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Kowatsch MM, Winter T, Oyugi J, Kimani J, Lajoie J, Aukema HM, Fowke KR. Acetylsalicylic acid inhibition of the lipoxygenase pathway: Implications for HIV prevention. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 174:106878. [PMID: 39084323 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1.5 million new HIV infections occurred in 2021, suggesting new prevention methods are needed. Inflammation increases the risk for HIV acquisition by attracting HIV target cells to the female genital tract (FGT). In a pilot study, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA/Aspirin) decreased the proportion of FGT HIV target cells by 35 %. However, the mechanism remains unknown. METHODS Women from Nairobi, Kenya took low-dose ASA (81 mg) daily for 6-weeks. Free oxylipins in the plasma were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy. RESULTS Oxylipins from 9 fatty acid substrates were detected, with more than one analyte from 4 substrates reduced post-ASA. Summary analysis found ASA downregulated cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase but not cytochrome P450 activity with a lower n-6/n-3 oxylipin profile, reflecting reduced inflammation post-ASA. CONCLUSIONS Inflammation is associated with increased lipoxygenase activity and HIV risk. Our data suggests ASA reduces inflammation through downregulation of oxylipins. Understanding how ASA reduces inflammation may lead to novel HIV prevention approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika M Kowatsch
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Tanja Winter
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Julius Oyugi
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya; University of Nairobi Institute for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi. Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Julie Lajoie
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Keith R Fowke
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Community Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Rincón DS, Flórez-Álvarez L, Taborda NA, Hernandez JC, Rugeles MT, Zapata-Builes W. NK cells from Men Who Have Sex with Men at high risk for HIV-1 infection exhibit higher effector capacity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16766. [PMID: 37798386 PMCID: PMC10556081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being under constant exposure to HIV-1, some individuals do not show serological or clinical evidence of infection and are known as HESN (HIV-Exposed Seronegative). Multiple studies in different HESN cohorts have linked the NK cells as a correlate of resistance; however, little is known about the role of these cells in Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) with high risk sexual behaviors. We evaluated a general overview of activation and effector features of NK cells of MSM co-cultured with LT CD4+ HIV+ in which MSM at high risk of HIV-1 infection (HR-MSM) exhibit higher capacity to eliminate infected cells, reduced percentages of CD69+ cells when compared to MSM at low risk of infection (LR-MSM). In addition, we found that, despite the lower levels of CD69+ NK cells on HR-MSM group, within this population, higher percentages of CD69+ IFN-γ+ and CD69+ NKG2D+ NK cells were found together with higher levels of RANTES and Granzyme B production with higher antiviral capacity, resulting in a lower concentration of p24 protein and p24+ CD4+ T cells. Altogether, this information suggests that NK cells of MSM could impact the capacity to face the viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Rincón
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, 050010, Colombia
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, 050016, Colombia
| | - Lizdany Flórez-Álvarez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, 050010, Colombia
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, 050016, Colombia
| | | | - Juan C Hernandez
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, 050016, Colombia
| | - María T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, 050010, Colombia
| | - Wildeman Zapata-Builes
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, 050010, Colombia.
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, 050016, Colombia.
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Transient Increases in Inflammation and Proapoptotic Potential Are Associated with the HESN Phenotype Observed in a Subgroup of Kenyan Female Sex Workers. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030471. [PMID: 35336878 PMCID: PMC8948937 DOI: 10.3390/v14030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) -stimulated genes (ISGs) are critical effectors of IFN response to viral infection, but whether ISG expression is a correlate of protection against HIV infection remains elusive. A well-characterized subcohort of Kenyan female sex workers, who, despite being repeatedly exposed to HIV-1 remain seronegative (HESN), exhibit reduced baseline systemic and mucosal immune activation. This study tested the hypothesis that regulation of ISGs in the cells of HESN potentiates a robust antiviral response against HIV. Transcriptional profile of a panel of ISGs with antiviral function in PBMC and isolated CD4+ T cells from HESN and non-HESN sex worker controls were defined following exogenous IFN-stimulation using relative RT-qPCR. This study identified a unique profile of proinflammatory and proapoptotic ISGs with robust but transient responses to exogenous IFN-γ and IFN-α2 in HESN cells. In contrast, the non-HESN cells had a strong and prolonged proinflammatory ISG profile at baseline and following IFN challenge. Potential mechanisms may include augmented bystander apoptosis due to increased TRAIL expression (16-fold), in non-HESN cells. The study also identified two negative regulators of ISG induction associated with the HESN phenotype. Robust upregulation of SOCS-1 and IRF-1, in addition to HDM2, could contribute to the strict regulation of proinflammatory and proapoptotic ISGs in HESN cells. As reducing IRF-1 in the non-HESN cells resulted in the identified HESN ISG profile, and decreased HIV susceptibility, the unique HESN ISG profile could be a correlate of protection against HIV infection.
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Saulle I, Marventano I, Saresella M, Vanetti C, Garziano M, Fenizia C, Trabattoni D, Clerici M, Biasin M. ERAPs Reduce In Vitro HIV Infection by Activating Innate Immune Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1609-1617. [PMID: 33619214 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human (rh) ERAP2-treated PBMCs are less susceptible to in vitro HIV-1 infection even when CD8+ T cells are depleted. We therefore investigated whether ERAP2 can trigger other immunocompetent cells, boosting their antiviral potential. To this end, human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) differentiated from PBMCs of 15 healthy donors were in vitro HIV-1 infected in the presence/absence of 100 ng/ml of rhERAP2, rhERAP1, or rhERAP1+rhERAP2. Notably, rhERAP2 treatment resulted in a 7-fold reduction of HIV-1 replication in MDMs (p < 0.05). This antiviral activity was associated with an increased mRNA expression of CD80, IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α (p < 0.01 for cytokine) in in vitro ERAP2-treated HIV-1-infected MDMs and a greater release of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 (p < 0.01 for each cytokine). The rhERAPs addition also induced the functional inflammasome activation by ASC speck formation in monocytes (p < 0.01) and in THP1-derived macrophages (p < 0.01) as well as a rise in the percentage of activated classical (CD14+CD16-HLA-DRII+CCR7+) and intermediate (CD14++CD16+HLA-DRII+CCR7+) monocytes (p < 0.02). Finally, THP-1-derived macrophages showed an increased phagocytosis following all ERAPs treatments. The discovery that ERAPs are able to trigger several antiviral mechanisms in monocyte/macrophages suggests that their anti-HIV potential is not limited to their canonical role in Ag presentation and CD8+ T cell activation. These findings pose the premise to further investigate the role of ERAPs in both innate and adaptive immunostimulatory pathways and suggest their potential use in novel preventive and therapeutic approaches against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco," University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; and
| | | | | | - Claudia Vanetti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco," University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; and
| | - Micaela Garziano
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco," University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco," University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; and
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco," University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; and.,Fondazione IRCCS Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco," University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
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Clerici M. Understanding the Struggle Between Viruses and the Immune System: A Quintessential Grand Challenge. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2021; 1. [DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2021.671745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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HIV-Exposed Seronegative Sex Workers Express Low T-Cell Activation and an Intact Ectocervical Tissue Microenvironment. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030217. [PMID: 33806390 PMCID: PMC7998094 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological correlates of natural resistance to HIV have been identified in HIV-exposed seronegative (HESN) individuals and include a low-inflammatory genital mucosal status. The cervicovaginal epithelium has not been studied for such correlates despite constituting an important barrier against sexual HIV transmission. To fill this gap in knowledge, we collected samples of blood, cervical mononuclear cells, cervicovaginal lavage, and ectocervical tissue from Kenyan HESN sex workers (n = 29) and controls (n = 33). The samples were analyzed by flow cytometry, protein profiling, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, in situ image analysis, and tissue-based RNA sequencing. A significantly higher relative proportion of regulatory T cells in blood (B7+CD25hiFoxP3+CD127loCD4+ and B7+Helios+FoxP3+CD4+), and a significantly lower proportion of activated cervical T cells (CCR5+CD69+CD4+ and CCR5+CD69+CD8+), were found in the HESN group compared with the controls. In contrast, there were no statistically significant differences between the study groups in cervicovaginal protein and microbiome compositions, ectocervical epithelial thickness, E-cadherin expression, HIV receptor expression, and tissue RNA transcriptional profiles. The identification of an intact ectocervical microenvironment in HESN individuals add new data to current knowledge about natural resistance to sexual transmission of HIV.
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Nunziata F, Poeta M, Vassallo E, Continisio GI, Lo Vecchio A, Guarino A, Bruzzese E. No Spread of SARS-CoV-2 From Infected Symptomatic Children to Parents: A Prospective Cohort Study in a Controlled Hospital Setting. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:720084. [PMID: 34414146 PMCID: PMC8369826 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.720084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The transmission rates severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from children to adults are unclear due to a lack of controlled conditions. Materials and Methods: We investigated the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission among 12 discordant child-parent pairs in our ward. In each hospital isolation room, caregivers and children lived in close contact during the entire hospitalization period. Results: A total of 136 swab-positive children (mean age, 3.6 ± 4.9 median age, 1; IQR 0-6.2, range 0.1-17) attended by their caregivers were hospitalized. Of those, 12/136 (8.8%, mean age, 6.1 ± 5.3 median age, 4.5) were attended by caregivers who were swab and serology negative at admission despite previous close contact with positive children at home. Three children were completely dependent on their mothers, one of whom was being breastfed. The mean duration of overall exposure to the index case was 20.5 ± 8.2 days. Conclusion: None of the infected children transmitted SARS-CoV-2 infection to their caregivers, raising the hypothesis of a cluster of resistant mothers or of limited transmission from children to adults despite prolonged exposure and close contact. These data might provide reassurance regarding school openings and offer the chance of investigating SARS-CoV-2 variants in the future under the same quasi-experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nunziata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Poeta
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vassallo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Lo Vecchio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Guarino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Eugenia Bruzzese
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first reported more than 30 years ago among homosexuals in the United States. The epidemiology of this disease indicates that there are three modes of transmission: Blood, mother-to-child, and sexual contact transmission. The pathogen of AIDS is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), primarily HIV-1. HIV-1 could not break through the structurally and functionally integral skin, and primarily invades the human body through the mucosa irrespective of their integrity. Therefore, the mucosae are the natural transmission routes for HIV-1. The mucosae involved in HIV-1 transmission include the mucosae of the gastrointestinal tract and the urogenital tract. The risks of HIV-1 transmission vary significantly between mucosal sites and individuals, and are associated with mucosal integrity, abundance of target cells, immune status of the host, commensal microbes, and host genetic background. Many factors are closely related to the barrier function of the mucosa, and studies on their roles in HIV-1 invasion could promote the prevention and control of mucosal transmission of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Bo Yang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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