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Schulte PA, Leso V, Iavicoli I. Responsible Development of Emerging Technologies: Extensions and Lessons From Nanotechnology for Worker Protection. J Occup Environ Med 2024; 66:528-535. [PMID: 38595103 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000003100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper identifies approaches to the responsible development of emerging technologies to secure worker safety and health. METHODS A retrospective analysis was used to describe the history of the responsible development of worker protection from engineered nanomaterials. Lessons from that history were extended and applied to emerging technologies and illustrated in three examples: advanced manufacturing, synthetic biology, and artificial intelligence. RESULTS The same principles used to underpin responsible development of nanotechnology can be applied to emerging technologies. Five criterion actions were identified that embody these principles. CONCLUSION Responsible development of emerging technologies requires anticipating hazards and risks and ethical issues attendant to them. Occupational and environment health specialists are often called upon to provide guidance on emerging technologies and the approach described here can serve as a basis for that guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Schulte
- From the Advanced Technologies and Laboratories International, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland (P.A.S.); and University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (V.L., I.I.)
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Guseva Canu I, Plys E, Velarde Crézé C, Fito C, Hopf NB, Progiou A, Riganti C, Sauvain JJ, Squillacioti G, Suarez G, Wild P, Bergamaschi E. A harmonized protocol for an international multicenter prospective study of nanotechnology workers: the NanoExplore cohort. Nanotoxicology 2023; 17:1-19. [PMID: 36927342 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2023.2180220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology applications are fast-growing in many industrial fields. Consequently, health effects of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) should be investigated. Within the EU-Life project NanoExplore, we developed a harmonized protocol of an international multicenter prospective cohort study of workers in ENM-producing companies. This article describes the development of the protocol, sample size calculation, data collection and management procedures and discusses its relevance with respect to research needs. Within this protocol, workers' ENM exposure will be assessed over four consecutive working days during the initial recruitment campaign and the subsequent follow-up campaigns. Biomonitoring using noninvasive sampling of exhaled breath condensate (EBC), exhaled air, and urine will be collected before and after 4-day exposure monitoring. Both exposure and effect biomarkers, will be quantified along with pulmonary function tests and diagnosed diseases reported using a standardized epidemiological questionnaire available in four languages. Until now, this protocol was implemented at seven companies in Switzerland, Spain and Italy. The protocol is well standardized, though sufficiently flexible to include company-specific conditions and occupational hygiene measures. The recruitment, to date, of 140 participants and collection of all data and samples, enabled us launching the first international cohort of nanotechnology workers. All companies dealing with ENMs could join the NanoExplore Consortium, apply this harmonized protocol and enter in the cohort, concieved as an open cohort. Its protocol meets all requirements of a hypotheses-driven prospective study, which will assess and reassess effects of ENM exposure on workers' health by updating the follow-up of the cohort. New hypothesis could be also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Guseva Canu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ekaterina Plys
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Camille Velarde Crézé
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Fito
- Institutotecnológico del embalaje, transporte y logística (ITENE), Paterna, Spain
| | - Nancy B Hopf
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Jean-Jacques Sauvain
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Squillacioti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Guillaume Suarez
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Wild
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Bergamaschi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Kodali V, Roberts JR, Glassford E, Gill R, Friend S, Dunn KL, Erdely A. Understanding toxicity associated with boron nitride nanotubes: Review of toxicity studies, exposure assessment at manufacturing facilities, and read-across. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 2022; 37:4620-4638. [PMID: 37193295 PMCID: PMC10174278 DOI: 10.1557/s43578-022-00796-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNT) are produced by many different methods leading to variances in physicochemical characteristics and impurities in the final product. These differences can alter the toxicity profile. The importance of understanding the potential pathological implications of this high aspect ratio nanomaterial is increasing as new approaches to synthesize and purify in large scale are being developed. In this review, we discuss the various factors of BNNT production that can influence its toxicity followed by summarizing the toxicity findings from in vitro and in vivo studies conducted to date, including a review of particle clearance observed with various exposure routes. To understand the risk to workers and interpret relevance of toxicological findings, exposure assessment at manufacturing facilities was discussed. Workplace exposure assessment of BNNT from two manufacturing facilities measured boron concentrations in personal breathing zones from non-detectable to 0.95 μg/m3 and TEM structure counts of 0.0123 ± 0.0094 structures/cm3, concentrations well below what was found with other engineered high aspect ratio nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes and nanofibers. Finally, using a purified BNNT, a "read-across" toxicity assessment was performed to demonstrate how known hazard data and physicochemical characteristics can be utilized to evaluate potential inhalation toxicity concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Kodali
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1000 Frederick Lane (MS-2015), Morgantown, WV 26508, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jenny R. Roberts
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1000 Frederick Lane (MS-2015), Morgantown, WV 26508, USA
| | - Eric Glassford
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - Ryan Gill
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1000 Frederick Lane (MS-2015), Morgantown, WV 26508, USA
| | - Sherri Friend
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1000 Frederick Lane (MS-2015), Morgantown, WV 26508, USA
| | - Kevin L. Dunn
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - Aaron Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1000 Frederick Lane (MS-2015), Morgantown, WV 26508, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Indirect mediators of systemic health outcomes following nanoparticle inhalation exposure. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108120. [PMID: 35085604 PMCID: PMC9189040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The growing field of nanoscience has shed light on the wide diversity of natural and anthropogenic sources of nano-scale particulates, raising concern as to their impacts on human health. Inhalation is the most robust route of entry, with nanoparticles (NPs) evading mucociliary clearance and depositing deep into the alveolar region. Yet, impacts from inhaled NPs are evident far outside the lung, particularly on the cardiovascular system and highly vascularized organs like the brain. Peripheral effects are partly explained by the translocation of some NPs from the lung into the circulation; however, other NPs largely confined to the lung are still accompanied by systemic outcomes. Omic research has only just begun to inform on the complex myriad of molecules released from the lung to the blood as byproducts of pulmonary pathology. These indirect mediators are diverse in their molecular make-up and activity in the periphery. The present review examines systemic outcomes attributed to pulmonary NP exposure and what is known about indirect pathological mediators released from the lung into the circulation. Further focus was directed to outcomes in the brain, a highly vascularized region susceptible to acute and longer-term outcomes. Findings here support the need for big-data toxicological studies to understand what drives these health outcomes and better predict, circumvent, and treat the potential health impacts arising from NP exposure scenarios.
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Fraser K, Hubbs A, Yanamala N, Mercer RR, Stueckle TA, Jensen J, Eye T, Battelli L, Clingerman S, Fluharty K, Dodd T, Casuccio G, Bunker K, Lersch TL, Kashon ML, Orandle M, Dahm M, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Kodali V, Erdely A. Histopathology of the broad class of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers used or produced in U.S. facilities in a murine model. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:47. [PMID: 34923995 PMCID: PMC8686255 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-walled carbon nanotubes and nanofibers (CNT/F) have been previously investigated for their potential toxicities; however, comparative studies of the broad material class are lacking, especially those with a larger diameter. Additionally, computational modeling correlating physicochemical characteristics and toxicity outcomes have been infrequently employed, and it is unclear if all CNT/F confer similar toxicity, including histopathology changes such as pulmonary fibrosis. Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 40 µg of one of nine CNT/F (MW #1-7 and CNF #1-2) commonly found in exposure assessment studies of U.S. facilities with diameters ranging from 6 to 150 nm. Human fibroblasts (0-20 µg/ml) were used to assess the predictive value of in vitro to in vivo modeling systems. RESULTS All materials induced histopathology changes, although the types and magnitude of the changes varied. In general, the larger diameter MWs (MW #5-7, including Mitsui-7) and CNF #1 induced greater histopathology changes compared to MW #1 and #3 while MW #4 and CNF #2 were intermediate in effect. Differences in individual alveolar or bronchiolar outcomes and severity correlated with physical dimensions and how the materials agglomerated. Human fibroblast monocultures were found to be insufficient to fully replicate in vivo fibrosis outcomes suggesting in vitro predictive potential depends upon more advanced cell culture in vitro models. Pleural penetrations were observed more consistently in CNT/F with larger lengths and diameters. CONCLUSION Physicochemical characteristics, notably nominal CNT/F dimension and agglomerate size, predicted histopathologic changes and enabled grouping of materials by their toxicity profiles. Particles of greater nominal tube length were generally associated with increased severity of histopathology outcomes. Larger particle lengths and agglomerates were associated with more severe bronchi/bronchiolar outcomes. Spherical agglomerated particles of smaller nominal tube dimension were linked to granulomatous inflammation while a mixture of smaller and larger dimensional CNT/F resulted in more severe alveolar injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Fraser
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Ann Hubbs
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Robert R. Mercer
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Todd A. Stueckle
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Jake Jensen
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Tracy Eye
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Lori Battelli
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Sidney Clingerman
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Kara Fluharty
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Tiana Dodd
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael L. Kashon
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Marlene Orandle
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Matthew Dahm
- Division of Field Studies Evaluation, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Mary K. Schubauer-Berigan
- Division of Field Studies Evaluation, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH USA
- International Agency for Research On Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Vamsi Kodali
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Aaron Erdely
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
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Mostovenko E, Dahm MM, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Eye T, Erdely A, Young TL, Campen MJ, Ottens AK. Serum peptidome: diagnostic window into pathogenic processes following occupational exposure to carbon nanomaterials. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:39. [PMID: 34711247 PMCID: PMC8555107 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing industrial use of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers (CNT/F) warrants consideration of human health outcomes. CNT/F produces pulmonary, cardiovascular, and other toxic effects in animals along with a significant release of bioactive peptides into the circulation, the augmented serum peptidome. While epidemiology among CNT/F workers reports on few acute symptoms, there remains concern over sub-clinical CNT/F effects that may prime for chronic disease, necessitating sensitive health outcome diagnostic markers for longitudinal follow-up. METHODS Here, the serum peptidome was assessed for its biomarker potential in detecting sub-symptomatic pathobiology among CNT/F workers using label-free data-independent mass spectrometry. Studies employed a stratified design between High (> 0.5 µg/m3) and Low (< 0.1 µg/m3) inhalable CNT/F exposures in the industrial setting. Peptide biomarker model building and refinement employed linear regression and partial least squared discriminant analyses. Top-ranked peptides were then sequence identified and evaluated for pathological-relevance. RESULTS In total, 41 peptides were found to be highly discriminatory after model building with a strong linear correlation to personal CNT/F exposure. The top-five peptide model offered ideal prediction with high accuracy (Q2 = 0.99916). Unsupervised validation affirmed 43.5% of the serum peptidomic variance was attributable to CNT/F exposure. Peptide sequence identification reveals a predominant association with vascular pathology. ARHGAP21, ADAM15 and PLPP3 peptides suggest heightened cardiovasculature permeability and F13A1, FBN1 and VWDE peptides infer a pro-thrombotic state among High CNT/F workers. CONCLUSIONS The serum peptidome affords a diagnostic window into sub-symptomatic pathology among CNT/F exposed workers for longitudinal monitoring of systemic health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Mostovenko
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Matthew M Dahm
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Avenue, MS-R12, Cincinnati, OH, 45226, USA
| | - Mary K Schubauer-Berigan
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Avenue, MS-R12, Cincinnati, OH, 45226, USA
- Evidence Synthesis and Classification Section, International Agency for Research On Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, CEDEX 08, France
| | - Tracy Eye
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Aaron Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Tamara L Young
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, MSC09 53601, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, MSC09 53601, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Andrew K Ottens
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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Young TL, Mostovenko E, Denson JL, Begay JG, Lucas SN, Herbert G, Zychowski K, Hunter R, Salazar R, Wang T, Fraser K, Erdely A, Ottens AK, Campen MJ. Pulmonary delivery of the broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor marimastat diminishes multiwalled carbon nanotube-induced circulating bioactivity without reducing pulmonary inflammation. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:34. [PMID: 34496918 PMCID: PMC8424988 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00427-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are an increasingly utilized engineered nanomaterial that pose the potential for significant risk of exposure-related health outcomes. The mechanism(s) underlying MWCNT-induced toxicity to extrapulmonary sites are still being defined. MWCNT-induced serum-borne bioactivity appears to dysregulate systemic endothelial cell function. The serum compositional changes after MWCNT exposure have been identified as a surge of fragmented endogenous peptides, likely derived from matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. In the present study, we utilize a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, Marimastat, along with a previously described oropharyngeal aspiration model of MWCNT administration to investigate the role of MMPs in MWCNT-derived serum peptide generation and endothelial bioactivity. RESULTS C57BL/6 mice were treated with Marimastat or vehicle by oropharyngeal aspiration 1 h prior to MWCNT treatment. Pulmonary neutrophil infiltration and total bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein increased independent of MMP blockade. The lung cytokine profile similarly increased following MWCNT exposure for major inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), with minimal impact from MMP inhibition. However, serum peptidomic analysis revealed differential peptide compositional profiles, with MMP blockade abrogating MWCNT-derived serum peptide fragments. The serum, in turn, exhibited differential potency in terms of inflammatory bioactivity when incubated with primary murine cerebrovascular endothelial cells. Serum from MWCNT-treated mice led to inflammatory responses in endothelial cells that were significantly blunted with serum from Marimastat-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Thus, MWCNT exposure induced pulmonary inflammation that was largely independent of MMP activity but generated circulating bioactive peptides through predominantly MMP-dependent pathways. This MWCNT-induced lung-derived bioactivity caused pathological consequences of endothelial inflammation and barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Young
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MSC09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Ekaterina Mostovenko
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Jesse L Denson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MSC09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Jessica G Begay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MSC09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Selita N Lucas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MSC09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Guy Herbert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MSC09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | | | - Russell Hunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MSC09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Raul Salazar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MSC09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kelly Fraser
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Aaron Erdely
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Andrew K Ottens
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MSC09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA.
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Møller P, Wils RS, Di Ianni E, Gutierrez CAT, Roursgaard M, Jacobsen NR. Genotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotube reference materials in mammalian cells and animals. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 788:108393. [PMID: 34893158 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were the first nanomaterials to be evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The categorization as possibly carcinogenic agent to humans was only applicable to multi-walled carbon nanotubes called MWCNT-7. Other types of CNTs were not classifiable because of missing data and it was not possible to pinpoint unique CNT characteristics that cause cancer. Importantly, the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) has established a repository of industrially manufactured nanomaterials that encompasses at least four well-characterized MWCNTs called NM-400 to NM-403 (original JRC code). This review summarizes the genotoxic effects of these JRC materials and MWCNT-7. The review consists of 36 publications with results on cell culture experiments (22 publications), animal models (9 publications) or both (5 publications). As compared to the publications in the IARC monograph on CNTs, the current database represents a significant increase as there is only an overlap of 8 publications. However, the results come mainly from cell cultures and/or measurements of DNA strand breaks by the comet assay and the micronucleus assay (82 out of 97 outcomes). A meta-analysis of cell culture studies on DNA strand breaks showed a genotoxic response by MWCNT-7, less consistent effect by NM-400 and NM-402, and least consistent effect by NM-401 and NM-403. Results from other in vitro tests indicate strongest evidence of genotoxicity for MWCNT-7. There are too few observations from animal models and humans to make general conclusions about genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Regitze Sølling Wils
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark; The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Emilio Di Ianni
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Claudia Andrea Torero Gutierrez
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark; The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Nicklas Raun Jacobsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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McCormick S, Niang M, Dahm MM. Occupational Exposures to Engineered Nanomaterials: a Review of Workplace Exposure Assessment Methods. Curr Environ Health Rep 2021; 8:223-234. [PMID: 34101152 PMCID: PMC10079776 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-021-00316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to consolidate exposure assessment methods for occupational research on engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) published within the past 5 years (2015-2020). RECENT FINDINGS The three ENMs that generated the highest volume of new research include titanium dioxide, graphene, and aluminum oxide. A multi-metric approach, using both online and offline instruments and analyses, has been found to be a useful method to characterize ENM workplace exposures and was commonly used in the recently published literature. Particle number concentration was the most common online exposure metric used, followed by the metrics of mass and surface area. There are currently no consensus methods for offline analyses of most ENMs. Researchers generally used gravimetric or elemental analyses for carbonaceous nanomaterials, titanium dioxide, and other nanometals, but there was little overlap between other ENM materials reviewed. Using biological markers of exposure, such as urinary oxidative stress biomarkers, as an indication of chronic exposure may also be useful for some ENMs and should be further researched. Generally, similar online instrumentation and offline electron microscopy methods were used for all ENMs. However, this consistency was not observed for offline mass analysis methods within specific ENMs. Consolidation of the most recent methods and results of exposure assessments within this broad material category can guide researchers toward future areas of study. Establishing consensus methods of exposure assessment for each individual ENM is crucial to characterizing workplace exposures, pooling data to fully understand their associated risks, and developing useful occupational exposure limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth McCormick
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45226, USA
| | - Mamadou Niang
- Professional Staffing Partners, 1008 Water Oak Dr SW, Aiken, SC, 29803, USA
| | - Matthew M Dahm
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45226, USA.
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Occupational Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Nanofibres: More Than a Cobweb. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030745. [PMID: 33809629 PMCID: PMC8002294 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are erroneously considered as singular material entities. Instead, they should be regarded as a heterogeneous class of materials bearing different properties eliciting particular biological outcomes both in vitro and in vivo. Given the pace at which the industrial production of CNTs/CNFs is increasing, it is becoming of utmost importance to acquire comprehensive knowledge regarding their biological activity and their hazardous effects in humans. Animal studies carried out by inhalation showed that some CNTs/CNFs species can cause deleterious effects such as inflammation and lung tissue remodeling. Their physico-chemical properties, biological behavior and biopersistence make them similar to asbestos fibers. Human studies suggest some mild effects in workers handling CNTs/CNFs. However, owing to their cross-sectional design, researchers have been as yet unable to firmly demonstrate a causal relationship between such an exposure and the observed effects. Estimation of acceptable exposure levels should warrant a proper risk management. The aim of this review is to challenge the conception of CNTs/CNFs as a single, unified material entity and prompt the establishment of standardized hazard and exposure assessment methodologies able to properly feed risk assessment and management frameworks.
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Barbarino M, Giordano A. Assessment of the Carcinogenicity of Carbon Nanotubes in the Respiratory System. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061318. [PMID: 33804168 PMCID: PMC7998467 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2014, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified the first type of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as possibly carcinogenic to humans, while in the case of other CNTs, it was not possible to ascertain their toxicity due to lack of evidence. Moreover, the physicochemical heterogeneity of this group of substances hamper any generalization on their toxicity. Here, we review the recent relevant toxicity studies produced after the IARC meeting in 2014 on an homogeneous group of CNTs, highlighting the molecular alterations that are relevant for the onset of mesothelioma. Methods: The literature was searched on PubMed and Web of Science for the period 2015-2020, using different combinations keywords. Only data on normal cells of the respiratory system after exposure to fully characterized CNTs for their physico-chemical characteristics were included. Recent studies indicate that CNTs induce a sustained inflammatory response, oxidative stress, fibrosis and histological alterations. The development of mesothelial hyperplasia, mesothelioma, and lungs tumors have been also described in vivo. The data support a strong inflammatory potential of CNTs, similar to that of asbestos, and provide evidence that CNTs exposure led to molecular alterations known to have a key role in mesothelioma onset. These evidences call for an urgent improvement of studies on exposed human populations and adequate systems for monitoring the health of workers exposed to this putative carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Barbarino
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Kyriakides TR, Raj A, Tseng TH, Xiao H, Nguyen R, Mohammed FS, Halder S, Xu M, Wu MJ, Bao S, Sheu WC. Biocompatibility of nanomaterials and their immunological properties. Biomed Mater 2021; 16:10.1088/1748-605X/abe5fa. [PMID: 33578402 PMCID: PMC8357854 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abe5fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) have revolutionized multiple aspects of medicine by enabling novel sensing, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches. Advancements in processing and fabrication have also allowed significant expansion in the applications of the major classes of NMs based on polymer, metal/metal oxide, carbon, liposome, or multi-scale macro-nano bulk materials. Concomitantly, concerns regarding the nanotoxicity and overall biocompatibility of NMs have been raised. These involve putative negative effects on both patients and those subjected to occupational exposure during manufacturing. In this review, we describe the current state of testing of NMs including those that are in clinical use, in clinical trials, or under development. We also discuss the cellular and molecular interactions that dictate their toxicity and biocompatibility. Specifically, we focus on the reciprocal interactions between NMs and host proteins, lipids, and sugars and how these induce responses in immune and other cell types leading to topical and/or systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themis R Kyriakides
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Arindam Raj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Tiffany H Tseng
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Hugh Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Ryan Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Farrah S Mohammed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Saiti Halder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Mengqing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Michelle J Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Shuozhen Bao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
| | - Wendy C Sheu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405, United States of America
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Fraser K, Kodali V, Yanamala N, Birch ME, Cena L, Casuccio G, Bunker K, Lersch TL, Evans DE, Stefaniak A, Hammer MA, Kashon ML, Boots T, Eye T, Hubczak J, Friend SA, Dahm M, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Siegrist K, Lowry D, Bauer AK, Sargent LM, Erdely A. Physicochemical characterization and genotoxicity of the broad class of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers used or produced in U.S. facilities. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:62. [PMID: 33287860 PMCID: PMC7720492 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00392-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers (CNT/F) have known toxicity but simultaneous comparative studies of the broad material class, especially those with a larger diameter, with computational analyses linking toxicity to their fundamental material characteristics was lacking. It was unclear if all CNT/F confer similar toxicity, in particular, genotoxicity. Nine CNT/F (MW #1-7 and CNF #1-2), commonly found in exposure assessment studies of U.S. facilities, were evaluated with reported diameters ranging from 6 to 150 nm. All materials were extensively characterized to include distributions of physical dimensions and prevalence of bundled agglomerates. Human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to the nine CNT/F (0-24 μg/ml) to determine cell viability, inflammation, cellular oxidative stress, micronuclei formation, and DNA double-strand breakage. Computational modeling was used to understand various permutations of physicochemical characteristics and toxicity outcomes. RESULTS Analyses of the CNT/F physicochemical characteristics illustrate that using detailed distributions of physical dimensions provided a more consistent grouping of CNT/F compared to using particle dimension means alone. In fact, analysis of binning of nominal tube physical dimensions alone produced a similar grouping as all characterization parameters together. All materials induced epithelial cell toxicity and micronuclei formation within the dose range tested. Cellular oxidative stress, DNA double strand breaks, and micronuclei formation consistently clustered together and with larger physical CNT/F dimensions and agglomerate characteristics but were distinct from inflammatory protein changes. Larger nominal tube diameters, greater lengths, and bundled agglomerate characteristics were associated with greater severity of effect. The portion of tubes with greater nominal length and larger diameters within a sample was not the majority in number, meaning a smaller percentage of tubes with these characteristics was sufficient to increase toxicity. Many of the traditional physicochemical characteristics including surface area, density, impurities, and dustiness did not cluster with the toxicity outcomes. CONCLUSION Distributions of physical dimensions provided more consistent grouping of CNT/F with respect to toxicity outcomes compared to means only. All CNT/F induced some level of genotoxicity in human epithelial cells. The severity of toxicity was dependent on the sample containing a proportion of tubes with greater nominal lengths and diameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Fraser
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Vamsi Kodali
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - M. Eileen Birch
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas E. Evans
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Aleksandr Stefaniak
- Repiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Mary Ann Hammer
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Michael L. Kashon
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Theresa Boots
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Tracy Eye
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - John Hubczak
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Sherri A. Friend
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Matthew Dahm
- Division of Field Studies Evaluation, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Mary K. Schubauer-Berigan
- Division of Field Studies Evaluation, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH USA
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Katelyn Siegrist
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - David Lowry
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Alison K. Bauer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Linda M. Sargent
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Aaron Erdely
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
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