cause devastating diseases in crops and ornamental plants by the secretion of effector proteins. One of these effector proteins, termed SECRETED ASTER YELLOWS WITCHES' BROOM PROTEIN 54 (SAP54), leads to the degradation of a specific subset of floral homeotic proteins of the MIKC-type MADS-domain family via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In consequence, the developing flowers show the homeotic transformation of floral organs into vegetative leaf-like structures. The molecular mechanism of SAP54 action involves binding to the keratin-like domain of MIKC-type proteins and to some RAD23 proteins, which translocate ubiquitylated substrates to the proteasome. The structural requirements and specificity of SAP54 function are poorly understood, however. Here, we report, based on biophysical and molecular biological analyses, that SAP54 folds into an α-helical structure. Insertion of helix-breaking mutations disrupts correct folding of SAP54 and compromises SAP54 binding to its target proteins and, concomitantly, its ability to evoke disease phenotypes in vivo. Interestingly, dynamic light scattering data together with electrophoretic mobility shift assays suggest that SAP54 preferentially binds to multimeric complexes of MIKC-type proteins rather than to dimers or monomers of these proteins. Together with data from literature, this finding suggests that MIKC-type proteins and SAP54 constitute multimeric α-helical coiled coils. Our investigations clarify the structure-function relationship of an important phytoplasma effector protein and may thus ultimately help to develop treatments against some devastating plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Benjamin Aurin
- Matthias Schleiden Institute / Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Haupt
- Matthias Schleiden Institute / Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Görlach
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Rümpler
- Matthias Schleiden Institute / Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Günter Theißen
- Matthias Schleiden Institute / Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany
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11
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Ma F, Huang J, Yang J, Zhou J, Sun Q, Sun J. Identification, expression and miRNA targeting of auxin response factor genes related to phyllody in the witches’ broom disease of jujube. Gene 2020; 746:144656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Liao YT, Lin SS, Lin SJ, Sun WT, Shen BN, Cheng HP, Lin CP, Ko TP, Chen YF, Wang HC. Structural insights into the interaction between phytoplasmal effector causing phyllody 1 and MADS transcription factors. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:706-719. [PMID: 31323156 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are bacterial plant pathogens which can induce severe symptoms including dwarfism, phyllody and virescence in an infected plant. Because phytoplasmas infect many important crops such as peanut and papaya they have caused serious agricultural losses. The phytoplasmal effector causing phyllody 1 (PHYL1) is an important phytoplasmal pathogenic factor which affects the biological function of MADS transcription factors by interacting with their K (keratin-like) domain, thus resulting in abnormal plant developments such as phyllody. Until now, lack of information on the structure of PHYL1 has prevented a detailed understanding of the binding mechanism between PHYL1 and the MADS transcription factors. Here, we present the crystal structure of PHYL1 from peanut witches'-broom phytoplasma (PHYL1PnWB ). This protein was found to fold into a unique α-helical hairpin with exposed hydrophobic residues on its surface that may play an important role in its biological function. Using proteomics approaches, we propose a binding mode of PHYL1PnWB with the K domain of the MADS transcription factor SEPALLATA3 (SEP3_K) and identify the residues of PHYL1PnWB that are important for this interaction. Furthermore, using surface plasmon resonance we measure the binding strength of PHYL1PnWB proteins to SEP3_K. Lastly, based on confocal images, we found that α-helix 2 of PHYL1PnWB plays an important role in PHYL1-mediated degradation of SEP3. Taken together, these results provide a structural understanding of the specific binding mechanism between PHYL1PnWB and SEP3_K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Liao
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shun Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Center of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Jen Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Sun
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Nan Shen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Han-Pin Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Pin Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fan Chen
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ching Wang
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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13
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Pecher P, Moro G, Canale MC, Capdevielle S, Singh A, MacLean A, Sugio A, Kuo CH, Lopes JRS, Hogenhout SA. Phytoplasma SAP11 effector destabilization of TCP transcription factors differentially impact development and defence of Arabidopsis versus maize. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008035. [PMID: 31557268 PMCID: PMC6802841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are insect-transmitted bacterial pathogens that colonize a wide range of plant species, including vegetable and cereal crops, and herbaceous and woody ornamentals. Phytoplasma-infected plants often show dramatic symptoms, including proliferation of shoots (witch's brooms), changes in leaf shapes and production of green sterile flowers (phyllody). Aster Yellows phytoplasma Witches' Broom (AY-WB) infects dicots and its effector, secreted AYWB protein 11 (SAP11), was shown to be responsible for the induction of shoot proliferation and leaf shape changes of plants. SAP11 acts by destabilizing TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1-CYCLOIDEA-PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factors, particularly the class II TCPs of the CYCLOIDEA/TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1 (CYC/TB1) and CINCINNATA (CIN)-TCP clades. SAP11 homologs are also present in phytoplasmas that cause economic yield losses in monocot crops, such as maize, wheat and coconut. Here we show that a SAP11 homolog of Maize Bushy Stunt Phytoplasma (MBSP), which has a range primarily restricted to maize, destabilizes specifically TB1/CYC TCPs. SAP11MBSP and SAP11AYWB both induce axillary branching and SAP11AYWB also alters leaf development of Arabidopsis thaliana and maize. However, only in maize, SAP11MBSP prevents female inflorescence development, phenocopying maize tb1 lines, whereas SAP11AYWB prevents male inflorescence development and induces feminization of tassels. SAP11AYWB promotes fecundity of the AY-WB leafhopper vector on A. thaliana and modulates the expression of A. thaliana leaf defence response genes that are induced by this leafhopper, in contrast to SAP11MBSP. Neither of the SAP11 effectors promote fecundity of AY-WB and MBSP leafhopper vectors on maize. These data provide evidence that class II TCPs have overlapping but also distinct roles in regulating development and defence in a dicot and a monocot plant species that is likely to shape SAP11 effector evolution depending on the phytoplasma host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Pecher
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Moro
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Cristina Canale
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Sylvain Capdevielle
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Archana Singh
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Allyson MacLean
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Akiko Sugio
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joao R. S. Lopes
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Saskia A. Hogenhout
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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14
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Crystal structure of phyllogen, a phyllody-inducing effector protein of phytoplasma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:952-957. [PMID: 31010685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are plant pathogenic bacteria that often induce unique phyllody symptoms in which the floral organs are transformed into leaf-like structures. Recently, a novel family of bacterial effector genes, called phyllody-inducing genes (phyllogens), was identified as being involved in the induction of phyllody by degrading floral MADS-domain transcription factors (MTFs). However, the structural characteristics of phyllogens are unknown. In this study, we elucidated the crystal structure of PHYL1OY, a phyllogen of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' onion yellows strain, at a resolution of 2.4 Å. The structure of PHYL1 consisted of two α-helices connected by a random loop in a coiled-coil manner. In both α-helices, the distributions of hydrophobic residues were conserved among phyllogens. Amino acid insertion mutations into either α-helix resulted in the loss of phyllody-inducing activity and the ability of the phyllogen to degrade floral MTF. In contrast, the same insertion in the loop region did not affect either activity, indicating that both conserved α-helices are important for the function of phyllogens. This is the first report on the crystal structure of an effector protein of phytoplasmas.
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15
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NAMBA S. Molecular and biological properties of phytoplasmas. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2019; 95:401-418. [PMID: 31406061 PMCID: PMC6766451 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.95.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas, a large group of plant-pathogenic, phloem-inhabiting bacteria were discovered by Japanese scientists in 1967. They are transmitted from plant to plant by phloem-feeding insect hosts and cause a variety of symptoms and considerable damage in more than 1,000 plant species. In the first quarter century following the discovery of phytoplasmas, their tiny cell size and the difficulty in culturing them hampered their biological classification and restricted research to ecological studies such as detection by electron microscopy and identification of insect vectors. In the 1990s, however, tremendous advances in molecular biology and related technologies encouraged investigation of phytoplasmas at the molecular level. In the last quarter century, molecular biology has revealed important properties of phytoplasmas. This review summarizes the history and current status of phytoplasma research, focusing on their discovery, molecular classification, diagnosis of phytoplasma diseases, reductive evolution of their genomes, characteristic features of their plasmids, molecular mechanisms of insect transmission, virulence factors, and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetou NAMBA
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: S. Namba, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan (e-mail: )
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16
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Kitazawa Y, Iwabuchi N, Himeno M, Sasano M, Koinuma H, Nijo T, Tomomitsu T, Yoshida T, Okano Y, Yoshikawa N, Maejima K, Oshima K, Namba S. Phytoplasma-conserved phyllogen proteins induce phyllody across the Plantae by degrading floral MADS domain proteins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2799-2811. [PMID: 28505304 PMCID: PMC5853863 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ABCE-class MADS domain transcription factors (MTFs) are key regulators of floral organ development in angiosperms. Aberrant expression of these genes can result in abnormal floral traits such as phyllody. Phyllogen is a virulence factor conserved in phytoplasmas, plant pathogenic bacteria of the class Mollicutes. It triggers phyllody in Arabidopsis thaliana by inducing degradation of A- and E-class MTFs. However, it is still unknown whether phyllogen can induce phyllody in plants other than A. thaliana, although phytoplasma-associated phyllody symptoms are observed in a broad range of angiosperms. In this study, phyllogen was shown to cause phyllody phenotypes in several eudicot species belonging to three different families. Moreover, phyllogen can interact with MTFs of not only angiosperm species including eudicots and monocots but also gymnosperms and a fern, and induce their degradation. These results suggest that phyllogen induces phyllody in angiosperms and inhibits MTF function in diverse plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Kitazawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomu Iwabuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misako Himeno
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoka Sasano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Koinuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamichi Nijo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tomomitsu
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukari Okano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka-shi, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kensaku Maejima
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenro Oshima
- Faculty of Bioscience, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetou Namba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence:
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17
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Yan H, Zhang H, Wang Q, Jian H, Qiu X, Baudino S, Just J, Raymond O, Gu L, Wang J, Bendahmane M, Tang K. The Rosa chinensis cv. Viridiflora Phyllody Phenotype Is Associated with Misexpression of Flower Organ Identity Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:996. [PMID: 27462328 PMCID: PMC4941542 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phyllody is a flower abnormality in which leaf-like structures replace flower organs in all whorls. Here, we investigated the origin and the molecular mechanism of phyllody phenotype in Rosa chinensis cv. Viridiflora, an ancient naturally occurring Chinese mutant cultivar. Reciprocal grafting experiments and microscopy analyses, demonstrated that the phyllody phenotype in Viridiflora is not associated with phytoplasmas infection. Transcriptome comparisons by the mean of RNA-Seq identified 672 up-regulated and 666 down-regulated genes in Viridiflora compared to its closely related genotype R. chinensis cv. Old Blush. A fraction of these genes are putative homologs of genes known to be involved in flower initiation and development. We show that in flower whorl 2 of Viridiflora, a down-regulation of the floral organ identity genes RcPISTILLATA (RcPI), RcAPETALA3 (RcAP3) and RcSEPALLATA3 (RcSEP3), together with an up-regulation of the putative homolog of the gene SUPPRESSOR of OVEREXPRESSION of CONSTANS1 (RcSOC1) are likely at the origin of the loss of petal identity and leaf-like structures formation. In whorl 3 of Viridiflora, ectopic expression of RcAPETALA2 (RcAP2) along with the down regulation of RcPI, RcAP3, and RcSEP3 is associated with loss of stamens identity and leaf-like structures formation. In whorl 4, the ectopic expression of RcAP2 associated with a down-regulation of RcSEP3 and of the C-class gene RcAGAMOUS correlate with loss of pistil identity. The latter also suggested the antagonist effect between the A and C class genes in the rose. Together, these data suggest that modified expression of the ABCE flower organ identity genes is associated with the phyllody phenotype in the rose Viridiflora and that these genes are important for normal flower organs development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Yan
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural SciencesKunming, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural SciencesKunming, China
| | - Qigang Wang
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural SciencesKunming, China
| | - Hongying Jian
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural SciencesKunming, China
| | - Xianqin Qiu
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural SciencesKunming, China
| | - Sylvie Baudino
- Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, BVpam FRE 3727Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jeremy Just
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRALyon, France
| | - Olivier Raymond
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRALyon, France
| | - Lianfeng Gu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Jihua Wang
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural SciencesKunming, China
| | - Mohammed Bendahmane
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRALyon, France
| | - Kaixue Tang
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural SciencesKunming, China
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18
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Rümpler F, Gramzow L, Theißen G, Melzer R. Did Convergent Protein Evolution Enable Phytoplasmas to Generate 'Zombie Plants'? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:798-806. [PMID: 26463218 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are pathogenic bacteria that reprogram plant development such that leaf-like structures instead of floral organs develop. Infected plants are sterile and mainly serve to propagate phytoplasmas and thus have been termed 'zombie plants'. The developmental reprogramming relies on specific interactions of the phytoplasma protein SAP54 with a small subset of MADS-domain transcription factors. Here, we propose that SAP54 folds into a structure that is similar to that of the K-domain, a protein-protein interaction domain of MADS-domain proteins. We suggest that undergoing convergent structural and sequence evolution, SAP54 evolved to mimic the K-domain. Given the high specificity of resulting developmental alterations, phytoplasmas might be used to study flower development in genetically intractable plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rümpler
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lydia Gramzow
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Günter Theißen
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Rainer Melzer
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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