1
|
Latke R, Sinha D, Miskin T, Mane A. The retrospective and observational study of catatonia - Diagnosis, course of illness, and the response to lorazepam - in a tertiary health-care center. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2023; 14:258-263. [PMID: 37181172 PMCID: PMC10174141 DOI: 10.25259/jnrp_36_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives In patients with catatonia, it has been discovered that benzodiazepines (BZD) have a remarkable impact. However, there is not much evidence reflecting the long-term treatment with only BZDs before considering electroconvulsive therapy. Materials and Methods One-year retrospective data of patients obtained from the health management information system (HMIS) portal and records of the department of psychiatry with the diagnosis of catatonia. This data was then analyzed for adequate history, presenting complaints, treatment taken, substance use, and was organized into five groups depending on the primary diagnosis as per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental. The scores of Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scales of day 1 and subsequent follow-ups were secured. Categorical variables were analyzed with the Chi-squared test. The response overtime for all the groups and its correlation with the number of visits was compared using repeated measures analysis of variance. Results We found that the lorazepam challenge test versus improvement after 1 week of oral lorazepam had Pearson's correlation of 0.604, this correlation decreased in the following weeks. In the 3 week, the correlation was 0.373, which was statistically significant. This shows that the highest correlation was seen in the 1st week. Hence, our study suggested that lorazepam challenge test is a good predictor of response in the 1st week alone. We observe negative correlation which is significant in the 3rd week (P = 0.048) and not in the 1st and 2nd week. Conclusion Our study analyzed the patients with catatonia in psychiatric diagnostic categories, history, and the outcome after treating them with lorazepam at every visit over 3 weeks. The correlation in the level of improvement of symptoms at subsequent visits was noteworthy and had a strong association with the lorazepam challenge test. When dose of lorazepam was tapered, on an average dose was reduced in the 2nd week. Suggesting that at least 3 week treatment would be ideal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Latke
- Department of Psychiatry, HBTMC and Dr. RN Cooper Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deoraj Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, HBTMC and Dr. RN Cooper Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tejaswini Miskin
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir JJ Groups of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Astik Mane
- Department of Psychiatry, HBTMC and Dr. RN Cooper Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ariza-Salamanca DF, Corrales-Hernández MG, Pachón-Londoño MJ, Hernández-Duarte I. Molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to catatonia: an integrative approach from clinical and preclinical evidence. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:993671. [PMID: 36245923 PMCID: PMC9558725 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.993671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to describe the clinical spectrum of catatonia, in order to carefully assess the involvement of astrocytes, neurons, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, and articulate the available preclinical and clinical evidence to achieve a translational understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind this disorder. Catatonia is highly common in psychiatric and acutely ill patients, with prevalence ranging from 7.6% to 38%. It is usually present in different psychiatric conditions such as mood and psychotic disorders; it is also a consequence of folate deficiency, autoimmunity, paraneoplastic disorders, and even autistic spectrum disorders. Few therapeutic options are available due to its complexity and poorly understood physiopathology. We briefly revisit the traditional treatments used in catatonia, such as antipsychotics, electroconvulsive therapy, and benzodiazepines, before assessing novel therapeutics which aim to modulate molecular pathways through different mechanisms, including NMDA antagonism and its allosteric modulation, and anti-inflammatory drugs to modulate microglia reaction and mitigate oxidative stress, such as lithium, vitamin B12, and NMDAr positive allosteric modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Felipe Ariza-Salamanca
- Medical and Health Sciences Education Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Daniel Felipe Ariza-Salamanca
| | - María Gabriela Corrales-Hernández
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María José Pachón-Londoño
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Isabella Hernández-Duarte
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vaquerizo-Serrano J, Salazar De Pablo G, Singh J, Santosh P. Catatonia in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Psychiatry 2021; 65:e4. [PMID: 34906264 PMCID: PMC8792870 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catatonic features can appear in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). There can be overlap in symptoms across catatonia and ASD. The overall aim of this review is to provide evidence for the presence of catatonic features in subjects with ASD. METHODS A systematic literature search using the Web of Science database from inception to July 10, 2021 was conducted following PRISMA, MOOSE guidelines and the PROSPERO protocol. (CRD42021248615). Twelve studies with information about catatonia and ASD were reviewed. Data from a subset was used to conduct meta-analyses of the presence of catatonia in ASD. RESULTS The systematic review included 12 studies, seven of which were used for the meta-analysis, comprising 969 individuals. The mean age was 21.25 (7.5) years. Two studies (16.6%) included only children and adolescents. A total of 70-100% were males. Our meta-analysis showed that 10.4% (5.8-18.0 95%CI) of individuals with ASD have catatonia. Motor disturbances were common in ASD subjects with catatonia. No differences were found in comorbidity. Several treatments have been used in ASD with catatonic features, including benzodiazepines, antipsychotics, and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The findings of the systematic review showed that ECT might help manage catatonic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Different features of catatonia can exist in individuals with ASD and core symptoms of catatonia are reported in ASD. Longitudinal and longer-term studies are required to understand the relationship between catatonia and ASD, and the response of catatonic symptoms to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Vaquerizo-Serrano
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry,
Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, LondonSE5 8AF, United Kingdom
- Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases
(CIPPRD), National and Specialist Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Maudsley
Hospital, LondonSE5 8AB, United Kingdom
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of
Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College
London, LondonSE5 8AF, United Kingdom
- Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital
General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio
Maranón, Universidad Complutense, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental
(CIBERSAM), 28009Madrid, Spain
| | - G. Salazar De Pablo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry,
Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, LondonSE5 8AF, United Kingdom
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of
Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College
London, LondonSE5 8AF, United Kingdom
- Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital
General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio
Maranón, Universidad Complutense, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental
(CIBERSAM), 28009Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Singh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry,
Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, LondonSE5 8AF, United Kingdom
- Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases
(CIPPRD), National and Specialist Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Maudsley
Hospital, LondonSE5 8AB, United Kingdom
| | - P. Santosh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry,
Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, LondonSE5 8AF, United Kingdom
- Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases
(CIPPRD), National and Specialist Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Maudsley
Hospital, LondonSE5 8AB, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Desai S, Hirachan T, Toma A, Gerolemou A. Malignant Catatonia Versus Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome. Cureus 2021; 13:e15818. [PMID: 34306883 PMCID: PMC8295452 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical presentations of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) and malignant catatonia (MC) are similar, posing a diagnostic challenge. Here, we present a 58-year-old Caucasian male who presented to the emergency department with an altered mental state, fever, tachycardia, and rigidity. Labs were remarkable for elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and leukocytosis. The patient was on a regimen of clozapine and cariprazine to manage schizophrenia, lorazepam to treat catatonia, and mirtazapine to treat insomnia and appetite stimulation. The patient was initially diagnosed with NMS after common metabolic, infectious, and substance-induced etiologies were ruled out. Within 72 hours of receiving dantrolene and lorazepam, the patient's fever, tachycardia, and other laboratory abnormalities resolved. However, when the patient's rigidity, waxy flexibility, mutism, and stupor persisted, the diagnosis was reconsidered and changed to MC. Our case discusses the overlapping clinical presentations of NMS and MC, demonstrating a diagnostic challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saral Desai
- Psychiatry, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Tinu Hirachan
- Psychiatry, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Anca Toma
- Psychiatry, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Adela Gerolemou
- Psychiatry, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sienaert P, van Harten P, Rhebergen D. The psychopharmacology of catatonia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, akathisia, tardive dyskinesia, and dystonia. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 165:415-428. [PMID: 31727227 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64012-3.00025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although highly prevalent, motor syndromes in psychiatry and motor side effects of psychopharmacologic agents remain understudied. Catatonia is a syndrome with specific motor abnormalities that can be seen in the context of a variety of psychiatric and somatic conditions. The neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a lethal variant, induced by antipsychotic drugs. Therefore, antipsychotics should be used with caution in the presence of catatonic signs. Antipsychotics and other dopamine-antagonist drugs can also cause motor side effects such as akathisia, (tardive) dyskinesia, and dystonia. These syndromes share a debilitating impact on the functioning and well-being of patients. To reduce the risk of inducing these side effects, a balanced and well-advised prescription of antipsychotics is of utmost importance. Clinicians should be able to recognize motor side effects and be knowledgeable of the different treatment modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Sienaert
- Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium.
| | - Peter van Harten
- Research Department, GGz Centraal Innova, Amersfoort, and Department of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Didi Rhebergen
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Butcher NJ, Boot E, Lang AE, Andrade D, Vorstman J, McDonald-McGinn D, Bassett AS. Neuropsychiatric expression and catatonia in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: An overview and case series. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:2146-2159. [PMID: 29777584 PMCID: PMC6209527 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) are at elevated risk of developing treatable psychiatric and neurological disorders, including anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, seizures, and movement disorders, often beginning in adolescence or early to mid-adulthood. Here, we provide an overview of neuropsychiatric features associated with 22q11.2DS in adulthood. Results of a new case series of 13 individuals with 22q11.2DS and catatonic features together with 5 previously reported cases support a potential association of this serious psychomotor phenotype with the 22q11.2 deletion. As in the general population, catatonic features in 22q11.2DS occurred in individuals with schizophrenia, other psychotic and non-psychotic psychiatric disorders, and neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease. We place the results in the context of an updated review of catatonia in other genetic conditions. The complex neuropsychiatric expression and risk profile of 22q11.2DS highlights the need to consider co-morbid factors and provide care tailored to the individual patient. The results reinforce the need for periodic monitoring for the emergence of psychiatric and neurological manifestations including catatonic features. Pending further research, enhanced recognition and informed anticipatory care promise to facilitate the early diagnosis that allows for timely implementation and optimization of effective treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Butcher
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The 22q and You Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Erik Boot
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- De Hartekamp Groep, Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Andrade
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Epilepsy Genetics Program, Toronto Western Hospital and Krembil Neuroscience Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Donna McDonald-McGinn
- The 22q and You Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Clinical Genetics Centre and Section of Genetic Counseling, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Mental Health, and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lander M, Bastiampillai T, Sareen J. Review of withdrawal catatonia: what does this reveal about clozapine? Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:139. [PMID: 30065280 PMCID: PMC6068101 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Withdrawal symptoms are common upon discontinuation of psychiatric medications. Catatonia, a neuropsychiatric condition proposed to be associated with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) hypoactivity due to its robust response to benzodiazepines, has been described as a withdrawal syndrome in case reports but is not a well-recognized phenomenon. The authors undertook a review of withdrawal catatonia with an aim to understand its presentation as well as the medications and psychoactive substances it is associated with. The review identified 55 cases of withdrawal catatonia, the majority of which occurred upon discontinuation of benzodiazepines (24 cases) and discontinuation of clozapine (20 cases). No other antipsychotic medications were identified as having been associated with the onset of a catatonic episode within 2 weeks following their discontinuation. Increasing GABA activity and resultant GABA receptor adaptations with prolonged use is postulated as a shared pharmacological mechanism between clozapine and benzodiazepines that underlie their association with withdrawal catatonia. The existing evidence for clozapine's activity on the GABA system is reviewed. The clinical presentations of benzodiazepine withdrawal catatonia and clozapine withdrawal catatonia appear to differ and reasons for this are explored. One reason is that benzodiazepines act directly on GABAA receptors as allosteric agonists, while clozapine has more complex and indirect interactions, primarily through effects on receptors located on GABA interneurons. Another possible reason for the difference in clinical presentation is that clozapine withdrawal catatonia may also involve receptor adaptations in non-GABA receptors such as dopamine and acetylcholine. The findings from our review have implications for the treatment of withdrawal catatonia, and treatment recommendations are provided. Further research understanding the uniqueness of clozapine withdrawal catatonia among antipsychotic medication may give some insight as to clozapine's differential mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lander
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - Tarun Bastiampillai
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jitender Sareen
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Reilly TJ, Cross S, Taylor DM, Haslam R, Tomlin SC, Gaastra B. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome following catatonia: Vigilance is the price of antipsychotic prescription. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2017; 5:2050313X17695999. [PMID: 28491312 PMCID: PMC5406192 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x17695999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To describe a case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome following antipsychotic treatment of catatonia, highlighting the potentially serious complications of this rare adverse drug reaction. Methods: We present a case report of a patient who developed this syndrome with various sequelae. Results: The patient developed neuroleptic after being treated with lorazepam and olanzapine for catatonia. He subsequently developed the complications of rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, pulmonary embolism, urinary retention and ileus. He received high-dose lorazepam, anticoagulation and intravenous fluids. Antipsychotic medication in the form of haloperidol was reinstated with no adverse effect, and he went on to make a full recovery. Conclusions: This case illustrates the potential life-threatening complications of neuroleptic malignant syndrome and the need for a low index of clinical suspicion. It also highlights the lack of evidence for treatment of catatonia, including the use of antipsychotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Reilly
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Ladywell Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sean Cross
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - David M Taylor
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Clinical Academic Group, King's Health Partners, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard Haslam
- Ladywell Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sophie C Tomlin
- Ladywell Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Benjamin Gaastra
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rasmussen SA, Mazurek MF, Rosebush PI. Catatonia: Our current understanding of its diagnosis, treatment and pathophysiology. World J Psychiatry 2016; 6:391-398. [PMID: 28078203 PMCID: PMC5183991 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v6.i4.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Catatonia is a psychomotor syndrome that has been reported to occur in more than 10% of patients with acute psychiatric illnesses. Two subtypes of the syndrome have been identified. Catatonia of the retarded type is characterized by immobility, mutism, staring, rigidity, and a host of other clinical signs. Excited catatonia is a less common presentation in which patients develop prolonged periods of psychomotor agitation. Once thought to be a subtype of schizophrenia, catatonia is now recognized to occur with a broad spectrum of medical and psychiatric illnesses, particularly affective disorders. In many cases, the catatonia must be treated before any underlying conditions can be accurately diagnosed. Most patients with the syndrome respond rapidly to low-dose benzodiazepines, but electroconvulsive therapy is occasionally required. Patients with longstanding catatonia or a diagnosis of schizophrenia may be less likely to respond. The pathobiology of catatonia is poorly understood, although abnormalities in gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate signaling have been suggested as causative factors. Because catatonia is common, highly treatable, and associated with significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated, physicians should maintain a high level of suspicion for this complex clinical syndrome. Since 1989, we have systematically assessed patients presenting to our psychiatry service with signs of retarded catatonia. In this paper, we present a review of the current literature on catatonia along with findings from the 220 cases we have assessed and treated.
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Tabbane
- From the Faculty of Medicine, Razi Hospital, La Manouba, Tunisia (Tabbane, Halayem); and the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada (Joober)
| | - Soumeyya Halayem
- From the Faculty of Medicine, Razi Hospital, La Manouba, Tunisia (Tabbane, Halayem); and the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada (Joober)
| | - Ridha Joober
- From the Faculty of Medicine, Razi Hospital, La Manouba, Tunisia (Tabbane, Halayem); and the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada (Joober)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catatonia is a potentially life-threatening but treatable neuropsychiatric condition. Although considered more common in low income countries, data is particularly sparse in these settings. In this study we explore the symptomatology, treatment, and short-term outcome of catatonia in Ethiopia, a low income country. METHODS The study was a prospective evaluation of patients admitted with a DSM-IV diagnosis of catatonia. Diagnosis of Catatonia and its severity were further assessed with the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS). RESULTS Twenty participants, 5 male and 15 female, were included in the study: 15 patients (75 %) had underlying mood disorders, 4 patients (20 %) had schizophrenia and 1 patient (5 %) had general medical condition. The most common catatonic symptoms, occurring in over two-thirds of participants, were mutism, negativism, staring and immobility (stupor). Eighteen (90 %) of the twenty patients were on multiple medications. Antipsychotics were the most commonly prescribed medications. ECT was required in seven patients (35.0 %). Dehydration, requiring IV rehydration, and infections were the most important complications ascribed to the catatonia. These occurred in seven patients (25 %). Almost all patients (n = 19/20) were discharged with significant improvement. CONCLUSION This study supports the growing consensus that catatonia is most often associated with mood disorders. Overall prognosis appears very good although the occurrence of life-threatening complications underlines the serious nature of catatonia. This has implication for "task-shifted" service scale up plans, which aim to improve treatment coverage by training non-specialist health workers to provide mental health care in low income countries. Further larger scale studies are required to clarify the nature and management, as well as, service requirements for catatonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benyam Worku
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Abebaw Fekadu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sinyakova NA, Kulikov AV. Expression of genes in the 111.35–116.16 million bp fragment of chromosome 13 in brain of mice with different predisposition to hereditary catalepsy. Mol Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893314040141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
14
|
Spatial learning in the Morris water maze in mice genetically different in the predisposition to catalepsy: the effect of intraventricular treatment with brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 122:266-72. [PMID: 24780503 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary catalepsy in mice is accompanied with volume reduction of some brain structures and high vulnerability to inflammatory agents. Here an association between hereditary catalepsy and spatial learning deficit in the Morris water maze (MWM) in adult mouse males of catalepsy-resistant AKR, catalepsy-prone CBA and AKR.CBA-D13Mit76 (D13) strains was studied. Recombinant D13 strain was created by means of the transfer of the CBA-derived allele of the major gene of catalepsy to the AKR genome. D13 mice showed a low MWM performance in the acquisition test and high expression of the gene coding proinflammatory interleukin-6 (Il-6) in the hippocampus and cortex compared with mice of the parental AKR and CBA strains. An acute ivc administration of 300 ng of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) normalized the performance in the MWM, but did not decrease the high Il-6 gene expression in the brain of D13 mice. These results indicated a possible association between the hereditary catalepsy, MWM performance, BDNF and level of Il-6 mRNA in the brain, although the relation between these characteristics seems to be more complex. D13 recombinant mice with deficit of spatial learning is a promising model for study of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of learning disorders as well as for screening potential cognitive enhancers.
Collapse
|
15
|
Catatonia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and cotard syndrome in a 22-year-old woman: a case report. Case Rep Psychiatry 2013; 2013:452646. [PMID: 24093068 PMCID: PMC3777205 DOI: 10.1155/2013/452646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The following case study describes a 22-year-old woman with depression and symptoms of psychosis who developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome after using Risperidone, thus requiring life support equipment and Bromocriptine, later recovering after seven days. From a psychiatric and neurological point of view, however, the persistence of catatonic syndrome and Cotard syndrome delusions was observed, based on assertions such as “I do not have a heart,” “my heart is not beating,” “I can not breathe,” “I am breaking apart,” “I have no head” (ideas of negation) and statements about the patient being responsible for the “death of the whole world” (ideas of enormity). Brain NMR revealed leukoencephalopathy, interpreted as scar lesions caused by perinatal neurological damage, after discarding other pathologies. The patient responded well to electroconvulsive therapy after 11 sessions. Organic vulnerability to these syndromes, as well as their coexistence and clinical differentiation is discussed in the light of the data observed.
Collapse
|
16
|
On the association between lipopolysaccharide induced catalepsy and serotonin metabolism in the brain of mice genetically different in the predisposition to catalepsy. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 111:71-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
17
|
Naumenko VS, Bazovkina DV, Semenova AA, Tsybko AS, Il'chibaeva TV, Kondaurova EM, Popova NK. Effect of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor on behavior and key members of the brain serotonin system in mouse strains genetically predisposed to behavioral disorders. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1628-38. [PMID: 24105724 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on behavior and on the serotonin (5-HT) system of a mouse strain predisposed to depressive-like behavior, ASC/Icg (Antidepressant Sensitive Cataleptics), in comparison with the parental "nondepressive" CBA/Lac mice was studied. Within 7 days after acute administration, GDNF (800 ng, i.c.v.) decreased cataleptic immobility but increased depressive-like behavioral traits in both investigated mouse strains and produced anxiolytic effects in ASC mice. The expression of the gene encoding the key enzyme for 5-HT biosynthesis in the brain, tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (Tph-2), and 5-HT1A receptor gene in the midbrain as well as 5-HT2A receptor gene in the frontal cortex were increased in GDNF-treated ASC mice. At the same time, GDNF decreased 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor gene expression in the hippocampus of ASC mice. GDNF failed to change Tph2, 5-HT1A , or 5-HT2A receptor mRNA levels in CBA mice as well as 5-HT transporter gene expression and 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor functional activity in both investigated mouse strains. The results show 1) a GDNF-induced increase in the expression of key genes of the brain 5-HT system, Tph2, 5-HT1A , and 5-HT2A receptors, and 2) significant genotype-dependent differences in the 5-HT system response to GDNF treatment. The data suggest that genetically defined cross-talk between neurotrophic factors and the brain 5-HT system underlies the variability in behavioral response to GDNF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir S Naumenko
- Department of Behavioral Neurogenomics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sinyakova NA, Kondaurova EM, Kulikov AV, Naumenko VS, Tikhonova MA, Popova NK. Distribution of Il6st mRNA and gp130 glycoprotein in various brain structures of mice that differ in intensity of exaggerated freezing reaction (catalepsy). Mol Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689331303014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
19
|
Hereditary catalepsy in mice is associated with the brain dysmorphology and altered stress response. Behav Brain Res 2013; 243:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
20
|
Kroll KE, Kroll DS, Pope JV, Tibbles CD. Catatonia in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 2012; 43:843-846. [PMID: 22541876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Kroll
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on behavior and key members of the brain serotonin system in genetically predisposed to behavioral disorders mouse strains. Neuroscience 2012; 214:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
22
|
A new synthetic varacin analogue, 8-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,3,4,5-benzopentathiepin-6-amine hydrochloride (TC-2153), decreased hereditary catalepsy and increased the BDNF gene expression in the hippocampus in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 221:469-78. [PMID: 22127556 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2594-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The creation of effective psychotropic drugs is the key problem of psychopharmacology. Natural compounds and their synthetic analogues attract particular attention. OBJECTIVES The effect of a new synthetic analogue of varacin, 8-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,3,4,5-benzopentathiepin-6-amine hydrochloride (TC-2153), on the behavior and the expression of the genes coding BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Bdnf) and CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein, Creb) implicated in the mechanism of psychotropic drug action as well as gp130 (Il6st) implicated in the mechanism of hereditary catalepsy in the brain of mice of ASC (Antidepressant Sensitive Catalepsy) strain was studied. RESULTS Acute per os administration of 20 or 40 mg/kg, but not 10 mg/kg of TC-2153 significantly decreased catalepsy. At the same time, in the open field test, 10 or 20 mg/kg of TC-2153 did not influence the locomotor activity, grooming or time spent in the center, while the highest dose of the drug (40 mg/kg) significantly reduced time in the center without any effect on locomotion and grooming. Chronic TC-2153 treatment (10 mg/kg for 12-16 days) did not influence the behavior in the open field but significantly attenuated catalepsy, increased Bdnf mRNA and decreased Il6st mRNA levels in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest: 1) TC-2153 as a new drug with potential psychotropic and anticataleptic activities and 2) the involvement of BDNF and gp130 in the molecular mechanism of TC-2153 action.
Collapse
|
23
|
Choi HD, Kim KK, Koo BH. A case of catatonia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome probably associated with antipsychotic in Korea. Psychiatry Investig 2011; 8:174-7. [PMID: 21852996 PMCID: PMC3149114 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2011.8.2.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported on catatonia caused by the use of antipsychotic drugs and on the association between catatonia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), but none has reported such a case in Korea. Here, we report the case of a 20-year-old woman whose catatonia and NMS appeared associated with the administration of an atypical antipsychotic drug. We discuss the association between NMS and catatonia due to neuroleptic use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Dong Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Keun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Bon-Hoon Koo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Psychiatric diagnoses are currently categorized on a syndromic basis. The syndrome of catatonia, however, remains in a diagnostic limbo, acknowledged predominantly as a subtype of schizophrenia. Yet, catatonia is present in about 10% of acutely ill psychiatry patients, only a minority of whom have schizophrenia. Among those with comorbid affective disorders, who comprise the largest subgroup of catatonic patients, the catatonic signs typically resolve dramatically and completely with benzodiazepine therapy. Those with schizophrenia respond less reliably, suggesting that the underlying processes causing the catatonia may be different in this group. The majority of patients with catatonia have concurrent psychosis. Failure to treat the catatonia before institution of antipsychotic medication may increase the risk of inducing neuroleptic malignant syndrome. At this point of time, the pathobiology of catatonia is unknown; the major reason for considering catatonia as a separate diagnostic entity would be to increase recognition of this eminently treatable neuropsychiatric syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia I. Rosebush
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences at McMaster University, St Joseph’s Hospital, Fontbonne Building, Room F416, 301 James South, Hamilton, Ontario L8P 3B6, Canada; fax: 905-521-6133, e-mail:
| | - Michael F. Mazurek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences,Department of Medicine (Neurology), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Neuroleptic-induced catatonia: clinical presentation, response to benzodiazepines, and relationship to neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2010; 30:3-10. [PMID: 20075641 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181c9bfe6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroleptic-induced catatonia (NIC), manifested in an extrapyramidal-catatonic syndrome, has been sporadically reported in the literature. Confusion surrounds its relationship to neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) and extrapyramidal reactions to neuroleptics. This study examined (a) its clinical presentation and response to benzodiazepines, (b) the hypothesis that NIC and NMS are on the same spectrum with a continuum of symptom progression, and (c) its possible relationship to extrapyramidal reactions. Of 127 episodes of acute catatonia prospectively identified, 18 were diagnosed with NIC. All catatonia episodes received benzodiazepines. The NIC episodes were analyzed noting their clinical presentations, laboratory findings, and responses to treatments. Their responses to benzodiazepines were compared, with retrospective rating on a 7-point scale, to that for catatonia episodes associated with mania and schizophrenia. The progression of symptoms in each NIC episode was reviewed. The NIC episodes presented predominantly in the stuporous form associated with parkinsonism. Delirium, autonomic abnormality, and elevated serum creatine phosphokinase were all common. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome was diagnosed in 3 episodes (17%). The 3 catatonia groups did not differ significantly in their benzodiazepines responses: 78% (14/18) of NIC, 75% (12/16) of manic catatonia, and 67% (34/51) of schizophrenic catatonia episodes showed full responses. A spectrum of presentation across episodes was noted with simple NIC without delirium, autonomic disturbances, or fever at one end and NMS or malignant NIC at the other end. Symptoms in individual episodes showed a similar continuum progression. No extrapyramidal reactions immediately preceded the NIC episodes. Findings of this study support the hypothesis that NIC and NMS are disorders on the same spectrum and reveal no indication that extrapyramidal reactions progress to NIC.
Collapse
|
26
|
Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|