S-arylation of 2-mercaptobenzazoles: a comprehensive review

Copper-catalyzed S-arylation of Furanose-Fused Oxazolidine-2-thiones

The 1,3-oxazolidine-2-thiones (OZTs) are important chiral molecules, especially in asymmetric synthesis. These compounds serve as important active units in biologically active compounds. Herein, carbohydrate anchored OZTs were explored to develop a copper-catalyzed C-S bond formation with aryl iodides. Chemoselective S-arylation was observed, with copper iodide and dimethylethylenediamine (DMEDA) as the best ligand in dioxane at 60–90 °C. The corresponding chiral oxazolines were obtained in reasonable to good yields under relatively mild reaction conditions. This approach is cheap, as using one of the cheapest transition metals, a simple protocol and various functional group tolerance make it a valuable strategy for getting S-substituted furanose-fused OZT. The structures of the novel carbohydrates were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and an HRMS analysis.

Direct selenosulfonylation of unsaturated compounds: a review

In this review, we have discussed recent developments on the direct selenosulfonylation of unsaturated compounds which lead to the formation of two new carbon-sulfur and carbon-selenium bonds in a single operation. The reactions were classified based on the type of starting unsaturated compound and product. Thus, the review is divided into three major sections. The first describes the current literature on selenosulfonylation of alkenes. The second section covers the available literature on selenosulfonylation of alkynes. The third focuses exclusively on selenosulfonylation of allenes.

In this review, we have discussed recent developments on the direct selenosulfonylation of unsaturated compounds which lead to the formation of two new carbon-sulfur and carbon-selenium bonds in a single operation.

Hydroxysulfonylation of alkenes: an update

The direct difunctionalization of inexpensive and widely available alkenes has been recognized as a strong and straightforward tool for the rapid fabrication of complex molecules and pharmaceutical targets by introducing two different functional groups on adjacent carbon atoms of common alkene moieties in a single operation. This synthetic strategy avoids the purification and isolation of the intermediates and thus makes synthetic schemes shorter, simpler and cleaner. In this family of reactions, the hydroxysulfonylation of alkenes has emerged as an increasingly promising strategy for the synthesis of β-hydroxysulfones, which are found in many biologically important molecules and widespread applications in organic synthesis. The objective of this review is to illustrate the advancements in the field of hydroxysulfonylation of alkenes with special emphasis on the mechanistic details of the reaction pathways.

The direct difunctionalization of alkenes recognized as a straightforward tool for the rapid fabrication of complex molecules and pharmaceutical targets by introducing two different functional groups on adjacent carbon atoms of common alkene moieties.

Intermolecular difunctionalization of alkenes: synthesis of β-hydroxy sulfides

Direct difunctionalization of carbon-carbon double bonds is one of the most powerful tools available for concomitant introduction of two functional groups into olefinic substrates. In this context, vicinal hydroxysulfenylation of unactivated alkenes has emerged as a novel and straightforward strategy for the fabrication of β-hydroxy sulfides, which are extremely valuable starting materials in constructing various natural products, pharmaceuticals, and fine chemicals. The aim of this review is to summarize the most representative and important reports on the preparation of β-hydroxy sulfides through intermolecular hydroxysulfenylation of the corresponding alkenes with special emphasis on the mechanistic features of the reactions.

Recent advances in intermolecular 1,2-difunctionalization of alkenes involving trifluoromethylthiolation

Trifluoromethylthiolative difunctionalization of alkenes, a cheap and abundant feedstock, which installs a trifluoromethylthiol (SCF₃) group and another unique functional group across the carbon–carbon double bonds, provides an ideal strategy for the preparation of β-functionalized alkyl trifluoromethyl sulfides and has become a hot topic recently.

Cross-dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions Between Formamidic C(sp2)-H and X-H (X = C, O, N) Bonds

In the last decade, the scientific community has witnessed explosive growth in research on the direct carbamoylation of C-H and X-H (X = N, O) bonds with formamides via cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions. This novel approach is an effective means of preparing a variety of carboxamide, carbamate as well as urea derivatives, which are prevalent in medicinal chemistry and natural product synthesis. This review elaborates the most important advances and developments in the field, with an emphasis on the reaction patterns and mechanisms.

Recent developments in decarboxylative cross-coupling reactions between carboxylic acids and N–H compounds

Carboxylic acids and their derivatives are ubiquitous compounds in organic chemistry, and are widely commercially available in a large structural variety. Recently, carboxylic acids have been frequently used as non-toxic and environmentally benign alternatives to traditional organohalide coupling partners in various carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom cross-coupling reactions. Along this line, several methods have been reported for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing organic compounds through decarboxylative cross-coupling reactions between carboxylic acids and N–H compounds. This review focuses on recent advances and discoveries on these reactions with special attention on the mechanistic aspects of the reactions.

Carboxylic acids and their derivatives are ubiquitous compounds in organic chemistry, and are widely commercially available in a large structural variety.

Recent advances in the application of nano-catalysts for Hiyama cross-coupling reactions

This mini-review highlights the recent developments in the field of metal nanoparticle (NP) catalyzed Hiyama cross-coupling reactions.

Methods for direct C(sp2)–H bonds azidation

Direct functionalization of C–H bonds has attracted great attention in recent years from the perspectives of atom and step economy.

Cross-Dehydrogenative C-H/S-H Coupling Reactions

Carbon-sulfur bond formation represents a key step in the synthesis of thioethers, which are a common structural motif in many pharmaceutically compounds. The direct cross-dehydrogenative coupling of C-H/S-H bonds has become a powerful tool for C-S bond formation. As these coupling reactions avoid pre-functionalization of the starting materials, they are more atom-economical, practical, and environmentally friendly than traditional cross-coupling reactions. In this review, we will highlight the most important developments in this novel and interesting research arena with the emphasis on the mechanistic aspects of the reactions. The review is divided into three major sections: (1) C(sp³)-H/S-H bonds coupling reactions; (2) C(sp²)-H/S-H bonds coupling reactions; and (3) C(sp)-H/S-H bonds coupling reactions.

Arylhydrazines: novel and versatile electrophilic partners in cross-coupling reactions

Arylhydrazines are extremely valuable compounds in organic chemistry that are widely used for the synthesis of a variety of biologically active molecules such as indoles, indazoles, pyrazoles, aryltriazoles, β-lactams and quinazolines. These compounds have also been widely utilized as arylation agents in oxidative cross-coupling reactions. In this review, we will highlight the most important explorations and developments in the carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom (nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and selenium) cross-coupling of arylhydrazines. The literature has been surveyed from 2001 to June 2018.

Decarboxylative cross-coupling reactions for P(O)-C bond formation

Phosphorus-containing compounds are one of the most important classes of organic compounds, which have wide applications in organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, agricultural chemistry, and materials chemistry. In particular, organophosphorus compounds bearing a P(O)-C bond have attracted significant attention in recent decades due to their widespread biological and pharmacological activities. In this review, we will highlight the most important developments in the construction of P(O)-C bonds through decarboxylative C-P cross-coupling reactions. The literature has been surveyed from 2011 to May 2018.

Diaryl ethers synthesis: nano-catalysts in carbon-oxygen cross-coupling reactions

The diaryl ether moiety is not only prevalent in a significant number of natural products and synthetic pharmaceuticals but also widely found in many pesticides, polymers, and ligands. Ullmann-type cross-coupling reactions between phenols and aryl halides are regarded as one of the most important methods for the synthesis of this important and versatile structural motif. In recent years, the use of nano-sized metal catalysts in this coupling reaction has attracted a lot of attention because of these catalysts with their high surface-to-volume ratio, high surface energy, and reactive morphology allows for rapid C-O bond formation under mild and ligand-free conditions. In this review we will highlight the power of these catalysts in Ullmann-type C-O cross-coupling reactions.