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Peng R, Xiao J, Chen T, Alugongo GM, Yang H, Zhang S, Cao Z. Validation of a methodology for characterization of rumination, lying, standing, and performing non-nutritive oral behaviors and behavioral patterns in Holstein dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6402-6415. [PMID: 37500426 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Calf behavior is closely related to its early growth, production performance, and health performance. Continuous behavior recording is the most accurate but also time-consuming method used for monitoring animal behaviors, so the instantaneous sampling method is often adopted to minimize the time required to quantify behavioral observations in animal studies. Moreover, the optimal sampling intervals required to yield accurate information for estimating Holstein dairy calves' behaviors are still unknown. Our primary objective was to determine the most optimal sampling intervals for monitoring behaviors of Holstein dairy calves during preweaning and weaning periods to improve efficiency while maintaining reliability. The secondary objective was to describe their behavioral patterns. Rumination, lying, standing, and non-nutritive oral behavior (NNOB) data of 18 calves (observation time: 360 h/calf, 6,480 h in total) were continuously recorded for 15 d (3 d at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 wk of age). The continuous behavioral data were compared with instantaneous sampling at 5 s, 10 s, 15 s, 30 s,1 min, 3 min, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 30 min, and 60 min intervals. Sampling intervals were considered accurate if they met 4 criteria: coefficient of determination ≥0.90 (i.e., strongly related to true values), slope = 1, intercept = 0 (i.e., they did not over- or underestimate true values), and relative error <10%. The most optimal sampling interval was considered the highest sampling interval among the 11 sampling intervals that meet the criteria for accurate monitoring. As expected, the strength of the linear relationship between the continuous recording and instantaneous sampling decreased as the sampling intervals increased. The results varied across the different behaviors, with rumination, lying, standing, and NNOB being reliable at instantaneous recordings of 3 min, 10 min, 10 min, and 1 min for the preweaning period (1, 3, and 6 wk of age) and 10 min, 10 min, 15 min, and 3 min for the postweaning period (9 and 12 wk of age). In terms of behavioral patterns, lying time decreased, whereas rumination, standing, and NNOB time increased with age. After weaning, no significant changes in time spent performing these behaviors. Additionally, the rumination behavioral pattern becomes stable after wk 6 with decreasing after the morning feeding and occurring mainly in the morning. In conclusion, instantaneous sampling is a reliable method for monitoring the behaviors of dairy calves, but the optimal sampling intervals should be selected based on different ages and management conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Culture and Safety Production in Cattle in Sichuan, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Tianyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Gibson Maswayi Alugongo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Antanaitis R, Anskienė L, Palubinskas G, Rutkauskas A, Baumgartner W. The Relationship between Reticuloruminal Temperature, Reticuloruminal pH, Cow Activity, and Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2134. [PMID: 37443932 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that reticuloruminal temperature, pH as well as cow activity can be used as parameters for the early diagnosis of clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Therefore, we aimed to detect the relationship between these factors and the disease. We randomly selected cows with clinical mastitis and clinically healthy cows (HG) out of 600 milking cows. We recorded the following parameters during the experiment: reticulorumen temperature (RR temp.), reticulorumen pH (RR pH), and cow activity. We used smaXtec boluses (smaXtec animal care technology®, Graz, Austria). In this investigation, reticulorumen data obtained seven days before diagnosis were compared to HG data from the same time period. CM cows were observed on the same days as the healthy cows. The healthy group's RR pH was 7.32% higher than that of cows with CM. Reticulorumen temperature was also 1.25% higher in the CM group than in the control group. The healthy group had a higher average value for walking activity, which was 17.37% higher than the CM group. The data of reticulorumen pH changes during 24 h showed that during the day, the pH changed from 5.53 to 5.83 in the CM group. By contrast, pH changed from 6.05 to 6.31 in the control group. The lowest reticulorumen pH in the CM group was detected on the third day before diagnosis, which was 15.76% lower than the highest reticulorumen pH detected on the sixth day before diagnosis. The lowest reticulorumen pH in CM cows was detected at 0 and 1 days before diagnosis and it was 1.45% lower than the highest reticulorumen pH detected on the second day before diagnosis. The lowest walking activity in the CM group was detected 0 days before diagnosis, which was 50.60% lower than on the fifth day before diagnosis. Overall, the results confirmed our hypothesis that reticuloruminal temperature, reticuloruminal pH, and cow activity could be used as parameters for the early diagnosis of clinical mastitis in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramūnas Antanaitis
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Lina Anskienė
- Department of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Giedrius Palubinskas
- Department of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Arūnas Rutkauskas
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Walter Baumgartner
- Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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Paudyal S. Using rumination time to manage health and reproduction in dairy cattle: a review. Vet Q 2021; 41:292-300. [PMID: 34586042 PMCID: PMC8547861 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1987581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of disease is the key to successful management of the dairy cattle which leads to timely treatment and prevention of costs associated with prolonged treatment and reduced milk yield. Electronic systems that allow for monitoring of physiological parameters like rumination, are now commercially available. This review paper discusses different aspects of rumination time that could be used to monitor the health and reproduction of dairy cattle. This review paper explored different areas where rumination time could be utilized in monitoring dairy cattle at calving, during the estrus period, during heat stressed conditions, and to detect diseases and transition cow disorders. In conclusion, rumination time could be used as an indicator of the health status in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Paudyal
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Glatz-Hoppe J, Boldt A, Spiekers H, Mohr E, Losand B. Relationship between milk constituents from milk testing and health, feeding, and metabolic data of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10175-10194. [PMID: 32861490 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A new evaluation scheme to assess the nutritional status of dairy cows on the basis of milk constituents was derived from 7.37 million German records of milk testing. The aim of this work was to validate this new scheme. Two data sets with fertility and health information (data set A) and with measured energy and nutrient intake and metabolic characteristics (data set B) were analyzed. Data set A included 32 commercial dairy farms in northeast Germany, with 72,982 records of 43,863 German Holstein cows; data set B included 12 German experimental farms, with 49,275 records of 1,650 German Holstein, Simmental, and Brown Swiss cows. Milk traits were linked to health disorders and metabolic and feeding characteristics. Frequently used limits of milk constituents were compared with ranges of the new "Dummerstorf feeding evaluation." To distinguish an optimal from a deficient energy supply, a milk protein content ≥3.20% (previously used) and a milk fat:protein ratio (FPR) ≤1.4 (new scheme) were chosen and compared with feed energy intake in relation to demand. Energy status was more often correctly assigned by FPR than by milk protein content (80.7 and 68.7%, respectively). Over all data, the new optimum range of milk urea between 150 and 250 mg/L was better suited to dietary crude protein intake in relation to demand than the previously used range of 150 to 300 mg/L (42.4 and 38.0%, respectively). Ketosis or blood values associated with ketosis such as β-hydroxybutyrate >1.2 mmol/L or nonesterified fatty acids >1,000 µmol/L, as well as strong mobilization of body weight ≥1.5 kg/d, loss of back fat thickness ≥10 mm, and loss of body condition score ≥1 unit in first 60 days in milk were compared with different milk trait thresholds. For the updated scheme FPR >1.4 was used in combination with either milk protein content below the individual statistical lower limit of milk protein content, or milk fat content greater than the individual statistical upper limit of milk fat content; FPR >1.5 was taken as a frequently used threshold. For these ketosis indicators, the new scheme had higher sensitivities. Energy oversupply or the risk of overconditioning could not be identified by milk constituents alone. Urinary acid-base content was not related to milk content. Similarly, milk testing data did not allow a clear distinction to be made between the diagnoses of acidosis and, for example, ketosis. Essential requirements for good herd management are the continuous observation of milk testing data in combination with other established instruments of feeding and animal monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Glatz-Hoppe
- Institute of Livestock Farming, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Research Centre for Agriculture and Fisheries, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - A Boldt
- Institute of Livestock Farming, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Research Centre for Agriculture and Fisheries, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - H Spiekers
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Bavarian State Research Center of Agriculture, 85586 Poing-Grub, Germany
| | - E Mohr
- Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - B Losand
- Institute of Livestock Farming, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Research Centre for Agriculture and Fisheries, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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Abstract
Rumen sensors provide specific information to help understand rumen functioning in relation to health disorders and to assist in decision-making for farm management. This review focuses on the use of rumen sensors to measure ruminal pH and discusses variation in pH in both time and location, pH-associated disorders and data analysis methods to summarize and interpret rumen pH data. Discussion on the use of rumen sensors to measure redox potential as an indication of the fermentation processes is also included. Acids may accumulate and reduce ruminal pH if acid removal from the rumen and rumen buffering cannot keep pace with their production. The complexity of the factors involved, combined with the interactions between the rumen and the host that ultimately determine ruminal pH, results in large variation among animals in their pH response to dietary or other changes. Although ruminal pH and pH dynamics only partially explain the typical symptoms of acidosis, it remains a main indicator and may assist to optimize rumen function. Rumen pH sensors allow continuous monitoring of pH and of diurnal variation in pH in individual animals. Substantial drift of non-retrievable rumen pH sensors, and the difficulty to calibrate these sensors, limits their application. Significant within-day variation in ruminal pH is frequently observed, and large distinct differences in pH between locations in the rumen occur. The magnitude of pH differences between locations appears to be diet dependent. Universal application of fixed conversion factors to correct for absolute pH differences between locations should be avoided. Rumen sensors provide high-resolution kinetics of pH and a vast amount of data. Commonly reported pH characteristics include mean and minimum pH, but these do not properly reflect severity of pH depression. The area under the pH × time curve integrates both duration and extent of pH depression. The use of this characteristic, as well as summarizing parameters obtained from fitting equations to cumulative pH data, is recommended to identify pH variation in relation to acidosis. Some rumen sensors can also measure the redox potential. This measurement helps to understand rumen functioning, as the redox potential of rumen fluid directly reflects the microbial intracellular redox balance status and impacts fermentative activity of rumen microorganisms. Taken together, proper assessment and interpretation of data generated by rumen sensors requires consideration of their limitations under various conditions.
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Antanaitis R, Juozaitienė V, Malašauskienė D, Televičius M. Inline Reticulorumen pH as an Indicator of Cows Reproduction and Health Status. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1022. [PMID: 32074978 PMCID: PMC7070830 DOI: 10.3390/s20041022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Our study hypothesis is that the interline registered pH of the cow reticulum can be used as an indicator of health and reproductive status. The main objective of this study was to examine the relationship of pH, using the indicators of the automatic milking system (AMS), with some parameters of cow blood components. The following four main groups were used to classify cow health status: 15-30 d postpartum, 1-34 d after insemination, 35 d after insemination (not pregnant), and 35 d (pregnant). Using the reticulum pH assay, the animals were categorized as pH < 6.22 (5.3% of cows), pH 6.22-6.42 (42.1% of cows), pH 2.6-6.62 (21.1% of cows), and pH > 6.62 (10.5% of cows). Using milking robots, milk yield, fat protein, lactose level, somatic cell count, and electron conductivity were registered. Other parameters assessed included the temperature and pH of the contents of reticulorumens. Assessment of the aforementioned parameters was done using specific smaX-tec boluses. Blood gas parameters were assessed using a blood gas analyzer (EPOC (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany). The study findings indicated that pregnant cows have a higher pH during insemination than that of non-pregnant ones. It was also noted that cows with a low fat/protein ratio, lactose level, and high SCC had low reticulorumen pH. They also had the lowest blood pH. It was also noted that, with the increase of reticulorumen pH, there was an increased level of blood potassium, a high hematocrit, and low sodium and carbon dioxide saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramūnas Antanaitis
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str 18, Kaunas LT44307, Lithuania; (D.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Vida Juozaitienė
- Department of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str 18, Kaunas LT44307, Lithuania;
| | - Dovilė Malašauskienė
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str 18, Kaunas LT44307, Lithuania; (D.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Mindaugas Televičius
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str 18, Kaunas LT44307, Lithuania; (D.M.); (M.T.)
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Bünemann K, Johannes M, Schmitz R, Hartwiger J, von Soosten D, Hüther L, Meyer U, Westendarp H, Hummel J, Zeyner A, Dänicke S. Effects of Different Concentrate Feed Proportions on Ruminal Ph Parameters, Duodenal Nutrient Flows and Efficiency of Microbial Crude Protein Synthesis in Dairy Cows During Early Lactation. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020267. [PMID: 32046256 PMCID: PMC7070337 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine different pH parameters, such as variations throughout the day, depending on differing concentrate feed proportions. Moreover, special attention was payed to individual variation in microbial efficiencies (microbial crude protein/fermented organic matter) and their relation to ruminal pH, nutrient flows and digestibilities. For this, cows were grouped according to microbial efficiency (more, n = 5, vs. less efficient cows, n = 4). After calving, thirteen ruminally cannulated pluriparous cows, including nine duodenally cannulated animals, were divided into groups offered rations with a lower (35% on dry matter basis, n = 7) or a higher (60% on dry matter basis, n = 6) concentrate feed proportion. Ruminal pH parameters were assessed continuously by using intraruminal probes. Nutrient flows, nutrient digestibility and microbial efficiency were determined for duodenally cannulated cows. For most ruminal pH parameters it seemed that individual variability was higher than the treatment effect. However, a positive relationship between actual concentrate intake and diurnal pH fluctuations was found. Besides, the effect of individually different microbial efficiencies was assessed. Again, there were no group differences for pH parameters. However, nutrient flows were significantly higher in more efficient cows, whereas digestibilities were lower in in more efficient cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bünemann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (M.J.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Maren Johannes
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (M.J.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Rolf Schmitz
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (M.J.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Julia Hartwiger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (M.J.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Dirk von Soosten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (M.J.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-531-58044-136
| | - Liane Hüther
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (M.J.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (M.J.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Heiner Westendarp
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Applied Sciences, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany;
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Annette Zeyner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (M.J.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
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Rumen fermentation, intramuscular fat fatty acid profiles and related rumen bacterial populations of Holstein bulls fed diets with different energy levels. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4931-4942. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Schmitz R, Schnabel K, von Soosten D, Meyer U, Hüther L, Spiekers H, Rehage J, Dänicke S. Changes of ruminal pH, rumination activity and feeding behaviour during early lactation as affected by different energy and fibre concentrations of roughage in pluriparous dairy cows. Arch Anim Nutr 2018; 72:458-477. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2018.1526535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Schmitz
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Karina Schnabel
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dirk von Soosten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Liane Hüther
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hubert Spiekers
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Bavarian State Research Center of Agriculture (LfL), Poing-Grub, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rehage
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
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