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Liu L, Li Q, Yang Y, Guo A. Biological Function of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Its Regulation on Intestinal Health of Poultry. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:736739. [PMID: 34733901 PMCID: PMC8558227 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.736739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolites generated by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber (DF) in the hindgut. SCFAs are mainly composed of acetate, propionate and butyrate. Many studies have shown that SCFAs play a significant role in the regulation of intestinal health in poultry. SCFAs are primarily absorbed from the intestine and used by enterocytes as a key substrate for energy production. SCFAs can also inhibit the invasion and colonization of pathogens by lowering the intestinal pH. Additionally, butyrate inhibits the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which encodes inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in intestinal cells via the PPAR-γ pathway. This pathway causes significant reduction of iNOS and nitrate, and inhibits the proliferation of Enterobacteriaceae to maintain overall intestinal homeostasis. SCFAs can enhance the immune response by stimulating cytokine production (e.g. TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10) in the immune cells of the host. Similarly, it has been established that SCFAs promote the differentiation of T cells into T regulatory cells (Tregs) and expansion by binding to receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLR) and G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs), on immune cells. SCFAs have been shown to repair intestinal mucosa and alleviate intestinal inflammation by activating GPRs, inhibiting histone deacetylases (HDACs), and downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory factor genes. Butyrate improves tight-junction-dependent intestinal barrier function by promoting tight junction (TJ) assembly. In recent years, the demand for banning antibiotics has increased in poultry production. Therefore, it is extremely important to maintain the intestinal health and sustainable production of poultry. Taking nutrition strategies is important to regulate SCFA production by supplementing dietary fiber and prebiotics, SCFA-producing bacteria (SPB), and additives in poultry diet. However, excessive SCFAs will lead to the enteritis in poultry production. There may be an optimal level and proportion of SCFAs in poultry intestine, which benefits to gut health of poultry. This review summarizes the biological functions of SCFAs and their role in gut health, as well as nutritional strategies to regulate SCFA production in the poultry gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixuan Liu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Kunming Xianghao Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Yajin Yang
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Aiwei Guo
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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Wilke V, Grone R, von Felde A, Abd El-Wahab A, Wolf P, Kamphues J. Effects of increasing dietary rye levels on physicochemical characteristics of digesta and its impact on stomach emptying as well as the formation of 'doughballs' in stomachs of young pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 105 Suppl 1:19-25. [PMID: 34235788 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite quite similar contents of starch and crude fibre of wheat and rye, the unique non-starch-polysaccharide fraction of rye (e.g. high levels of arabinoxylans and fructans) might have an impact on physicochemical properties of the digesta in pigs. Forty pigs (age: 46.8 ± 5.28 days; bodyweight: 16.1 ± 4.13 kg) were divided into four treatment groups. During four weeks, the pigs received diets consisting of wheat and/or rye, barley, soy, potato protein and a mineral supplement. The sum of wheat and rye was 69% in all diets, whereby the compound feed of each group was characterized by a different ratio (%) of wheat/rye (69/0; 46/23; 23/46; 0/69, respectively). In the stomach, 'doughballs' occurred more frequently with increasing dietary rye levels (9/10; 69% rye). With higher DM content and extract-viscosity of gastric digesta, the stomach emptying tended to be retarded in rye groups. Compared to the control group (69% wheat), maximum dietary rye levels (69%) resulted in significantly higher concentrations of lactic acid in digesta of the stomach and small intestine. With increasing lactic acid concentrations, the pH tended to be lower in small intestinal digesta. With an intensified formation of lactic acid, effects against Gram-negative bacteria, for example Salmonella, can be expected. Moreover, because of higher viscosity and the retarded stomach emptying, there could be advantages of including rye in compound feeds when a longer lasting satiety is intended, for example when feeding pregnant sows (regularly fed restrictively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Wilke
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Amr Abd El-Wahab
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Deficiency Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Petra Wolf
- Nutrition Physiology and Animal Nutrition, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Josef Kamphues
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Ricke SC, Dittoe DK, Richardson KE. Formic Acid as an Antimicrobial for Poultry Production: A Review. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:563. [PMID: 33088825 PMCID: PMC7494846 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic acids continue to receive considerable attention as feed additives for animal production. Most of the emphasis to date has focused on food safety aspects, particularly on lowering the incidence of foodborne pathogens in poultry and other livestock. Several organic acids are currently either being examined or are already being implemented in commercial settings. Among the several organic acids that have been studied extensively, is formic acid. Formic acid has been added to poultry diets as a means to limit Salmonella spp. and other foodborne pathogens both in the feed and potentially in the gastrointestinal tract once consumed. As more becomes known about the efficacy and impact formic acid has on both the host and foodborne pathogens, it is clear that the presence of formic acid can trigger certain pathways in Salmonella spp. This response may become more complex when formic acid enters the gastrointestinal tract and interacts not only with Salmonella spp. that has colonized the gastrointestinal tract but the indigenous microbial community as well. This review will cover current findings and prospects for further research on the poultry microbiome and feeds treated with formic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Dana K. Dittoe
- Department of Food Science, Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Peng M, Tabashsum Z, Patel P, Bernhardt C, Biswas C, Meng J, Biswas D. Prevention of enteric bacterial infections and modulation of gut microbiota with conjugated linoleic acids producing Lactobacillus in mice. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:433-452. [PMID: 31411526 PMCID: PMC7524329 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1638724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are recognized for outcompeting pathogenic bacteria by competitive receptor-mediated colonization and secretion of functional metabolites which are antimicrobial against certain microbes as well as improving host's gut health and immunity. Recently, we have constructed a bioactive Lactobacillus casei (LC) strain, LC+mcra , by inserting mcra (myosin cross-reactive antigen) gene, which stimulates the conversion of conjugated linoleic acids. In this study, we evaluated the modulation of gut microbiome and protective roles of LC+mcra against pathogenic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) infections in BALB/cJ mice. We observed that LC+mcra colonized efficiently in mice gut intestine and competitively reduced the infection with ST and EHEC in various locations of small and large intestine, specifically cecum, jejunum, and ileum (p < 0.05). Positive modulation of the cecal microbiota, for example, higher relative abundances of Firmicutes, lower relative abundances of Proteobacteria, and increased bacterial species diversity/richness, was detected in ST-challenged mice pretreated with LC+mcra based on 16S metagenomic sequencing. Cytokine gene expression analysis indicated that mice pretreated with LC+mcra associated with attenuated bacterial pathogen-induced gut inflammation. Furthermore, mice fed daily with LC+mcra for one week could protect themselves from the impairments caused by enteric infections with ST or EHEC. These impairments include weight loss, negative hematological changes, intestinal histological alterations, and potential death. This in vivo study suggests that daily consumption of novel conjugated linoleic acids over-producing probiotic effectively improves intestinal microbiota composition and prevents/combats foodborne enteric bacterial infections with pathogenic Salmonella and diarrheagenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Peng
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA,Biological Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Zajeba Tabashsum
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Puja Patel
- Biological Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Cassandra Bernhardt
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Chitrine Biswas
- Biological Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jianghong Meng
- Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA,Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Debabrata Biswas
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA,Biological Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA,Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA,CONTACT Debabrata Biswas Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Effect of strategic administration of an encapsulated blend of formic acid, citric acid, and essential oils on Salmonella carriage, seroprevalence, and growth of finishing pigs. Prev Vet Med 2016; 137:28-35. [PMID: 28107878 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Controlling Salmonella at farm level can act as the first line of defence in reducing salmonellosis from pork. This study investigated the efficacy of an encapsulated blend of formic acid, citric acid, and essential oils (FormaXOL™) administered to finisher pigs for 28days prior to slaughter in controlling Salmonella shedding on a commercial farm with a history of high Salmonella seroprevalence. Fourteen pens of 8-10 pigs/pen were randomly assigned to a control (finisher diet without additive) or a treatment group (the same diet with 4kg/t of FormaXOL™) for 28 days. Faeces were collected from each pig on days 0, 14, and 28, while on day 29 blood, caecal digesta and ileocaecal-mesenteric lymph nodes were collected at slaughter. Pigs were weighed at the start and end of the trial, feed intake was recorded, and carcass quality parameters were recorded at slaughter. On day 14, Salmonella shedding was reduced in the treatment compared to the control group (27.9% versus 51.7% probability of detecting Salmonella in faeces, respectively; p=0.001). However, on day 28, no reduction was observed (20.6% versus 35.9% probability of detecting Salmonella in faeces, respectively; p=0.07). Interestingly, Salmonella shedding rates in the treated pigs remained stable throughout the trial compared to the control group. This suggests that the feed additive prevented additional pigs from acquiring the Salmonella infection. A lower Salmonella seroprevalence was detected at slaughter in the treatment compared to the control group using the 40% optical density cut-off (64.5% versus 88.5%, respectively; p=0.01). However, no significant differences in Salmonella recovery rates were observed in the caecal digesta or lymph nodes between treated and control groups. Treated pigs had a lower feed intake than pigs fed the control diet (p=0.001); however, average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency were not affected by treatment (p=0.45 and 0.55, respectively). Consequently, supplementing the diet with FormaXOL™ for 28days increased the feed cost per kg of live-weight gain by €0.08. Overall, results suggest that strategic administration of an encapsulated blend of formic acid, citric acid, and essential oils, to finishing pigs for 28days prior to slaughter has potential to prevent increased Salmonella shedding at certain time points as well as seroprevalence. However, this additive did not lower intestinal carriage, nor did it reduce seroprevalence to below the cut-off used for the high Salmonella risk category in Ireland (50%) or improve growth performance.
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Rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence for effectiveness of primary production interventions to control Salmonella in beef and pork. Prev Vet Med 2016; 147:213-225. [PMID: 27993401 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (hereafter referred to as Salmonella) on beef and pork is an important cause of foodborne illness and death globally. A systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions to reduce Salmonella prevalence or concentration in beef and pork was undertaken. A broad search was conducted in Scopus and CAB abstracts. Each citation was appraised using screening tools tested a priori. Level 1 relevance screening excluded irrelevant citations; level 2 confirmed relevance and categorized studies. Data were then extracted, and intervention categories were descriptively summarized. Meta-analysis was performed to provide a summary estimate of treatment effect where two or more studies investigated the same intervention in comparable populations. The Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to assess the confidence in the estimated measures of intervention effect for data subgroups.
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Peng M, Biswas D. Short chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids in host gut health and foodborne bacterial pathogen inhibition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 57:3987-4002. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1203286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Peng
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Biological Sciences Program Molecular and Cellular Biology Concentration, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Debabrata Biswas
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Biological Sciences Program Molecular and Cellular Biology Concentration, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Walia K, Argüello H, Lynch H, Leonard FC, Grant J, Yearsley D, Kelly S, Duffy G, Gardiner GE, Lawlor PG. Effect of feeding sodium butyrate in the late finishing period on Salmonella carriage, seroprevalence, and growth of finishing pigs. Prev Vet Med 2016; 131:79-86. [PMID: 27544256 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pork is an important source of human salmonellosis and low-cost on-farm control measures may provide a useful element in reducing the prevalence of this pathogen in food. This study investigated the effectiveness of dietary supplementation with sodium butyrate administered to finisher pigs for ∼4-weeks prior to slaughter to control Salmonella shedding on highly contaminated farms. Two trials (A and B) were conducted on two commercial pig farms, which had a history of high Salmonella seroprevalence. In both trials, pens (14 pens of 12 pigs/pen in Trial A and 12 pens of 12-17 pigs/pen in Trial B) were randomly assigned to a control (finisher feed without additive) or a treatment group (the same feed with 3kg sodium butyrate/t) for 24-28days, depending on the trial. Faeces were collected from each pig on days 0, 12 and 24/28, and blood, caecal digesta and ileocaecal/mesenteric lymph nodes were collected from the slaughterhouse. Pigs were weighed at the start and end of the trials, feed intake was recorded, and carcass quality parameters were recorded at slaughter. In Trial A, Salmonella shedding was reduced in the treatment compared to the control group at the end of the trial (30% versus 57% probability of detecting Salmonella in faeces, respectively; p<0.001). This reflected the serology results, with detection of a lower seroprevalence in the treatment compared to the control group using the 20% optical density cut-off (69.5% versus 89%; p=0.001). However, no effect on faecal shedding or seroprevalance was observed in Trial B, which may be explained by the detection of a concomitant infection with Lawsonia intracellularis. No significant differences in Salmonella recovery rates were observed in the caecal digesta or lymph nodes in either trial. Furthermore, feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) did not differ between groups (p>0.05) in either trial. Numerical improvements in weight gain and FCE were found with sodium butyrate treatment, which gave a cost benefit of €0.04/kg of live-weight gain. Overall, results suggest that strategic feeding of sodium butyrate, at 3kg/t of feed, to finishing pigs for 24-28days prior to slaughter was effective in reducing Salmonella shedding and seroprevalance but perhaps only in the absence of co-infection with other pathogens. However, sodium butyrate supplementation at this rate did not influence intestinal carriage, nor did it reduce seroprevalence to below the cut-off used for the high Salmonella risk category in Ireland (50%), or significantly improve growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Walia
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland; Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Helen Lynch
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Finola C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jim Grant
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Dermot Yearsley
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston, Ireland
| | - Sinead Kelly
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston, Ireland
| | | | - Gillian E Gardiner
- Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
| | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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Metzler-Zebeli BU, Deckardt K, Schollenberger M, Rodehutscord M, Zebeli Q. Lactic acid and thermal treatments trigger the hydrolysis of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate and modify the abundance of lower myo-inositol phosphates in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). PLoS One 2014; 9:e101166. [PMID: 24967651 PMCID: PMC4072750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Barley is an important source of dietary minerals, but it also contains myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) that lowers their absorption. This study evaluated the effects of increasing concentrations (0.5, 1, and 5%, vol/vol) of lactic acid (LA), without or with an additional thermal treatment at 55°C (LA-H), on InsP6 hydrolysis, formation of lower phosphorylated myo-inositol phosphates, and changes in chemical composition of barley grain. Increasing LA concentrations and thermal treatment linearly reduced (P<0.001) InsP6-phosphate (InsP6-P) by 0.5 to 1 g compared to the native barley. In particular, treating barley with 5% LA-H was the most efficient treatment to reduce the concentrations of InsP6-P, and stimulate the formation of lower phosphorylated myo-inositol phosphates such as myo-inositol tetraphosphate (InsP4) and myo-inositol pentaphosphates (InsP5). Also, LA and thermal treatment changed the abundance of InsP4 and InsP5 isomers with Ins(1,2,5,6)P4 and Ins(1,2,3,4,5)P5 as the dominating isomers with 5% LA, 1% LA-H and 5% LA-H treatment of barley, resembling to profiles found when microbial 6-phytase is applied. Treating barley with LA at room temperature (22°C) increased the concentration of resistant starch and dietary fiber but lowered those of total starch and crude ash. Interestingly, total phosphorus (P) was only reduced (P<0.05) in barley treated with LA-H but not after processing of barley with LA at room temperature. In conclusion, LA and LA-H treatment may be effective processing techniques to reduce InsP6 in cereals used in animal feeding with the highest degradation of InsP6 at 5% LA-H. Further in vivo studies are warranted to determine the actual intestinal P availability and to assess the impact of changes in nutrient composition of LA treated barley on animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara U. Metzler-Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Deckardt
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Lastauskienė E, Zinkevičienė A, Girkontaitė I, Kaunietis A, Kvedarienė V. Formic acid and acetic acid induce a programmed cell death in pathogenic Candida species. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:303-10. [PMID: 24752490 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous fungal infections are common and widespread. Antifungal agents used for the treatment of these infections often have undesirable side effects. Furthermore, increased resistance of the microorganisms to the antifungal drugs becomes the growing problem. Accordingly, the search for natural antifungal compounds continues to receive attention. Apoptosis is highly regulated programmed cell death. During yeast cell apoptosis, amino acids and peptides are released and can stimulate regeneration of human epithelium cells. Thus, detection of chemical compounds inducing apoptosis in yeast and nontoxic for humans is of great medical relevance. The aim of this study was to detect chemical compound inducing apoptosis in pathogenic Candida species with the lowest toxicity to the mammalian cells. Five chemical compounds--acetic acid, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, lithium acetate, and formic acid--were tested for evaluation of antifungal activity on C. albicans, C. guilliermondii, and C. lusitaniae. The results showed that acetic acid and formic acid at the lowest concentrations induced yeast cells death. Apoptosis analysis revealed that cells death was accompanied by activation of caspase. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of potassium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate induced Candida cells necrosis. Toxicity test with mammalian cell cultures showed that formic acid has the lowest effect on the growth of Jurkat and NIH 3T3 cells. In conclusion, our results show that a low concentration of formic acid induces apoptosis-like programmed cell death in the Candida yeast and has a minimal effect on the survivability of mammalian cells, suggesting potential applications in the treatment of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eglė Lastauskienė
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University, M.K. Čiurlionio str. 21/27, LT-03101, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Parsons BN, Wigley P, Simpson HL, Williams JM, Humphrey S, Salisbury AM, Watson AJM, Fry SC, O'Brien D, Roberts CL, O'Kennedy N, Keita ÅV, Söderholm JD, Rhodes JM, Campbell BJ. Dietary supplementation with soluble plantain non-starch polysaccharides inhibits intestinal invasion of Salmonella Typhimurium in the chicken. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87658. [PMID: 24498347 PMCID: PMC3911995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble fibres (non-starch polysaccharides, NSP) from edible plants but particularly plantain banana (Musa spp.), have been shown in vitro and ex vivo to prevent various enteric pathogens from adhering to, or translocating across, the human intestinal epithelium, a property that we have termed contrabiotic. Here we report that dietary plantain fibre prevents invasion of the chicken intestinal mucosa by Salmonella. In vivo experiments were performed with chicks fed from hatch on a pellet diet containing soluble plantain NSP (0 to 200 mg/d) and orally infected with S.Typhimurium 4/74 at 8 d of age. Birds were sacrificed 3, 6 and 10 d post-infection. Bacteria were enumerated from liver, spleen and caecal contents. In vitro studies were performed using chicken caecal crypts and porcine intestinal epithelial cells infected with Salmonella enterica serovars following pre-treatment separately with soluble plantain NSP and acidic or neutral polysaccharide fractions of plantain NSP, each compared with saline vehicle. Bacterial adherence and invasion were assessed by gentamicin protection assay. In vivo dietary supplementation with plantain NSP 50 mg/d reduced invasion by S.Typhimurium, as reflected by viable bacterial counts from splenic tissue, by 98.9% (95% CI, 98.1-99.7; P<0.0001). In vitro studies confirmed that plantain NSP (5-10 mg/ml) inhibited adhesion of S.Typhimurium 4/74 to a porcine epithelial cell-line (73% mean inhibition (95% CI, 64-81); P<0.001) and to primary chick caecal crypts (82% mean inhibition (95% CI, 75-90); P<0.001). Adherence inhibition was shown to be mediated via an effect on the epithelial cells and Ussing chamber experiments with ex-vivo human ileal mucosa showed that this effect was associated with increased short circuit current but no change in electrical resistance. The inhibitory activity of plantain NSP lay mainly within the acidic/pectic (homogalacturonan-rich) component. Supplementation of chick feed with plantain NSP was well tolerated and shows promise as a simple approach for reducing invasive salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony N. Parsons
- Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Wigley
- Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah L. Simpson
- Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Williams
- Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Suzie Humphrey
- Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie Salisbury
- Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair J. M. Watson
- Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen C. Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David O'Brien
- Provexis plc, c/o Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Carol L. Roberts
- Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Provexis plc, c/o Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Niamh O'Kennedy
- Provexis plc, c/o Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Åsa V. Keita
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan D. Söderholm
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jonathan M. Rhodes
- Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Barry J. Campbell
- Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Understanding the role of cleaning in the control of Salmonella Typhimurium in grower-finisher pigs: a modelling approach. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 142:1034-49. [PMID: 23920341 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813001805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) infection in pigs represents a considerable food safety concern. This study used mathematical modelling to evaluate the effectiveness of cleaning (faeces removal) as a measure to control STM spread among grower-finisher pigs. A modified Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Susceptible (SIRS) model of STM transmission through a contaminated environment was developed. Infected pigs were divided into three states according to the pathogen level being shed in their faeces. Infection transmission was evaluated using the basic reproduction number (R 0) and the prevalence of infectious pigs at slaughter age. Although increased frequency and efficiency of cleaning did reduce the prevalence of STM shedding at the time of slaughter, these efforts alone were not capable of eliminating the infection from the population. The level of STM faecal shedding by infectious pigs strongly influenced the infection spread and prevalence at slaughter. To control STM in pigs, cleaning should be combined with vaccination and/or isolation of high-level shedders.
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Harrison LM, Balan KV, Babu US. Dietary fatty acids and immune response to food-borne bacterial infections. Nutrients 2013; 5:1801-22. [PMID: 23698167 PMCID: PMC3708349 DOI: 10.3390/nu5051801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional innate and acquired immune responses are required to protect the host from pathogenic bacterial infections. Modulation of host immune functions may have beneficial or deleterious effects on disease outcome. Different types of dietary fatty acids have been shown to have variable effects on bacterial clearance and disease outcome through suppression or activation of immune responses. Therefore, we have chosen to review research across experimental models and food sources on the effects of commonly consumed fatty acids on the most common food-borne pathogens, including Salmonella sp., Campylobacter sp., Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Altogether, the compilation of literature suggests that no single fatty acid is an answer for protection from all food-borne pathogens, and further research is necessary to determine the best approach to improve disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Harrison
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
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Michiels J, Missotten J, Rasschaert G, Dierick N, Heyndrickx M, De Smet S. Effect of organic acids on Salmonella colonization and shedding in weaned piglets in a seeder model. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1974-83. [PMID: 23127706 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Piglets (n = 128) weaned at 21 days of age were used in a 35-day seeder model to evaluate the effects of dietary additives differing in active ingredients, chemical, and physical formulation, and dose on Salmonella colonization and shedding and intestinal microbial populations. Treatments were a negative control (basal diet), the positive control (challenged, basal diet), and six treatments similar to the positive control but supplemented with the following active ingredients (dose excluding essential oils or natural extracts): triglycerides with butyric acid (1.30 g kg(-1)); formic and citric acids and essential oils (2.44 g kg(-1)); coated formic, coated sorbic, and benzoic acids (2.70 g kg(-1)); salts of formic, sorbic, acetic, and propionic acids, their free acids, and natural extracts (2.92 g kg(-1)); triglycerides with caproic and caprylic acids and coated oregano oil (1.80 g kg(-1)); and caproic, caprylic, lauric, and lactic acids (1.91 g kg(-1)). On day 6, half the piglets (seeder pigs) in each group were orally challenged with a Salmonella Typhimurium nalidixic acid-resistant strain (4 × 10(9) and 1.2 × 10(9) log CFU per pig in replicate experiments 1 and 2, respectively). Two days later, they were transferred to pens with an equal number of contact pigs. Salmonella shedding was determined 2 days after challenge exposure and then on a weekly basis. On day 34 or 35, piglets were euthanized to sample tonsils, ileocecal lymph nodes, and ileal and cecal digesta contents. The two additives, both containing short-chain fatty acids and one of them also containing benzoic acid and the other one also containing essential oils, and supplemented at more than 2.70 g kg(-1), showed evidence of reducing Salmonella fecal shedding and numbers of coliforms and Salmonella in cecal digesta. However, colonization of tonsils and ileocecal lymph nodes by Salmonella was not affected. Supplementing butyric acid and medium-chain fatty acids at the applied dose failed to inhibit Salmonella contamination in the current experimental setup.
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