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Kiernan DP, O’Doherty JV, Sweeney T. The Effect of Maternal Probiotic or Synbiotic Supplementation on Sow and Offspring Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Health, and Performance. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2996. [PMID: 37835602 PMCID: PMC10571980 DOI: 10.3390/ani13192996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens has prompted the reduction in antibiotic and antimicrobial use in commercial pig production. This has led to increased research efforts to identify alternative dietary interventions to support the health and development of the pig. The crucial role of the GIT microbiota in animal health and performance is becoming increasingly evident. Hence, promoting an improved GIT microbiota, particularly the pioneer microbiota in the young pig, is a fundamental focus. Recent research has indicated that the sow's GIT microbiota is a significant contributor to the development of the offspring's microbiota. Thus, dietary manipulation of the sow's microbiota with probiotics or synbiotics, before farrowing and during lactation, is a compelling area of exploration. This review aims to identify the potential health benefits of maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation to both the sow and her offspring and to explore their possible modes of action. Finally, the results of maternal sow probiotic and synbiotic supplementation studies are collated and summarized. Maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation offers an effective strategy to modulate the sow's microbiota and thereby enhance the formation of a health-promoting pioneer microbiota in the offspring. In addition, this strategy can potentially reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the sow and her offspring, enhance the immune potential of the milk, the immune system development in the offspring, and the sow's feed intake during lactation. Although many studies have used probiotics in the maternal sow diet, the most effective probiotic or probiotic blends remain unclear. To this extent, further direct comparative investigations using different probiotics are warranted to advance the current understanding in this area. Moreover, the number of investigations supplementing synbiotics in the maternal sow diet is limited and is an area where further exploration is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon P. Kiernan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - John V. O’Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
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2
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Ghazisaeedi F, Meens J, Hansche B, Maurischat S, Schwerk P, Goethe R, Wieler LH, Fulde M, Tedin K. A virulence factor as a therapeutic: the probiotic Enterococcus faecium SF68 arginine deiminase inhibits innate immune signaling pathways. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2106105. [PMID: 35921516 PMCID: PMC9351580 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2106105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The probiotic bacterial strain Enterococcus faecium SF68 has been shown to alleviate symptoms of intestinal inflammation in human clinical trials and animal feed supplementation studies. To identify factors involved in immunomodulatory effects on host cells, E. faecium SF68 and other commensal and clinical Enterococcus isolates were screened using intestinal epithelial cell lines harboring reporter fusions for NF-κB and JNK(AP-1) activation to determine the responses of host cell innate immune signaling pathways when challenged with bacterial protein and cell components. Cell-free, whole-cell lysates of E. faecium SF68 showed a reversible, inhibitory effect on both NF-κB and JNK(AP-1) signaling pathway activation in intestinal epithelial cells and abrogated the response to bacterial and other Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. The inhibitory effect was species-specific, and was not observed for E. avium, E. gallinarum, or E. casseliflavus. Screening of protein fractions of E. faecium SF68 lysates yielded an active fraction containing a prominent protein identified as arginine deiminase (ADI). The E. faecium SF68 arcA gene encoding arginine deiminase was cloned and introduced into E. avium where it conferred the same NF-κB inhibitory effects on intestinal epithelial cells as seen for E. faecium SF68. Our results indicate that the arginine deiminase of E. faecium SF68 is responsible for inhibition of host cell NF-κB and JNK(AP-1) pathway activation, and is likely to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects observed in prior clinical human and animal trials. The implications for the use of this probiotic strain for preventive and therapeutic purposes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Ghazisaeedi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Meens
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bianca Hansche
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Sanofi-AventisGmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Maurischat
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany,German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Schwerk
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Goethe
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar H. Wieler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Tedin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany,CONTACT Karsten Tedin Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse7, Berlin14163Germany
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Kim YJ, Cho SB, Song MH, Lee SI, Hong SM, Yun W, Lee JH, Oh HJ, Chang SY, An JW, Go YB, Song DC, Cho HA, Kim HB, Cho JH. Effects of different Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis
ratios on nutrient digestibility, fecal microflora, and gas emissions of growing
pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:291-301. [PMID: 35530405 PMCID: PMC9039954 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different mixing
ratios of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus
subtilis in diets on nutrient digestibility, fecal microflora, and
odor gas emissions of growing pigs. A total of four crossbred ([Landrace
× Yorkshire] × Duroc) barrows with average body weight (BW) of
41.2 ± 0.7 kg were randomly allotted four diets over four periods in a 4
× 4 Latin square design. Treatments were as follows: Control (CON, basal
diet), CON + 0.2% probiotic complex (L4S6, B. licheniformis and
B. subtilis at a 4:6 ratio), CON + 0.2% probiotic complex
(L5S5, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis at a
5:5 ratio), CON + 0.2% probiotic complex (L6S4, B.
licheniformis and B. subtilis at a 6:4 ratio).
Dietary probiotic supplementation showed higher crude protein (CP) digestibility
values and lower Escherichia coli counts in fecal samples than
the CON group (p < 0.05). There was no significant
difference in NH3 or H2S emission until day 3. The
positive effect of H2S and NH3 emissions was detected
earlier with the L4S6 and L5S5 compared to the L6S4, which had a lower ratio of
B. subtilis. Both the L4S6 and L5S5 probiotic complexes
significantly decreased the fecal H2S and NH3 emission in
days 4 and 6 (p < 0.05). On day 7, all probiotic
complexes decreased (p < 0.05) H2S and
NH3 emissions than the CON group. Our results agreed that the
dietary supplementation of Bacillus licheniformis and
Bacillus subtilis complexes in growing pigs can
significantly improve CP digestibility and reduce fecal E. coli
counts, NH3 and H2S emissions. Notably, the higher mixing
ratio of Bacillus subtilis in probiotic supplementation is more
effective in reducing the odor of manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ju Kim
- Division of Food and Animal Science,
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sung Bo Cho
- Traditional Mongolian Medicine Research
Institute, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities,
Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Min Ho Song
- Department of Animal Science and
Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | - Sung Il Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Science,
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | | | - Won Yun
- Woosung Feed Co., Ltd.,
Daejeon 34379, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Science,
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Han Jin Oh
- Division of Food and Animal Science,
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Se Yeon Chang
- Division of Food and Animal Science,
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jae Woo An
- Division of Food and Animal Science,
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Young Bin Go
- Division of Food and Animal Science,
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Dong Cheol Song
- Division of Food and Animal Science,
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science,
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science,
Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Corresponding author: Hyeun Bum Kim, Department of
Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea. Tel:
+82-41-550-3653, E-mail:
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science,
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Corresponding author: Jin Ho Cho, Division of Food
and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea. Tel:
+82-43-261-2544, E-mail:
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Lin WY, Kuo YW, Chen CW, Huang YF, Hsu CH, Lin JH, Liu CR, Chen JF, Hsia KC, Ho HH. Viable and Heat-Killed Probiotic Strains Improve Oral Immunity by Elevating the IgA Concentration in the Oral Mucosa. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3541-3549. [PMID: 34345965 PMCID: PMC8363536 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oral-nasal mucosal immunity plays a crucial role in protecting the body against bacterial and viral invasion. Safe probiotic products have been used to enhance human immunity and oral health. In this study, we verified the beneficial effects of mixed viable probiotic tablets, consisting of Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-32, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CP-9, and Lactobacillus paracasei ET-66, and heat-killed probiotic tablets, consisting of L. salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-32 and L. paracasei ET-66, on oral immunity among 45 healthy participants. Participants were randomly divided into viable probiotic, heat-killed probiotic, and placebo groups. The administration of treatment lasted for 4 weeks. Saliva samples were collected at Weeks 0, 2, 4, and 6, and Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus mutans populations and IgA concentration were measured. IgA concentrations, levels of TGF-beta and IL-10 in PBMCs cells were quantified by ELISA method. Results showed that salivary IgA levels were significantly increased on administration of both the viable (119.30 ± 12.63%, ***P < 0.001) and heat-killed (116.78 ± 12.28%, ***P < 0.001) probiotics for 4 weeks. Among three probiotic strains, AP-32 would effectively increase the levels of TGF-beta and IL-10 in PBMCs. The oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans was significantly reduced on viable probiotic tablet administration (49.60 ± 31.01%, ***P < 0.001). The in vitro antibacterial test confirmed that viable probiotics effectively limited the survival rate of oral pathogens. Thus, this clinical pilot study demonstrated that oral probiotic tablets both in viable form or heat-killed form could exert beneficial effects on oral immunity via IL-10, TGB-beta mediated IgA secretion. The effective dosage of viable probiotic content in the oral tablet was 109 CFUs/g and the heat-killed oral tablet was 1 × 1010 cells/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yang Lin
- Department of Research and Design, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., 4F.C2, No. 17, Guoji Rd, Xinshi Dist, Tainan City, 744, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wei Kuo
- Department of Research and Design, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., 4F.C2, No. 17, Guoji Rd, Xinshi Dist, Tainan City, 744, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wei Chen
- Department of Research and Design, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., 4F.C2, No. 17, Guoji Rd, Xinshi Dist, Tainan City, 744, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Huang
- Department of Research and Design, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., 4F.C2, No. 17, Guoji Rd, Xinshi Dist, Tainan City, 744, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hung Hsu
- Department of Research and Design, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., 4F.C2, No. 17, Guoji Rd, Xinshi Dist, Tainan City, 744, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hung Lin
- Department of Research and Design, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., 4F.C2, No. 17, Guoji Rd, Xinshi Dist, Tainan City, 744, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ruei Liu
- Department of Research and Design, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., 4F.C2, No. 17, Guoji Rd, Xinshi Dist, Tainan City, 744, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Fen Chen
- Department of Research and Design, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., 4F.C2, No. 17, Guoji Rd, Xinshi Dist, Tainan City, 744, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chiang Hsia
- Department of Research and Design, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., 4F.C2, No. 17, Guoji Rd, Xinshi Dist, Tainan City, 744, Taiwan
| | - Hsieh-Hsun Ho
- Department of Research and Design, Bioflag Biotech Co., Ltd., 4F.C2, No. 17, Guoji Rd, Xinshi Dist, Tainan City, 744, Taiwan.
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5
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Becker SL, Li Q, Burrough ER, Kenne D, Sahin O, Gould SA, Patience JF. Effects of an F18 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge on growth performance, immunological status, and gastrointestinal structure of weaned pigs and the potential protective effect of direct-fed microbial blends. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5821140. [PMID: 32300795 PMCID: PMC7228676 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the impact of an F18 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) challenge on growth performance, aspects of intestinal function, and selected immune responses of piglets, as well as to evaluate potential protective effects of direct-fed microbial (DFM) blends. Seventy-two weaned piglets (6.4 ± 0.2 kg body weight [BW]; ~21 d of age) were assigned to one of four treatments: 1) NC: Nonchallenged (n = 10), 2) positive challenged control (PC): F18 ETEC-challenged (n = 10), 3) PC + DFM1 (n = 8; three strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens; 7.5 × 105 colony-forming units [cfu]/g), or 4) PC + DFM2 (n=8; 2 strains of B. amyloliquefaciens and one strain of Bacillus subtilis; 1.5 × 105 cfu/g). Feed intake and BW were recorded on day 0, 7, and 17. Pigs were sham-infected either with 6 mL phosphate-buffered saline or inoculated with 6 mL F18 ETEC (~1.9 × 109 cfu/mL) on day 7 (0 d postinoculation [dpi]). All ETEC-challenged pigs were confirmed to be genetically susceptible to F18. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the 17-d trial. Fecal scores were visually ranked and rectal temperatures were recorded daily. To evaluate ETEC shedding, fecal swabs were collected on dpi 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10. Blood samples were collected on dpi 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, and 10. Ileal tissues were collected at necropsy on dpi 10. All challenged treatments had lower final BW, decreased average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) during the 10-d postchallenge period (P < 0.01). The DFM2 treatment increased E. coli shedding on dpi 2 and decreased iton dpi 7 (P < 0.05) compared with the PC. Rectal temperature decreased across all challenged treatments (P < 0.01). Ileal mRNA abundance of occludin (OCLN) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) decreased in PC and DFM1 compared with NC (P < 0.05). Pigs fed DFM2 had intermediate ileal mRNA abundance of OCLN and increased ZO-1 mRNA compared with pigs in PC (P < 0.05). Interleukin 8 (IL-8) increased in the plasma of PC and DFM2 on dpi 2 compared with NC (P < 0.05). Mucosal IL-8 increased in PC compared with NC (P < 0.05). All challenged treatments tended to have elevated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA abundance compared with NC (P < 0.10). Challenged pigs had reduced secretory immunoglobulin A and villus height compared with NC pigs (P < 0.05). The impact of an ETEC challenge on intestinal function and the immune system has been revealed, information critical to developing improved treatment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qingyun Li
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Danielle Kenne
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Stacie A Gould
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - John F Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Aluthge ND, Van Sambeek DM, Carney-Hinkle EE, Li YS, Fernando SC, Burkey TE. BOARD INVITED REVIEW: The pig microbiota and the potential for harnessing the power of the microbiome to improve growth and health1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3741-3757. [PMID: 31250899 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of microorganisms inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of animals including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Pioneers in gut microbiology have stressed the critical importance of diet:microbe interactions and how these interactions may contribute to health status. As scientists have overcome the limitations of culture-based microbiology, the importance of these interactions has become more clear even to the extent that the gut microbiota has emerged as an important immunologic and metabolic organ. Recent advances in metagenomics and metabolomics have helped scientists to demonstrate that interactions among the diet, the gut microbiota, and the host to have profound effects on animal health and disease. However, although scientists have now accumulated a great deal of data with respect to what organisms comprise the gastrointestinal landscape, there is a need to look more closely at causative effects of the microbiome. The objective of this review is intended to provide: 1) a review of what is currently known with respect to the dynamics of microbial colonization of the porcine gastrointestinal tract; 2) a review of the impact of nutrient:microbe effects on growth and health; 3) examples of the therapeutic potential of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics; and 4) a discussion about what the future holds with respect to microbiome research opportunities and challenges. Taken together, by considering what is currently known in the four aforementioned areas, our overarching goal is to set the stage for narrowing the path towards discovering how the porcine gut microbiota (individually and collectively) may affect specific host phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosh D Aluthge
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | | | | | - Yanshuo S Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | | | - Thomas E Burkey
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
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Lan R, Kim I. Enterococcus faecium supplementation in sows during gestation and lactation improves the performance of sucking piglets. Vet Med Sci 2019; 6:92-99. [PMID: 31769224 PMCID: PMC7036309 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Enterococcus faecium DSM 7,134 supplementation on the performance of sows and their litters. A total of 15 primiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly divided into three treatments with five replicates. Dietary treatments were: CON, basal diet; E1, CON + 0.025% E. faecium; E2, CON + 0.05% E. faecium. No significant differences were observed on body weight and feed intake of lactating sows with E. faecium supplementation, but linearly increased the sow apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and gross energy (GE; p < .05), and decreased piglets pre-weaning mortality (p < .05). Piglets from E. faecium-supplemented sows linearly increased weaning weight, average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed ratio (p < .05), as well as linearly decreased diarrhoea score (p < .05) in the first weaning week. Piglets from E. faecium-supplemented sows linearly increased faecal Lactobacillus and Enterococci counts (p < .05), while linearly decreased faecal Escherichia coli counts (p < .05) after weaning. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of E. faecium improved the ATTD of DM, N and GE in lactating sows, as well as improved body weight, ADG and shifted faecal microbiota in their litters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Lan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan,, Choongnam, South Korea
| | - Inho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan,, Choongnam, South Korea
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8
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Wang K, Ran L, Yan T, Niu Z, Kan Z, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Xie L, Huang S, Yu Q, Wu D, Song Z. Anti-TGEV Miller Strain Infection Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum Supernatant Based on the JAK-STAT1 Signaling Pathway. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2540. [PMID: 31781061 PMCID: PMC6851170 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE), caused by transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), is one many gastrointestinal inflections in piglets, characterized by diarrhea, and high mortality. Probiotics are ubiquitous bacteria in animal intestines, which have many functions, such as promoting intestinal peristalsis and maintaining the intestinal balance. We found that the supernatant of the Lp-1 strain of Lactobacillus plantarum, isolated in our laboratory, and named Lp-1s had marked anti-TGEV effect on IPEC-J2 cells. Lp-1s could induce large amounts of interferon-β in IPEC-J2 cells in the early stage (6 h) of infection with TGEV, and increased the level of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription and its nuclear translocation in the late stage (24–48 h) of infection. This resulted in upregulated expression of interferon-stimulated genes, and increased the transcription and protein expression of antiviral proteins, resulting in an anti-TGEV effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Ran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Medical College of Animals, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Zheng Niu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zifei Kan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiling Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luyi Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shilei Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiuhan Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenhui Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Jiang Q, Adebowale TO, Tian J, Yin Y, Yao K. Effects of dietary alpha-ketoglutarate on bacteria profiles in the faeces of lactating sows and their suckling piglets. Arch Anim Nutr 2019; 74:39-56. [PMID: 31552757 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2019.1639443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) on the faecal bacteria composition of suckling piglets after supplementation of AKG to the diet of lactating sows. After farrowing, the sows were assigned to either a normal lactation diet (control group, n = 12) or a diet supplemented with 0.25% AKG (AKG group, n = 12) based on body weight (BW) and parity. During the 21-d suckling period, BW and diarrhoea occurrences of piglets were recorded daily, while faeces were sampled weekly from sows and piglets. The levels of pH, ammonia, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and lactate in the faeces of piglets were determined. In particular, bacteria profiles in faeces of sows and their suckling piglets were examined by Illumina sequencing. The results showed that the AKG diet altered the faecal bacteria composition in sows during the 21-d lactation period, leading to increases (p < 0.05) in the abundances of genera Prevotella, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides and Methanobrevibacter, but decreases (p < 0.05) in the abundances of genera Oscillospira and Dorea. AKG supplement to the sows during lactation indirectly enhanced (p < 0.05) bacterial richness and SCFA levels (especially, acetate) in the faeces of piglets during the 21-d suckling period. It is suggested that maternal AKG supplementation alters the composition of faecal bacteria in the sows, and increases the faecal bacteria richness and acetate levels in the piglets, which might be associated with an enhanced growth performance of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tolulope Oluwadamilare Adebowale
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Junquan Tian
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Kang Yao
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, P.R. China
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10
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11
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Toward rational selection criteria for selection of probiotics in pigs. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 107:83-112. [PMID: 31128749 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An accurate understanding of properties of probiotics is a prerequisite for selecting probiotic organisms for use in swine production. This review aims to review selection criteria for probiotic organism in swine. The systematically investigated ecological history rather than the source of isolates should be regarded as the natural origin of probiotic strains, which helps to correct the inconsistencies arising from incorrect identification of the source. Moreover, in vivo studies are suggested as follow-up assessment to validate the characteristics of probiotic predicted by in vitro experiments. In addition, the intended probiotic effect depends on the age of the animal and disease prevention in young animals may require different probiotic strains when compared to growth promotion in older animals. With adequate selection criteria, the inclusion of probiotic in feed supplementation is a promising way to exert positive effects on sows, newborns, weanling animals and grower-finisher pigs. Both host-adapted probiotics and nomadic probiotics can be applied for pathogen inhibition but host adapted organisms appear to have a different mode of action. Host-adapted probiotic strains are likely to be associated with exclusive colonization while the nomadic or environmental strain exert better immune stimulating functions. Strains with potent enzymatic activity are fitter for grower pigs favoring feed digestion and enhancing growth performance.
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12
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Effects of Newly Developed Synbiotic and Commercial Probiotic Products on The Haematological Indices, Serum Cytokines, Acute Phase Proteins Concentration, and Serum Immunoglobulins Amount in Sows and Growing Pigs - A Pilot Study. J Vet Res 2018; 62:317-328. [PMID: 30584611 PMCID: PMC6296002 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the study was to determine the effects of supplementation of sows' and growing pigs' diets with three newly developed synbiotic and two extant commercial probiotic products on selected immune parameters under field conditions. Material and Methods The study was performed on 30 sows and 48 piglets of the Danbred breed. Immune parameters such as concentration and proportion of white blood cells and their subpopulations, immunoglobulins amount in serum, and serum concentration of cytokines and acute phase proteins were recorded with the use of a haematology analyser and ELISA kits. Results No significant differences between treatment groups and controls were found with regard to the immune parameters evaluated except for serum immunoglobulin concentration, which was significantly increased by synbiotic products B and C and probiotic product D. Conclusion The results of the study indicate that the synbiotic products B and C and probiotic product D are worthy of further investigation as promising candidates to improve the immune status of healthy sows and their offspring.
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13
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Poulsen ASR, de Jonge N, Nielsen JL, Højberg O, Lauridsen C, Cutting SM, Canibe N. Impact of Bacillus spp. spores and gentamicin on the gastrointestinal microbiota of suckling and newly weaned piglets. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207382. [PMID: 30481191 PMCID: PMC6258502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Administrating antibiotics to young piglets may have short- and long-term consequences on the gut microbiota. We hypothesised that these consequences may be alleviated by concurrent probiotic administration. The study objective was to investigate the effect of administrating gentamicin and a mixture of Bacillus (B.) licheniformis, B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaeceans spores on the gut microbiota of piglets pre- and post-weaning. Twenty-four sows and their litters were randomly allocated to four treatment groups receiving; a) Bacillus spore mixture (six B. subtilis, two B. amyloliquefaeceans, and one B. licheniformis) fed to sows and piglets (PRO); b) gentamicin (5 mg per day) administered to piglets on day 4, 5, and 6 of age (AB); c) Bacillus spore mixture fed to sows and piglets, and gentamicin to piglets (PRO+AB); or d) no administration of probiotics or antibiotics (CTRL). Faecal and digesta samples were collected repeatedly during the study. Selected samples were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing, culture counts, and organic acid, biogenic amine and tissue gene expression analysis. Treatment had a significant effect on the faecal microbial community composition on day 28 and 42, and colonic community on day 28. Faecal species richness (observed and estimated) and Shannon index, and colonic species richness, were higher in AB compared to PRO piglets on day 28, and were not significantly different from day 42. PRO piglets had the highest faecal concentration of iso-butyric acid on day 7 and a higher butyric acid concentration compared to CTRL piglets. We conclude that gentamicin and Bacillus spores influence the gut microbial diversity of piglets, although administration of gentamicin did not result in dysbiosis as hypothesised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Sofie Riis Poulsen
- Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Nadieh de Jonge
- Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Lund Nielsen
- Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ole Højberg
- Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Lauridsen
- Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Simon M. Cutting
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nuria Canibe
- Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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14
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Ma T, Suzuki Y, Guan LL. Dissect the mode of action of probiotics in affecting host-microbial interactions and immunity in food producing animals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 205:35-48. [PMID: 30459000 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prophylactic antimicrobials have been widely used in food animal production with the aim to prevent infectious diseases, enhance feed efficiency, and promote growth. However, the extensive use of antimicrobials in food animal production systems has led to the emergence of antimicrobial resistant pathogens, which are potential threats to human and animal health. Probiotics have been proposed to be a promising alternative of prophylactic antimicrobials, with potential beneficial effects on the host animal by improving the balance of intestinal microbiota and host immunity. Although an increasing body of evidence shows that probiotics could directly or indirectly affect gut microbiota and host immune functions, the lack of the understanding of how probiotics influence host-microbial interaction and immunity is one of the reasons for controversial findings from many animal trials, especially in food production animals. Therefore, in this review we focused on the most recent (last ten years) studies on how gut microbiota and host immune function changes in response to probiotics in food production animals (swine, poultry, and ruminant). In addition, the relationship between microbial changes and host immune function was illustrated, and how such relationship differs among animal species was further compared. Moreover, the future directions concerning the mechanisms of how probiotics modulate host-microbial interactions and host immunity were highlighted, which may assist in the optimal supplementation strategy to maximize the efficacy of probiotics to improve animal gut health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Laboratory of Animal Function and Nutrition, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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15
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Abstract
Abstract
The use of probiotics as alternatives to antibiotics for farm animals is gaining more and more interest during recent years. Probiotics are living microorganisms that provide a wide variety of health benefits to the host when ingested in adequate amounts. The bacterial strains most frequently used as probiotic agents are Bacillus, lactic acid bacteria, Enterococcus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has been suggested that multi-strain probiotics might be more effective than mono-strain probiotics due to the additive and synergistic effects, and many previous studies demonstrated that dietary complex probiotics supplementation had growth promoting effects on pigs. However, the effect of complex probiotics in practice is not always consistent, the effect of probiotic could be affected by strain composition, dosage, feed formula, and the age of animals. In this review, we will give an overview on the current use of complex probiotics for weaning, growing and finishing pigs and sows.
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16
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Effect of Postpartum Endocrine Function, Metabolism, and Mastitis on Fertility in High-Yielding Cows – A Review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2018-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Decreasing fertility in dairy cows, especially in the highest yielders, may be due to excessive metabolic burdens placed on their bodies. Many authors attribute decreasing reproductive efficiency in high-yielding cows to energy deficiencies in early lactation and to associated metabolic and hormonal disorders. The complexity of the issues involved in the efficient reproductive management of cows and the scientifically and practically important understanding of factors affecting fertility in high-producing cows mandate continuous updating of existing knowledge. The aim of this study was to present the effect of postpartum endocrine function, metabolism, and mastitis on fertility in high-yielding cows. Gaining insight into these mechanisms and their relationships with factors such as nutrition and milk yield appears to be crucial for improving dairy cow fertility.
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17
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Roselli M, Pieper R, Rogel-Gaillard C, de Vries H, Bailey M, Smidt H, Lauridsen C. Immunomodulating effects of probiotics for microbiota modulation, gut health and disease resistance in pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Seghouani H, Garcia-Rangel CE, Füller J, Gauthier J, Derome N. Walleye Autochthonous Bacteria as Promising Probiotic Candidates against Flavobacterium columnare. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1349. [PMID: 28769909 PMCID: PMC5513935 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Walleye (Sander vitreus) is the second most fished freshwater species in Canada. While much sought by anglers, walleye also supports substantial commercial fisheries. To cope with the recent decline of wild walleye populations, fish farmers produce juveniles for lake stocking. However, walleye breeding is particularly tedious, mostly due to high disease susceptibility at larval and juvenile developmental stages. The main threat is the columnaris disease, which is caused by Flavobacterium columnare, an opportunistic bacteria. As F. columnare strains exhibit increasing antibiotic resistance, there is a strong need to develop efficient and sustainable alternative strategies to control columnaris disease. Bacterial probiotics have been shown to mitigate infections either by enhancing host immune response or by inhibiting pathogen growth. Being successfully assessed in many fish/pathogen combinations, we developed a tailored probiotic strategy for walleye to prevent and treat columnaris disease. Thirty-seven endogenous bacterial strains were isolated from healthy walleye’s skin and gut, were tested in vitro against F. columnare. Significant antagonistic effect against F. columnare was measured for 2 out of 37 endogenous strains. These two probiotic strains were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens. The antagonistic effect of these two successful probiotics was further validated in vivo during a 2-month stress trial: groups receiving probiotic treatments showed on average 53.74% survival improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Seghouani
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, QuebecQC, Canada
| | - Carlos-Enrique Garcia-Rangel
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, QuebecQC, Canada.,Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, QuebecQC, Canada
| | - Jérémie Füller
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, QuebecQC, Canada
| | - Jeff Gauthier
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, QuebecQC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Derome
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, QuebecQC, Canada
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19
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Santarmaki V, Kourkoutas Y, Zoumpopoulou G, Mavrogonatou E, Kiourtzidis M, Chorianopoulos N, Tassou C, Tsakalidou E, Simopoulos C, Ypsilantis P. Survival, Intestinal Mucosa Adhesion, and Immunomodulatory Potential of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains. Curr Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28634689 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Survival during transit through the gastrointestinal track, intestinal mucosa adhesion, and a potential immunomodulatory effect of Lactobacillus plantarum strains 2035 and ACA-DC 2640 were investigated in a rat model. According to microbiological and multiplex PCR analysis, both strains were detected in feces 24 h after either single-dose or daily administration for 7 days. Intestinal mucosa adhesion of L. plantarum 2035 was noted in the large intestine at 24 h after single-dose administration, while it was not detected at 48 h. Daily dosing, prolonged detection of the strain up to 48 h post-administration, and expanded adhesion to the small intestine. Adhesion of L. plantarum ACA-DC 2640 to the intestinal mucosa after single-dose administration was prolonged and more extended compared to L. plantarum 2035. Daily dosing increased both the levels and the rate of positive cultures of the strains compared to those of the single-dose scheme. In addition, both strains increased total IgG while decreased IgM and IgA serum levels. In conclusion, L. plantarum 2035 and L. plantarum ACA-DC 2640 survived transit through the gastrointestinal track, exhibited transient distinct adhesion to the intestinal mucosa and modulated the systemic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentini Santarmaki
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Yiannis Kourkoutas
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Georgia Zoumpopoulou
- Laboratory of Dairy Research, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Mavrogonatou
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, 15310, Athens, Greece
| | - Mikis Kiourtzidis
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Nikos Chorianopoulos
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER, 1 S. Venizelou Str, Lykovrissi, 14123, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysoula Tassou
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER, 1 S. Venizelou Str, Lykovrissi, 14123, Athens, Greece
| | - Effie Tsakalidou
- Laboratory of Dairy Research, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Simopoulos
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Petros Ypsilantis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece. .,University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Dragana, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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20
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Dubreuil JD. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and probiotics in swine: what the bleep do we know? BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2017; 36:75-90. [PMID: 28785529 PMCID: PMC5510153 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.16-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The concept of certain microorganisms conferring direct benefits to the host relates to the term "probiotic". Probiotics are microorganisms, bacteria, or yeast that when administered orally in sufficient quantity can counteract the effect of pathogenic microorganisms. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the site where probiotics are believed to play the most important role. The proposed effects of probiotics include antagonism of pathogens, interference with adherence, competition for nutrients, enterotoxin inactivation, modulation of the immune response, and strengthening of the intestinal barrier. From birth to postweaning, piglets are very sensitive to gut colonisation by pathogens. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli represents one of the most common agents of swine diarrhoea. The enterotoxins produced by this E. coli virotype are responsible for the loss of electrolytes and water observed following infection. This review addresses more specifically the studies done during the last 10 years deciphering the molecular mechanisms at play between host cell and probiotic interactions in the swine GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Daniel Dubreuil
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6, Canada
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21
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Hashemi A, Villa CR, Comelli EM. Probiotics in early life: a preventative and treatment approach. Food Funct 2017; 7:1752-68. [PMID: 26979945 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01148e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial colonization of the infant gut plays a key role in immunological and metabolic pathways impacting human health. Since the maturation of the gut microbiota coincides with early life development, failure to develop a health compatible microbiota composition may result in pathology and disease in later life. Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Maternal transfer of microorganisms is possible during pregnancy and lactation, and the mother's diet and microbiota can influence that of her offspring. Furthermore, pre-term birth, Caesarean section birth, formula feeding, antibiotic use, and malnutrition have been linked to dysbiosis, which in turn is associated with several pathologies such as necrotizing enterocolitis, inflammatory bowel diseases, antibiotic associated diarrhea, colic, and allergies. Thus, early life should represent a preferred stage of life for probiotic interventions. In this context, they could be regarded as a means to 'program' the individual for health maintenance, in order to prevent pathologies associated with dysbiosis. In order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the benefits of probiotic administration, pre-clinical studies have been conducted and found an array of positive results such as improved microbial composition, intestinal maturation, decreased pathogenic load and infections, and improved immune response. Moreover, specific probiotic strains administered during the perinatal period have shown promise in attenuating severity of necrotizing enterocolitis. The mechanisms elucidated suggest that probiotic interventions in early life can be envisaged for disease prevention in both healthy offspring and offspring at risk of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Hashemi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Christopher R Villa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Elena M Comelli
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. and Centre for Child Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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22
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Link R, Reichel P, Kyzeková P. The Influence of Probiotics on Reproductive Parameters of Sows and Health of Their Sucklings. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/fv-2016-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Thirtytwo sows were included in the trial. They were divided into the experimental group (n = 16) and a control group (n = 16). The experimental group received 1.28 × 106
Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis per gram of feed (400 ppm BioPlus 2B, Chr. Hansen, Denmark). The trial started 2 weeks before farrowing and lasted until weaning. No significant differences were revealed in the number of piglets born alive, stillborn or the number of weaned pigs between the two groups of sows. The wean-to-first service interval was not significantly different between the groups, but sows in the experimental group had earlier first services. The conception rate did not differ. Sows in the experimental group suffered from postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) less than sows in the control group. The suckling piglets in the experimental group of sows reached better weight on day 14 of the trial and this state persisted up to the end of the experiment. The differences in the weights of the experimental group and the control group were significant at the end of the trial (P < 0.01). The experimental piglets had significantly lower incidence of diarrhoea than those in the control group (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Link
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinic for swine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, The Slovakia Republic
| | - P. Reichel
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinic for swine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, The Slovakia Republic
| | - P. Kyzeková
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinic for swine, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, The Slovakia Republic
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Feeding of Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 Leads to Intestinal miRNA-423-5p-Induced Regulation of Immune-Relevant Genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:2263-2269. [PMID: 26826223 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04044-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are widely used in human and animal health, but little is known about the mode of action of probiotics. One possible mechanism at the molecular level could be an influence on microRNAs (miRNAs) and the related immune-relevant target genes. Here, we analyzed differential expression of miRNA and potential target genes of ileal and jejunal lymphatic tissues from Enterococcus faeciumNCIMB 10415-fed piglets versus untreated controls by using next-generation sequencing. We identified miR-423-5p as being greatly affected by the treatment group (2.32-fold;P= 0.014). Validation by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) confirmed a significant upregulation of miR-423-5p (2.11-fold;P= 0.03) and, additionally, downregulation of the important immune-relevant immunoglobulin lambda light C region (IGLC) (0.61-fold;P= 0.03) and immunoglobulin kappa constant (IGKC) (0.69-fold;P= 0.04) target genes. Expression analysis of miR-423-5p and IGLC at different age points shows a clear anti correlated relationship. Luciferase reporter assays with a HeLa cell line verified IGLC as a target of miR-423-5p. The results provided evidence for an effect of feeding of E. faeciumon the expression of miR-423-5p and on the regulation of the IGLC gene through miR-423-5p. This might be a possible mode of action of E. faeciumon immune cell regulation in the small intestine.
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Wang L, Liu C, Chen M, Ya T, Huang W, Gao P, Zhang H. A novel Lactobacillus plantarum strain P-8 activates beneficial immune response of broiler chickens. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:901-907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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25
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Lodemann U, Strahlendorf J, Schierack P, Klingspor S, Aschenbach JR, Martens H. Effects of the Probiotic Enterococcus faecium and Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains in a Pig and Human Epithelial Intestinal Cell Model. SCIENTIFICA 2015; 2015:235184. [PMID: 25883829 PMCID: PMC4391159 DOI: 10.1155/2015/235184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study has been to elucidate the effect of the probiotic Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 on epithelial integrity in intestinal epithelial cells and whether pre- and coincubation with this strain can reproducibly prevent damage induced by enterotoxigenic (ETEC) and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Porcine (IPEC-J2) and human (Caco-2) intestinal epithelial cells were incubated with bacterial strains and epithelial integrity was assessed by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and mannitol flux rates. E. faecium alone increased TEER of Caco-2 cells without affecting mannitol fluxes whereas the E. coli strains decreased TEER and concomitantly increased mannitol flux rates in both cell lines. Preincubation with E. faecium had no effect on the TEER decrease induced by E. coli in preliminary experiments. However, in a second set of experiments using a slightly different protocol, E. faecium ameliorated the TEER decrease induced by ETEC at 4 h in IPEC-J2 and at 2, 4, and 6 h in Caco-2 cells. We conclude that E. faecium positively affected epithelial integrity in monoinfected Caco-2 cells and could ameliorate the damage on TEER induced by an ETEC strain. Reproducibility of the results is, however, limited when experiments are performed with living bacteria over longer periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Lodemann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Strahlendorf
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Schierack
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Shanti Klingspor
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg R. Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Martens
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Yang F, Hou C, Zeng X, Qiao S. The use of lactic Acid bacteria as a probiotic in Swine diets. Pathogens 2015; 4:34-45. [PMID: 25633489 PMCID: PMC4384071 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As the resistance of pathogens to antibiotics and the possibility of antibiotic residues in animal products attract increasing attention, the interest in the use of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics has been growing. Recent research with Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in pigs suggests that LAB provide a potential alternative to antibiotic strategies. LAB include Lactobacillus species, Bifidobacterium spp, Bacillus spp, and some other microbes. LAB can adjust the intestinal environment, inhibit or kill pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract and improve the microbial balance in the intestine, as well as regulate intestinal mucosal immunity and maintain intestinal barrier function, thereby benefiting the health of pigs. The related mechanisms for these effects of LAB may include producing microbicidal substances with effects against gastrointestinal pathogens and other harmful microbes, competing with pathogens for binding sites on the intestinal epithelial cell surface and mucin as well as stimulating the immune system. In this review, the characteristics of LAB and their probiotic effects in newborn piglets, weaned piglets, growing pigs and sows are documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Chengli Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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Liu X, Wang Y, Wang H, Lu W. Effect of a liquid culture of Enterococcus faecalis CGMCC1.101 cultivated by a high density process on the performance of weaned piglets. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jordan K, Dalmasso M, Zentek J, Mader A, Bruggeman G, Wallace J, De Medici D, Fiore A, Prukner-Radovcic E, Lukac M, Axelsson L, Holck A, Ingmer H, Malakauskas M. Microbes versus microbes: control of pathogens in the food chain. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:3079-3089. [PMID: 24816992 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne illness continues as a considerable threat to public health. Despite improved hygiene management systems and increased regulation, pathogenic bacteria still contaminate food, causing sporadic cases of illness and disease outbreaks worldwide. For many centuries, microbial antagonism has been used in food processing to improve food safety. An understanding of the mode of action of this microbial antagonism has been gained in recent years and potential applications in food and feed safety are now being explored. This review focuses on the potential opportunities presented, and the limitations, of using microbial antagonism as a biocontrol mechanism to reduce contamination along the food chain; including animal feed as its first link. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Jordan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co., Cork, Ireland
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Tiantong A, Peng HY, Chen SE, Piamya P, Liu WB, Chen MT, Yu C, Nagahata H, Chang CJ. Intramammary infusion of anEnterococcus faecium SF68 preparation promoted the involution of drying off Holstein cows partly related to neutrophil-associated matrix metalloproteinase 9. Anim Sci J 2014; 86:111-9. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Attapol Tiantong
- Department of Animal Science; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Yi Peng
- Department of Animal Science; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Ei Chen
- Department of Animal Science; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Piya Piamya
- Department of Animal Science; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bor Liu
- Department of Animal Science; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsao Chen
- Department of Animal Science; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chi Yu
- Department of Animal Science; National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung Taiwan
| | - Hajime Nagahata
- Department of Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; Rakuno Gakuen University; Ebetsu Japan
| | - Chai-Ju Chang
- Department of Animal Science; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
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Sachsenröder J, Twardziok SO, Scheuch M, Johne R. The general composition of the faecal virome of pigs depends on age, but not on feeding with a probiotic bacterium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88888. [PMID: 24586429 PMCID: PMC3929612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pig faecal virome, which comprises the community of viruses present in pig faeces, is complex and consists of pig viruses, bacteriophages, transiently passaged plant viruses and other minor virus species. Only little is known about factors influencing its general composition. Here, the effect of the probiotic bacterium Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) NCIMB 10415 on the pig faecal virome composition was analysed in a pig feeding trial with sows and their piglets, which received either the probiotic bacterium or not. RESULTS From 8 pooled faecal samples derived from the feeding trial, DNA and RNA virus particles were prepared and subjected to process-controlled Next Generation Sequencing resulting in 390,650 sequence reads. In average, 14% of the reads showed significant sequence identities to known viruses. The percentage of detected mammalian virus sequences was highest (55-77%) in the samples of the youngest piglets and lowest (8-10%) in the samples of the sows. In contrast, the percentage of bacteriophage sequences increased from 22-44% in the youngest piglets to approximately 90% in the sows. The dominating mammalian viruses differed remarkably among 12 day-old piglets (kobuvirus), 54 day-old piglets (boca-, dependo- and pig stool-associated small circular DNA virus [PigSCV]) and the sows (PigSCV, circovirus and "circovirus-like" viruses CB-A and RW-A). In addition, the Shannon index, which reflects the diversity of sequences present in a sample, was generally higher for the sows as compared to the piglets. No consistent differences in the virome composition could be identified between the viromes of the probiotic bacterium-treated group and the control group. CONCLUSION The analysis indicates that the pig faecal virome shows a high variability and that its general composition is mainly dependent on the age of the pigs. Changes caused by feeding with the probiotic bacterium E. faecium could not be demonstrated using the applied metagenomics method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven O. Twardziok
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Bioinformatic, Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Reimar Johne
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Siepert B, Reinhardt N, Kreuzer S, Bondzio A, Twardziok S, Brockmann G, Nöckler K, Szabó I, Janczyk P, Pieper R, Tedin K. Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 supplementation affects intestinal immune-associated gene expression in post-weaning piglets. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 157:65-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ultrasonicated Enterococcus faecium SF68 enhances neutrophil free radical production and udder innate immunity of drying-off dairy cows. J DAIRY RES 2013; 80:349-59. [PMID: 23806218 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029913000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Proper dry cow management is critical not only for subsequent milk production and fertility but also for mastitis control. A phenomenon of immunosuppression was commonly observed in transition cows, an example being the high susceptibility of the mammary gland during early the dry period to new infectious agents. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) play important defence roles in the mammary gland of newly dried cows. One of the bactericidal mechanisms of PMN is through producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be efficiently quantified by chemiluminescence (CL) assay. In the current study, the potential of intramammary application of a commercial Enterococcus faecium SF68 (SF68) product to enhance the local innate immunity of newly dried mammary glands was evaluated based on the CL assay. The preliminary experiments in vitro indicated virtual dose-responsiveness of ROS generation from three different cell preparations, bovine blood PMN, bovine blood PMN pre-conditioned with cow milk, and the post-diapedesis model somatic cells from cow milk, on their exposure to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), viable SF68, and ultrasonicated SF68, but not dry-heated SF68. Because ultrasonication treatment was found to profoundly enhance the immunogenicity of SF68 in vitro, in the following animal trial, single infusion of either 5 or 10×107 original cfu of ultrasonicated SF68 was randomly applied to the front quarters and phosphate-bufferedsaline (PBS) applied to the rear quarters of each of the four experimental cows on the first day of milk stasis. The results showed that within the first post-infusion week, ultrasonicated SF68 induced a faster and greater (P<0·05) recruitment of PMN into mammary lumen with no apparent local or systemic inflammatory sign. Meanwhile, ultrasonicated SF68 also induced a greater (P<0·05) ROS production in response to PMA challenge by in situ somatic cells of mammary secretion. Taken together, ultrasonicated SF68 modulated ROS generation of bovine neutrophils, and would be a potential enhancer of udder innate immunity in drying-off dairy cows. More thorough work is warranted.
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Mata-Haro V, Reséndiz-Sandoval M, Hernández J. In vitrodifferential modulation of immune response by probiotics in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2013.768962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Ihara Y, Hyodo H, Sukegawa S, Murakami H, Morimatsu F. Retracted: Isolation, characterization, and effect of administrationin vivo,a novel probiotic strain from pig feces. Anim Sci J 2013; 84:434-441. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ihara
- Research and Development Center; Nippon Meat Packers, Inc.; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Hideki Hyodo
- Research and Development Center; Nippon Meat Packers, Inc.; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Shin Sukegawa
- Research and Development Center; Nippon Meat Packers, Inc.; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murakami
- Research and Development Center; Nippon Meat Packers, Inc.; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Fumiki Morimatsu
- Research and Development Center; Nippon Meat Packers, Inc.; Tsukuba Japan
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35
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Chai W, Burwinkel M, Wang Z, Palissa C, Esch B, Twardziok S, Rieger J, Wrede P, Schmidt MFG. Antiviral effects of a probiotic Enterococcus faecium strain against transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus. Arch Virol 2012. [PMID: 23188495 PMCID: PMC7086644 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enteropathogenic coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) causes severe disease in young piglets. We have studied the protective effects of the probiotic Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 (E. faecium), which is approved as a feed additive in the European Union, against TGEV infection. E. faecium was added to swine testicle (ST) cells before, concomitantly with, or after TGEV infection. Viability assays revealed that E. faecium led to a dose-dependent rescue of viability of TGEV-infected cells reaching nearly to complete protection. Virus yields of the E. faecium–treated cultures were reduced by up to three log10 units. Western blot analysis of purified TGEV revealed that the levels of all viral structural proteins were reduced after E. faecium treatment. Using transmission electron microscopy, we observed attachment of TGEV particles to the surface of E. faecium which might be a means to trap virus and to prevent infection. Increased production of nitric oxide in the cells treated with E. faecium and elevated expression of interleukin 6 and 8 pointed to stimulated cellular defense as a mechanism to fight TGEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Chai
- Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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36
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Abstract
The delivery of certain living microorganisms in food has long been suggested as having positive health effects in humans. This practice has extended into food animal production, with a variety of microorganisms being used; lactic acid bacteria, various Bacillus species and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been particularly used in the pig industry. The increased interest in probiotics is essentially due to the problem of microbial resistance to antibiotics and following the ban of the use of antibiotics in animal production, probiotics being considered an alternative means to reduce pathogen infection and improve animal health especially around the time of weaning. However, there is still a need to clarify the probiotic effectiveness in pigs, and the underlying mechanisms. When assessing the efficacy of probiotics one must consider the particular strain of organism being used and the production stage of the pigs being treated. The reproducible delivery of probiotics in industrial pig production is problematic as maintenance of viability is key to their beneficial activity, but difficult to achieve with commonly used feed processing technologies. One specific context where probiotics organisms may be reliably delivered is in systems utilising fermented liquid feeds. Liquid feed may be fermented by the activity of wild lactic acid bacteria or may be stimulated using specific isolates as 'starters'; the latter system has advantages in terms of reproducibility and speed of fermentation. The farm context in which the organism is used is likely to be critical; the use of probiotics is more likely to result in measurable economic gains in animals living in sub-optimal conditions rather than in those reared in the highest welfare and husbandry conditions. The establishment of a beneficial lactic acid bacteria population at birth may lead to healthier animals, this may be most effectively achieved by treating sows, which provide an amplification step and flood the neonatal pigs' environment with desirable bacterial strains. In contrast, it may be sufficient to provide a supportive, protective microbiota around the time of weaning as this is a time of major crisis with instability and loss of certain bacterial populations.
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37
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Kreuzer S, Machnowska P, Aßmus J, Sieber M, Pieper R, Schmidt MF, Brockmann GA, Scharek-Tedin L, Johne R. Feeding of the probiotic bacterium Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 differentially affects shedding of enteric viruses in pigs. Vet Res 2012; 43:58. [PMID: 22838386 PMCID: PMC3431279 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of probiotic bacteria on viral infections have been described previously. Here, two groups of sows and their piglets were fed with or without feed supplementation of the probiotic bacterium Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415. Shedding of enteric viruses naturally occurring in these pigs was analyzed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. No differences between the groups were recorded for hepatitis E virus, encephalomyocarditis virus and norovirus. In contrast, astrovirus was exclusively detected in the non-supplemented control group. Rotavirus was shedded later and with lower amounts in the probiotic piglet group (p < 0.05); rotavirus-shedding piglets gained less weight than non-infected animals (p < 0.05). Serum titres of anti-rotavirus IgA and IgG antibodies were higher in piglets from the control group, whereas no difference was detected between sow groups. Phenotype analysis of immune cell antigens revealed significant differences of the CD4 and CD8β (p < 0.05) as well as CD8α and CD25 (p < 0.1) T cell populations of the probiotic supplemented group compared to the non-supplemented control group. In addition, differences were evident for CD21/MHCII-positive (p < 0.05) and IgM-positive (p < 0.1) B cell populations. The results indicate that probiotic bacteria could have effects on virus shedding in naturally infected pigs, which depend on the virus type. These effects seem to be caused by immunological changes; however, the distinct mechanism of action remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kreuzer
- Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, D-10115, Berlin, Germany.
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Tarasova E, Yermolenko E, Donets V, Sundukova Z, Bochkareva A, Borshev I, Suvorova M, Ilyasov I, Simanenkov V, Suvorov AN. The influence of probiotic Enterococcus faecium strain L5 on the microbiota and cytokines expression in rats with dysbiosis induced by antibiotics. Benef Microbes 2011; 1:265-70. [PMID: 21831763 DOI: 10.3920/bm2010.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The animal model of intestinal dysbiosis induced by antibiotics was created. Dysbiotic condition was confirmed by the changes in titre of the indigenous microbiota (excessive growth of opportunistic microorganisms and reduced number of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and enterococci) and the appearance of dyspeptic symptoms. Consumption of the fermented milk product with probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium L5 led to the rapid disappearance of dysbiosis symptoms, normalisation of the microbiota, increase in expression of IL-10 and decrease in IL-8 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tarasova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
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39
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Franz CMAP, Huch M, Abriouel H, Holzapfel W, Gálvez A. Enterococci as probiotics and their implications in food safety. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 151:125-40. [PMID: 21962867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci belong to the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and they are of importance in foods due to their involvement in food spoilage and fermentations, as well as their utilisation as probiotics in humans and slaughter animals. However, they are also important nosocomial pathogens that cause bacteraemia, endocarditis and other infections. Some strains are resistant to many antibiotics and possess virulence factors such as adhesins, invasins, pili and haemolysin. The role of enterococci in disease has raised questions on their safety for use in foods or as probiotics. Studies on the incidence of virulence traits among enterococcal strains isolated from food showed that some can harbour virulence traits, but it is also thought that virulence is not the result of the presence of specific virulence determinants alone, but is rather a more intricate process. Specific genetic lineages of hospital-adapted strains have emerged, such as E. faecium clonal complex (CC) 17 and E. faecalis CC2, CC9, CC28 and CC40, which are high risk enterococcal clonal complexes. These are characterised by the presence of antibiotic resistance determinants and/or virulence factors, often located on pathogenicity islands or plasmids. Mobile genetic elements thus are considered to play a major role in the establishment of problematic lineages. Although enterococci occur in high numbers in certain types of fermented cheeses and sausages, they are not deliberately added as starter cultures. Some E. faecium and E. faecalis strains are used as probiotics and are ingested in high numbers, generally in the form of pharmaceutical preparations. Such probiotics are administered to treat diarrhoea, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea or irritable bowel syndrome, to lower cholesterol levels or to improve host immunity. In animals, enterococcal probiotics are mainly used to treat or prevent diarrhoea, for immune stimulation or to improve growth. From a food microbiological point of view, the safety of the bacteria used as probiotics must be assured, and data on the major strains in use so far indicate that they are safe. The advantage of use of probiotics in slaughter animals, from a food microbiological point of view, lies in the reduction of zoonotic pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract of animals which prevents the transmission of these pathogens via food. The use of enterococcal probiotics should, in view of the development of problematic lineages and the potential for gene transfer in the gastrointestinal tract of both humans and animals, be carefully monitored, and the advantages of using these and new strains should be considered in a well contemplated risk/benefit analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M A P Franz
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institute, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str.9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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40
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Mair C, Plitzner C, Pfaffl MW, Schedle K, Meyer HHD, Windisch W. Inulin and probiotics in newly weaned piglets: effects on intestinal morphology, mRNA expression levels of inflammatory marker genes and haematology. Arch Anim Nutr 2010; 64:304-21. [PMID: 20722301 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2010.492137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed at determining the effect of inulin and/or a multispecies probiotic formulation on gastrointestinal tract (GIT) morphology, immunological and haematological parameters. Forty-eight newly weaned piglets were assigned to four feeding groups, receiving a standard basal diet (control), supplemented with 0.4% inulin, probiotics (1 x 10(9) CFU/kg as fed, enterococci, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria) or a combination of both (synbiotic). After four weeks of ad libitum feeding piglets were slaughtered and intestinal tissue samples were obtained for histometry. Additional tissue samples of the GIT, mesenteric lymph nodes, blood, liver and spleen were taken for mRNA expression analysis of cell turnover (CDK4, caspase3, IGF I), transcription factor NFkappaB and inflammatory marker genes (TNFalpha, TGFbeta). Changes in histometry occurred predominantly in the small intestine, showing higher jejunal villi when probiotics were administered alone (p < 0.10). Inulin decreased the number of acidic goblet cells in jejunal villi (p < 0.05), whereas probiotics increased neutral goblet cells in ileal villi (p < 0.05). Though inflammatory marker genes were uninfluenced by treatment in the proximal GIT, the colon showed downregulations induced by inulin (TNFalpha: p < 0.10, TGFbeta: p < 0.05). Gene expression of CDK4 was upregulated in the jejunum and of TGFbeta in the mesenteric lymph nodes in the probiotic groups. Interestingly, the probiotic group alone exhibited upregulations in cell turnover marker genes in the colon and blood. Furthermore, for numerous parameters, inulin and probiotics led to no synergistic but antagonistic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Mair
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Products and Nutrition Physiology, VIBT - Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Maragkoudakis PA, Chingwaru W, Gradisnik L, Tsakalidou E, Cencic A. Lactic acid bacteria efficiently protect human and animal intestinal epithelial and immune cells from enteric virus infection. Int J Food Microbiol 2010; 141 Suppl 1:S91-7. [PMID: 20106541 PMCID: PMC7114074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the potential antiviral activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) using animal and human intestinal and macrophage cell line models of non tumor origin. To this end, LAB strains selected on the basis of previous in vitro trials were co-incubated with cell line monolayers, which were subsequently challenged with rotavirus (RV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). In order to elucidate the possible mechanism responsible for the antiviral activity, the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) release as well as the attachment ability of LAB on the cell lines was investigated. Various strains were found to exhibit moderate to complete monolayer protection against viral RV or TGEV disruption. Highest protection effects were recorded with the known probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus casei Shirota against both RV and TGEV, while notable antiviral activity was also attributed to Enterococcus faecium PCK38, Lactobacillus fermentum ACA-DC179, Lactobacillus pentosus PCA227 and Lactobacillus plantarum PCA236 and PCS22, depending on the cell line and virus combination used. A variable increase (of up to 50%) on the release of NO(-) and H(2)O(2) (ROS) was obtained when LAB strains were co-incubated with the cell lines, but the results were found to be LAB strain and cell line specific, apart from a small number of strains which were able to induce strong ROS release in more than one cell line. In contrast, the ability of the examined LAB strains to attach to the cell line monolayers was LAB strain but not cell line specific. Highest attachment ability was observed with L. plantarum ACA-DC 146, L. paracasei subsp. tolerans ACA-DC 4037 and E. faecium PCD71. Clear indications on the nature of the antiviral effect were evident only in the case of the L. casei Shirota against TGEV and with L. plantarum PCA236 against both RV and TGEV. In the rest of the cases, each interaction was LAB-cell line-virus specific, barring general conclusions. However, it is probable that more than one mechanism is involved in the antiviral effect described here. Further investigations are required to elucidate the underlying mode of action and to develop a cell line model as a system for selection of probiotic strains suited for farm animal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros A Maragkoudakis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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42
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Maragkoudakis PA, Mountzouris KC, Rosu C, Zoumpopoulou G, Papadimitriou K, Dalaka E, Hadjipetrou A, Theofanous G, Strozzi GP, Carlini N, Zervas G, Tsakalidou E. Feed supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum PCA 236 modulates gut microbiota and milk fatty acid composition in dairy goats — a preliminary study. Int J Food Microbiol 2010; 141 Suppl 1:S109-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Scharek-Tedin L, Filter M, Taras D, Wrede P, Schmidt MF. Influence of anEnterococcus faeciumprobiotic on the development of Peyer's patches B cells in piglets. Arch Anim Nutr 2009; 63:343-55. [DOI: 10.1080/17450390903052771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Leendertse M, Willems RJL, Giebelen IAJ, Roelofs JJTH, Top J, Bonten MJM, van der Poll T. Intestinal colonization with Enterococcus faecium does not influence pulmonary defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6775. [PMID: 19710930 PMCID: PMC2729381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterococci, and especially multiresistant Enterococcus faecium, are increasingly found colonizing hospitalized patients. This increased prevalence of colonization is not only associated with an increased prevalence of infections caused by enterococci, but also by infections with other nosocomial pathogens. In this study we investigated the causality of this observed relationship, by determining the influence of intestinal colonization with E. faecium on pulmonary defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methodology/Principal Findings Three groups of mice were tested; 2 groups of mice were pre-treated with vancomycin, of which one group was subsequently treated by oral gavage of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VRE). The third group did not receive any pre-treatment. P. aeruginosa pneumonia was induced in all mice. Vancomycin treatment resulted in intestinal gram-negative bacterial overgrowth and VRE treatment resulted in colonization throughout the intestines. All 3 groups of mice were able to clear P. aeruginosa from the lungs and circulation, with comparable lung cytokine responses and lung damage. Mice treated with vancomycin without VRE colonization displayed modestly increased plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-10. Conclusion Overgrowth of E. faecium and/or gram-negative bacteria does not impact importantly on pulmonary defense against P. aeruginosa pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masja Leendertse
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Flint J, Garner M. Feeding beneficial bacteria: A natural solution for increasing efficiency and decreasing pathogens in animal agriculture. J APPL POULTRY RES 2009. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2008-00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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46
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Bailey M. The mucosal immune system: recent developments and future directions in the pig. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:375-383. [PMID: 18760299 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In most animals, the mucosal immune system effectively controls expression of active immune responses to pathogen and tolerance to harmless antigens. Our understanding of the function and control of the mucosal immune system has advanced as a result of studies in rodents and humans. The discoveries of regulatory T-cells and T-helper-17 cells, and studies on the interactions between epithelial and dendritic cells, demonstrate its complexity. In pigs, some of the systems and reagents for determining the relevance of these mechanisms are present, and indicate lines for future work. However, many empirical studies of the effect of manipulation of the mucosal immune system in the pig by prebiotics, probiotics and feed additives have been carried out. Interpretation of these results needs to be made with care, since manipulation of the mucosal immune system may improve its efficiency under a specific set of environmental and husbandry conditions, but impair it under others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mick Bailey
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, United Kingdom.
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