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Battaglia S, Nazzi C, Di Fazio C, Borgomaneri S. The role of pre-supplementary motor cortex in action control with emotional stimuli: A repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024; 1536:151-166. [PMID: 38751225 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Swiftly halting ongoing motor actions is essential to react to unforeseen and potentially perilous circumstances. However, the neural bases subtending the complex interplay between emotions and motor control have been scarcely investigated. Here, we used an emotional stop signal task (SST) to investigate whether specific neural circuits engaged by action suppression are differently modulated by emotional signals with respect to neutral ones. Participants performed an SST before and after the administration of one session of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the pre-supplementary motor cortex (pre-SMA), the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), and the left primary motor cortex (lM1). Results show that rTMS over the pre-SMA improved the ability to inhibit prepotent action (i.e., better action control) when emotional stimuli were presented. In contrast, action control in a neutral context was fostered by rTMS over the rIFG. No changes were observed after lM1 stimulation. Intriguingly, individuals with higher impulsivity traits exhibited enhanced motor control when facing neutral stimuli following rIFG stimulation. These results further our understanding of the interplay between emotions and motor functions, shedding light on the selective modulation of neural pathways underpinning these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Battaglia
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Claudio Nazzi
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Fazio
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Sara Borgomaneri
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy
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2
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Müller D, Habel U, Brodkin ES, Clemens B, Weidler C. HD-tDCS induced changes in resting-state functional connectivity: Insights from EF modeling. Brain Stimul 2023; 16:1722-1732. [PMID: 38008154 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) holds promise for therapeutic use in psychiatric disorders. One obstacle for the implementation into clinical practice is response variability. One way to tackle this obstacle is the use of Individualized head models. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the variability of HD-tDCS induced electric fields (EFs) and its impact on resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) during different time windows. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, and sham controlled study, seventy healthy males underwent 20 min of 1.5 mA HD-tDCS on the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) while undergoing resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Individual head models and EF simulations were created from anatomical images. The effects of HD-tDCS on rsFC were assessed using a seed-to-voxel analysis. A subgroup analysis explored the relationship between EF magnitude and rsFC during different stimulation time windows. RESULTS Results highlighted significant variability in HD-tDCS-induced EFs. Compared to the sham group, the active group showed increased rsFC between the rIFG and the left prefrontal cortex, during and after stimulation. During active stimulation, EF magnitude correlated positively with rsFC between the rIFG and the left hippocampus initially, and negatively during the subsequent period. CONCLUSION This study indicated an HD-tDCS induced increase of rsFC between left and right prefrontal areas. Furthermore, an interaction between the magnitude and the duration of HD-tDCS on rsFC was observed. Due to the high EF variability that was apparent, these findings highlight the need for individualized HD-tDCS protocols and the creation of head models to optimize effects and reduce response heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ute Habel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany; JARA-BRAIN Institute Brain Structure-Function Relationships, Research Center Jülich and RWTH Aachen, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 10, Research Center Jülich, 52438, Jülich, Germany
| | - Edward S Brodkin
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 3080, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3309, USA
| | - Benjamin Clemens
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carmen Weidler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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3
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Thomas KS, Birch RE, Jones CRG, Vanderwert RE. Neural Correlates of Executive Functioning in Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:841633. [PMID: 35693540 PMCID: PMC9179647 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.841633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are commonly reported to co-occur and present with overlapping symptomatology. Executive functioning difficulties have been implicated in both mental health conditions. However, studies directly comparing these functions in AN and OCD are extremely limited. This review provides a synthesis of behavioral and neuroimaging research examining executive functioning in AN and OCD to bridge this gap in knowledge. We outline the similarities and differences in behavioral and neuroimaging findings between AN and OCD, focusing on set shifting, working memory, response inhibition, and response monitoring. This review aims to facilitate understanding of transdiagnostic correlates of executive functioning and highlights important considerations for future research. We also discuss the importance of examining both behavioral and neural markers when studying transdiagnostic correlates of executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai S. Thomas
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Catherine R. G. Jones
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ross E. Vanderwert
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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4
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Metzlaff J, Finis J, Münchau A, Müller-Vahl K, Schnitzler A, Bellebaum C, Biermann-Ruben K, Niccolai V. Altered performance monitoring in Tourette Syndrome: an MEG investigation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8300. [PMID: 35585222 PMCID: PMC9117680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The error-related negativity (ERN) is an event-related potential component indexing processes of performance monitoring during simple stimulus-response tasks: the ERN is typically enhanced for error processing and conflicting response representations. Investigations in healthy participants and different patient groups have linked the ERN to the dopamine system and to prefrontal information processing. As in patients with Tourette Syndrome (TS) both dopamine release and prefrontal information processing are impaired, we hypothesized that performance monitoring would be altered, which was investigated with magnetencephalography (MEG). We examined performance monitoring in TS patients by assessing the magnetic equivalent of the ERN (mERN). The mERN was investigated in tic-free trials of eight adult, unmedicated TS patients without clinically significant comorbidity and ten matched healthy controls while performing a Go/NoGo task in selected frontocentral channels. The analysis of the response-related amplitudes of the event-related magnetic field showed that TS patients, in contrast to controls, did not show earlier amplitude modulation (between 70 and 105 ms after response onset) depending on response type (errors or correct responses). In both groups significant mERN amplitudes in the time-window between 105 and 160 ms after response onset were detected thus pointing at only later error processing in TS patients. In TS patients, early error-related processing might be affected by an enhanced motor control triggered by a conflict between the targeted high task performance and tic suppression. TS patients seem to tend to initially process all responses as erroneous responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Metzlaff
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Finis
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Münchau
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Kirsten Müller-Vahl
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Socialpsychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Alfons Schnitzler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Bellebaum
- Department of Biological Psychology, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Katja Biermann-Ruben
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Valentina Niccolai
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
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5
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Indrajeet I, Atkinson-Clement C, Worbe Y, Pouget P, Ray S. Compromised reactive but intact proactive inhibitory motor control in Tourette disorder. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2193. [PMID: 35140247 PMCID: PMC8828748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette disorder (TD) is characterized by tics, which are sudden repetitive involuntary movements or vocalizations. Deficits in inhibitory control in TD patients remain inconclusive from the traditional method of estimating the ability to stop an impending action, which requires careful interpretation of a metric derived from race model. One possible explanation for these inconsistencies is that race model's assumptions of independent and stochastic rise of GO and STOP process to a fixed threshold are often violated, making the classical metric to assess inhibitory control less robust. Here, we used a pair of metrics derived from a recent alternative model to address why stopping performance in TD is unaffected despite atypical neural circuitry. These new metrics distinguish between proactive and reactive inhibitory control and estimate them separately. When these metrics in adult TD group were contrasted with healthy controls (HC), we identified robust deficits in reactive control, but not in proactive control in TD. The TD group exhibited difficulty in slowing down the speed of movement preparation, which they rectified by their intact ability to postpone the movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajeet Indrajeet
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Centre of Behavioural and Cognitive Science, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Cyril Atkinson-Clement
- Sorbonne University, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France
| | - Yulia Worbe
- Sorbonne University, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France
- Department of Neurophysiology, Saint Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Pouget
- Sorbonne University, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France.
- Department of Neurophysiology, Saint Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Supriya Ray
- Centre of Behavioural and Cognitive Science, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India.
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6
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Bellato A, Norman L, Idrees I, Ogawa CY, Waitt A, Zuccolo PF, Tye C, Radua J, Groom MJ, Shephard E. A systematic review and meta-analysis of altered electrophysiological markers of performance monitoring in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS), Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Autism. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:964-987. [PMID: 34687698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Altered performance monitoring is implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of electrophysiological correlates of performance monitoring (error-related negativity, ERN; error positivity, Pe; feedback-related negativity, FRN; feedback-P3) in individuals with OCD, GTS, ADHD or autism compared to control participants, or associations between correlates and symptoms/traits of these conditions. Meta-analyses on 97 studies (5890 participants) showed increased ERN in OCD (Hedge's g = 0.54[CIs:0.44,0.65]) and GTS (g = 0.99[CIs:0.05,1.93]). OCD also showed increased Pe (g = 0.51[CIs:0.21,0.81]) and FRN (g = 0.50[CIs:0.26,0.73]). ADHD and autism showed reduced ERN (ADHD: g=-0.47[CIs:-0.67,-0.26]; autism: g=-0.61[CIs:-1.10,-0.13]). ADHD also showed reduced Pe (g=-0.50[CIs:-0.69,-0.32]). These findings suggest overlap in electrophysiological markers of performance monitoring alterations in four common neurodevelopmental conditions, with increased amplitudes of the markers in OCD and GTS and decreased amplitudes in ADHD and autism. Implications of these findings in terms of shared and distinct performance monitoring alterations across these neurodevelopmental conditions are discussed. PROSPERO pre-registration code: CRD42019134612.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Bellato
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK; Academic Unit of Mental Health & Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Luke Norman
- Section on Neurobehavioral and Clinical Research, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Iman Idrees
- Academic Unit of Mental Health & Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Carolina Y Ogawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alice Waitt
- Academic Unit of Mental Health & Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Pedro F Zuccolo
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charlotte Tye
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK; Imaging of Mood- and Anxiety-Related Disorders (IMARD) Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Madeleine J Groom
- Academic Unit of Mental Health & Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Shephard
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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7
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Jurgiel J, Miyakoshi M, Dillon A, Piacentini J, Makeig S, Loo SK. Inhibitory control in children with tic disorder: aberrant fronto-parietal network activity and connectivity. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab067. [PMID: 33977267 PMCID: PMC8093924 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic tic disorders, including Tourette syndrome, are typically thought to have deficits in cognitive inhibition and top down cognitive control due to the frequent and repetitive occurrence of tics, yet studies reporting task performance results have been equivocal. Despite similar behavioural performance, individuals with chronic tic disorder have exhibited aberrant patterns of neural activation in multiple frontal and parietal regions relative to healthy controls during inhibitory control paradigms. In addition to these top down attentional control regions, widespread alterations in brain activity across multiple neural networks have been reported. There is a dearth, however, of studies examining event-related connectivity during cognitive inhibitory paradigms among affected individuals. The goal of this study was to characterize neural oscillatory activity and effective connectivity, using a case–control design, among children with and without chronic tic disorder during performance of a cognitive inhibition task. Electroencephalogram data were recorded in a cohort of children aged 8–12 years old (60 with chronic tic disorder, 35 typically developing controls) while they performed a flanker task. While task accuracy did not differ by diagnosis, children with chronic tic disorder displayed significant cortical source-level, event-related spectral power differences during incongruent flanker trials, which required inhibitory control. Specifically, attenuated broad band oscillatory power modulation within the anterior cingulate cortex was observed relative to controls. Whole brain effective connectivity analyses indicated that children with chronic tic disorder exhibit greater information flow between the anterior cingulate and other fronto-parietal network hubs (midcingulate cortex and precuneus) relative to controls, who instead showed stronger connectivity between central and posterior nodes. Spectral power within the anterior cingulate was not significantly correlated with any connectivity edges, suggesting lower power and higher connectivity are independent (versus resultant) neural mechanisms. Significant correlations between clinical features, task performance and anterior cingulate spectral power and connectivity suggest this region is associated with tic impairment (r = −0.31, P = 0.03) and flanker task incongruent trial accuracy (r’s = −0.27 to −0.42, P’s = 0.0008–0.04). Attenuated activation of the anterior cingulate along with dysregulated information flow between and among nodes within the fronto-parietal attention network may be neural adaptations that result from frequent engagement of neural pathways needed for inhibitory control in chronic tic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Jurgiel
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Makoto Miyakoshi
- Swartz Center for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrea Dillon
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - John Piacentini
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Scott Makeig
- Swartz Center for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sandra K Loo
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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8
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Abstract
In this chapter, I address the concept of endophenotypes for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Endophenotypes are objective and heritable quantitative traits hypothesized to be more biologically tractable than distal clinical phenotypes. This approach has been adopted to gain a better understanding of psychiatric conditions in general. It is theorized that endophenotypes will particularly assist in clarifying both the diagnostic status and aetiological origins of complex neuropsychiatric conditions such as OCD. At the cognitive level, separable constructs of relevance for OCD have been identified. The prevailing model for OCD assumes the development of abnormalities within fronto-striatal neural circuits leading to impairment of executive functions and their neuropsychological subcomponents. Here, I address whether this model can guide towards the identification of endophenotypes for this condition and discuss possible implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde M Vaghi
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK.
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9
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Rawji V, Modi S, Latorre A, Rocchi L, Hockey L, Bhatia K, Joyce E, Rothwell JC, Jahanshahi M. Impaired automatic but intact volitional inhibition in primary tic disorders. Brain 2020; 143:906-919. [PMID: 32125364 PMCID: PMC7089661 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The defining character of tics is that they can be transiently suppressed by volitional effort of will, and at a behavioural level this has led to the concept that tics result from a failure of inhibition. However, this logic conflates the mechanism responsible for the production of tics with that used in suppressing them. Volitional inhibition of motor output could be increased to prevent the tic from reaching the threshold for expression, although this has been extensively investigated with conflicting results. Alternatively, automatic inhibition could prevent the initial excitation of the striatal tic focus-a hypothesis we have previously introduced. To reconcile these competing hypotheses, we examined different types of motor inhibition in a group of 19 patients with primary tic disorders and 15 healthy volunteers. We probed proactive and reactive inhibition using the conditional stop-signal task, and applied transcranial magnetic stimulation to the motor cortex, to assess movement preparation and execution. We assessed automatic motor inhibition with the masked priming task. We found that volitional movement preparation, execution and inhibition (proactive and reactive) were not impaired in tic disorders. We speculate that these mechanisms are recruited during volitional tic suppression, and that they prevent expression of the tic by inhibiting the nascent excitation released by the tic generator. In contrast, automatic inhibition was abnormal/impaired in patients with tic disorders. In the masked priming task, positive and negative compatibility effects were found for healthy controls, whereas patients with tics exhibited strong positive compatibility effects, but no negative compatibility effect indicative of impaired automatic inhibition. Patients also made more errors on the masked priming task than healthy control subjects and the types of errors were consistent with impaired automatic inhibition. Errors associated with impaired automatic inhibition were positively correlated with tic severity. We conclude that voluntary movement preparation/generation and volitional inhibition are normal in tic disorders, whereas automatic inhibition is impaired-a deficit that correlated with tic severity and thus may constitute a potential mechanism by which tics are generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Rawji
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Sachin Modi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Anna Latorre
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Leanne Hockey
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Kailash Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Eileen Joyce
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - John C Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Marjan Jahanshahi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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10
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Atkinson-Clement C, Porte CA, de Liege A, Wattiez N, Klein Y, Beranger B, Valabregue R, Sofia F, Hartmann A, Pouget P, Worbe Y. Neural correlates and role of medication in reactive motor impulsivity in Tourette disorder. Cortex 2020; 125:60-72. [PMID: 31978743 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abnormality of inhibitory control is considered to be a potential cognitive marker of tics in Tourette disorder (TD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and impulse control disorders. The results of the studies on inhibitory control in TD showed discrepant results. The aim of the present study was to assess reactive inhibitory control in adult TD patients with and without antipsychotic medication, and under emotional stimulation (visual images with positive, neutral and negative content). We assessed 31 unmedicated and 19 medicated TD patients and 26 matched healthy controls using the stop signal task as an index of reactive motor impulsivity and emotional stimulation with the aim to increase impulsivity. We performed a multimodal neuroimaging analysis using a regions of interest approach on grey matter signal, resting-state spontaneous brain activity and functional connectivity analyses. We found a higher reactive motor impulsivity in TD patients medicated with antipsychotics compared to unmedicated TD patients and controls. This propensity for reactive motor impulsivity in medicated TD patients was not influenced by ADHD or emotional stimulation. Neuroimaging results in medicated TD patients suggested that reactive motor impulsivity was underpinned by an increased grey matter signal from the right supplementary motor area and inferior frontal gyrus; decreased resting-state spontaneous activity of the left putamen; higher functional connectivity between the inferior frontal gyrus and the superior temporal gyri (bilaterally); lower functional connectivity between the cerebellum and the right subthalamic nucleus. Taken together, our data suggested (i) a deficit in reactive motor impulsivity in TD patients medicated with atypical antipsychotics that was unrelated to ADHD and (ii) that motor impulsivity was underpinned by structures and by functional connectivity of the fronto-temporo-basal ganglia-cerebellar pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Atkinson-Clement
- Sorbonne University, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France
| | - Camille-Albane Porte
- Sorbonne University, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France
| | - Astrid de Liege
- Sorbonne University, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France; National Reference Center for Tourette Syndrome, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Wattiez
- Sorbonne University, Inserm, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Yanica Klein
- Sorbonne University, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France; National Reference Center for Tourette Syndrome, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Beranger
- Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Sorbonne Université, UMRS975, CNRS UMR7225, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Romain Valabregue
- Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Sorbonne Université, UMRS975, CNRS UMR7225, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Fuaad Sofia
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Hartmann
- Sorbonne University, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France; National Reference Center for Tourette Syndrome, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Pouget
- Sorbonne University, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France
| | - Yulia Worbe
- Sorbonne University, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France; National Reference Center for Tourette Syndrome, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurophysiology, Saint Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France.
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11
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Slowed Movement Stopping in Parkinson's Disease and Focal Dystonia is Improved by Standard Treatment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19504. [PMID: 31862983 PMCID: PMC6925208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson’s disease and focal dystonia have difficulty in generating and preventing movement. Reaction time (RT) and stop signal reaction time (SSRT) measure the speed to initiate and stop a movement respectively. We developed a portable device to assess RT and SSRT. This incorporated a novel analysis to measure SSRT more efficiently (optimal combination SSRT, ocSSRT). After validation ocSSRT was measured in Parkinson’s disease patients without dyskinesia (PD), cervical dystonia (CD) and writer’s cramp. We also assessed how ocSSRT responded to L-dopa in PD patients and botulinum toxin injections in CD patients. Participants were instructed to release a button following a green LED flash on the device. On 25% of trials, a red LED flashed 5–195 ms after the green LED; participations were instructed to abort the button release on these trials. ocSSRT and RT were significantly prolonged in patients with Parkinson’s disease and focal dystonia (one-way ANOVA p < 0.001). Administration of L-dopa significantly improved ocSSRT and RT in PD patients (p < 0.001). Administration of botulinum toxin significantly improved ocSSRT, but not RT, in CD patients (p < 0.05). ocSSRT is an easily-administered bedside neuro-physiological tool; significantly prolonged ocSSRT is associated with PD and focal dystonia.
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12
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Inhibition-related differences between tic-free and tic-related obsessive–compulsive disorder: evidence from the N2 and P3. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:3449-3459. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05688-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Stein DJ, Costa DLC, Lochner C, Miguel EC, Reddy YCJ, Shavitt RG, van den Heuvel OA, Simpson HB. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019; 5:52. [PMID: 31371720 PMCID: PMC7370844 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly prevalent and chronic condition that is associated with substantial global disability. OCD is the key example of the 'obsessive-compulsive and related disorders', a group of conditions which are now classified together in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, and the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision, and which are often underdiagnosed and undertreated. In addition, OCD is an important example of a neuropsychiatric disorder in which rigorous research on phenomenology, psychobiology, pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy has contributed to better recognition, assessment and outcomes. Although OCD is a relatively homogenous disorder with similar symptom dimensions globally, individualized assessment of symptoms, the degree of insight, and the extent of comorbidity is needed. Several neurobiological mechanisms underlying OCD have been identified, including specific brain circuits that underpin OCD. In addition, laboratory models have demonstrated how cellular and molecular dysfunction underpins repetitive stereotyped behaviours, and the genetic architecture of OCD is increasingly understood. Effective treatments for OCD include serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive-behavioural therapy, and neurosurgery for those with intractable symptoms. Integration of global mental health and translational neuroscience approaches could further advance knowledge on OCD and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan J. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town and SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daniel L. C. Costa
- OCD Research Program, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christine Lochner
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University and SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Euripedes C. Miguel
- OCD Research Program, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Y. C. Janardhan Reddy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Roseli G. Shavitt
- OCD Research Program, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Odile A. van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - H. Blair Simpson
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Fan S, van den Heuvel OA, Cath DC, de Wit SJ, Vriend C, Veltman DJ, van der Werf YD. Altered Functional Connectivity in Resting State Networks in Tourette's Disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:363. [PMID: 30279651 PMCID: PMC6154258 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Brain regions are anatomically and functionally interconnected in order to facilitate important functions like cognition and movement. It remains incompletely understood how brain connectivity contributes to the pathophysiology of Tourette's disorder (TD). By using resting-state functional MRI, we aimed to identify alterations in the default mode network (DMN), frontal-parietal network (FPN), sensori-motor network (SMN), and salience network (SN) in TD compared with healthy control (HC) subjects. Method: In 23 adult TD patients and 22 HC, 3T-MRI resting-state scans were obtained. Independent component analysis was performed comparing TD and HC to investigate connectivity patterns within and between resting-state networks. Results: TD patients showed higher involvement of the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex in the connectivity of the DMN and less involvement of the inferior parietal cortex in the connectivity of the FPN when compared to HC. Moreover, TD patients showed a stronger coupling between DMN and left FPN than HC. Finally, in TD patients, functional connectivity within DMN correlated negatively with tic severity. Conclusion: We tentatively interpret the increased functional connectivity within DMN in TD patients as compensatory to the lower functional connectivity within left FPN. The stronger coupling between DMN and left FPN, together with the finding that higher DMN intrinsic connectivity is associated with lower tic severity would indicate that DMN is recruited to exert motor inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyan Fan
- Division of Social and Behavioural Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,The OCD Team, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Danielle C Cath
- Division of Social and Behavioural Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Rob Giel Research Center (RGOC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Stella J de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chris Vriend
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ysbrand D van der Werf
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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15
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Hirjak D, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Fritze S, Sambataro F, Kubera KM, Wolf RC. Motor dysfunction as research domain across bipolar, obsessive-compulsive and neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:315-335. [PMID: 30236781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although genuine motor abnormalities (GMA) are frequently found in schizophrenia, they are also considered as an intrinsic feature of bipolar, obsessive-compulsive, and neurodevelopmental disorders with early onset such as autism, ADHD, and Tourette syndrome. Such transnosological observations strongly suggest a common neural pathophysiology. This systematic review highlights the evidence on GMA and their neuroanatomical substrates in bipolar, obsessive-compulsive, and neurodevelopmental disorders. The data lends support for a common pattern contributing to GMA expression in these diseases that seems to be related to cerebello-thalamo-cortical, fronto-parietal, and cortico-subcortical motor circuit dysfunction. The identified studies provide first evidence for a motor network dysfunction as a correlate of early neurodevelopmental deviance prior to clinical symptom expression. There are also first hints for a developmental risk factor model of these mental disorders. An in-depth analysis of motor networks and related patho-(physiological) mechanisms will not only help promoting Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Motor System construct, but also facilitate the development of novel psychopharmacological models, as well as the identification of neurobiologically plausible target sites for non-invasive brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Hirjak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Fritze
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Katharina M Kubera
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert C Wolf
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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van den Heuvel OA, de Wit SJ. Medial Frontal Hyperactivation in the Developing Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Brain: An Adaptive Response Rescued by Medication-Related Reduction of Limbic Interference? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 57:368-369. [PMID: 29859551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to control emotion and behavior is an important human adaptation. The development of cognitive control strategies is a critical aspect of children's social development and protects against psychopathology. Dysfunctions in inhibitory control play an important role in the development of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and Tourette's disorder. Inhibitory control is not a unitary construct and consists of motor response inhibition (i.e., inhibition of pre-potent and automatic motor responses or cancellation of already triggered responses) and interference control (i.e., ignoring interfering irrelevant stimuli). Cognitive control performance depends on the capacity to inhibit inappropriate responses and to monitor errors to flexibly adjust behavior. Various paradigms have been developed to study inhibition and error processing, and by combining these with functional magnetic resonance imaging, it has been shown that inhibitory control relies on proper function of the cingulo-operculum network (CON), which is strongly connected to the frontoparietal network and striatal regions.1.
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17
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Berlin GS, Lee HJ. Response inhibition and error-monitoring processes in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord 2018; 16:21-27. [PMID: 29607292 PMCID: PMC5875186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Response inhibition (RI) has been putatively linked to the symptoms of OCD. Despite the enticing link between RI and OCD, there are points in the relationship that require clarification. We examined the RI-OCD relationship taking into account a) the potentially differential pattern of RI-OCD relationship between obsessions and compulsions, and b) the potentially confounding effect of negative affect, particularly in regards to depression. Additionally, we investigated how error-monitoring processes in the inhibitory context account for OCD symptoms. Results showed that the RI-OCD relationship is robust in regards to compulsion symptoms, but not for obsessions, even when controlling for negative affect. Additionally, while individuals with OCD display behavioral slow-down following commission errors on the stop-signal task, slow-down following successful inhibition is significantly related to compulsion symptoms. Findings suggest that future studies investigating RI in OCD should take into account heterogeneous clinical presentations in OCD, as well as incorporate error-monitoring variables to better understand RI processes in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S. Berlin
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2441 E Hartford Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53211
| | - Han-Joo Lee
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2441 E Hartford Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53211
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