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Ishida K, Litomska A, Dunbar KL, Hertweck C. An Enzymatic Prodrug-like Route to Thio and Selenoamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404243. [PMID: 38747847 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
6-Thioguanine (6TG) is a clinically used antitumor agent that was rationally designed as a DNA-targeting antimetabolite, but it also occurs naturally. 6TG is a critical virulence factor produced by Erwinia amylovorans, a notorious plant pathogen that causes fire blight of pome fruit trees. The biosynthesis of the rare thioamide metabolite involves an adenylating enzyme (YcfA) and a sulfur-mobilizing enzyme (YcfC), but the mechanism of sulfur transfer and putative intermediates have remained elusive. Through dissection and in vitro reconstitution of the thionation process using diverse substrates, we uncover an intermediate, prodrug-like thio-conjugate and elucidate the precise enzyme functions. YcfA not only adenylates GMP but also transfers the mercapto group of l-cysteine to the activated carbonyl. A designated C-S lyase (YcfC) then cleaves the resulting S-adduct to yield the thioamide. This pathway is distinct from canonical tRNA sulfur modifications and known enzymatic peptide thionations. By exploring a wide range of substrate surrogates, we exploited the tolerance of the enzyme pair to produce even a seleno analog. This study provides valuable insight into a previously unexplored area of bacterial thioamide formation and lays the groundwork for synthetic biology approaches to produce thioamide antimetabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Ishida
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Litomska
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Kyle L Dunbar
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
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2
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Molnupiravir: A Versatile Prodrug against SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020309. [PMID: 36837928 PMCID: PMC9962121 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleoside analog β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine is the active metabolite of the prodrug molnupiravir and is accepted as an efficient drug against COVID-19. Molnupiravir targets the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) enzyme, which is responsible for replicating the viral genome during the replication process of certain types of viruses. It works by disrupting the normal function of the RdRp enzyme, causing it to make mistakes during the replication of the viral genome. These mistakes can prevent the viral RNA from being transcribed, converted into a complementary DNA template, translated, or converted into a functional protein. By disrupting these crucial steps in the viral replication process, molnupiravir can effectively inhibit the replication of the virus and reduce its ability to cause disease. This review article sheds light on the impact of molnupiravir and its metabolite on SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, such as delta, omicron, and hybrid/recombinant variants. The detailed mechanism and molecular interactions using molecular docking and dynamics have also been covered. The safety and tolerability of molnupiravir in patients with comorbidities have also been emphasized.
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Jimenez-Macias J, Lee YC, Miller E, Finkelberg T, Zdioruk M, Berger G, Farquhar C, Nowicki M, Cho CF, Fedeles B, Loas A, Pentelute B, Lawler SE. A Pt(IV)-conjugated brain penetrant macrocyclic peptide shows pre-clinical efficacy in glioblastoma. J Control Release 2022; 352:623-636. [PMID: 36349615 PMCID: PMC9881056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary malignant brain tumor, with a median survival of approximately 15 months. Treatment is limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which restricts the passage of most drugs to the brain. We previously reported the design and synthesis of a BBB-penetrant macrocyclic cell-penetrating peptide conjugate (M13) covalently linked at the axial position of a Pt(IV) cisplatin prodrug. Here we show the Pt(IV)-M13 conjugate releases active cisplatin upon intracellular reduction and effects potent in vitro GBM cell killing. Pt(IV)-M13 significantly increased platinum uptake in an in vitro BBB spheroid model and intravenous administration of Pt(IV)-M13 in GBM tumor-bearing mice led to higher platinum levels in brain tissue and intratumorally compared with cisplatin. Pt(IV)-M13 administration was tolerated in naïve nude mice at higher dosage regimes than cisplatin and significantly extended survival above controls in a murine GBM xenograft model (median survival 33 days for Pt(IV)-M13 vs 24 days for Pt(IV) prodrug, 22.5 days for cisplatin and 22 days for control). Increased numbers of γH2AX nuclear foci, biomarkers of DNA damage, were observed in tumors of Pt(IV)-M13-treated mice, consistent with elevated platinum levels. The present work provides the first demonstration that systemic injection of a Pt(IV) complex conjugated to a brain-penetrant macrocyclic peptide can lead to increased platinum levels in the brain and extend survival in mouse GBM models, supporting further development of this approach and the utility of brain-penetrating macrocyclic peptide conjugates for delivering non-BBB penetrant drugs to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.L. Jimenez-Macias
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Y.-C. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - E. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - T. Finkelberg
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - M. Zdioruk
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - G. Berger
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - C.E. Farquhar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M.O. Nowicki
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - C.-F. Cho
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - B.I. Fedeles
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A. Loas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - B.L. Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Correspondence to: B.L. Pentelute, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. (B.L. Pentelute)
| | - S. E. Lawler
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA,Correspondence to: S.E. Lawler, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. (S.E. Lawler)
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Gouveia-Fernandes S, Rodrigues A, Nunes C, Charneira C, Nunes J, Serpa J, Antunes AMM. Glycidamide and cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA) as potential carcinogens and promoters of liver cancer - An in vitro study. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 166:113251. [PMID: 35750087 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide and furan are environmental and food contaminants that are metabolized by cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), giving rise to glycidamide and cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA) metabolites, respectively. Both glycidamide and BDA are electrophilic species that react with nucleophilic groups, being able to introduce mutations in DNA and perform epigenetic remodeling. However, whereas these carcinogens are primarily metabolized in the liver, the carcinogenic potential of acrylamide and furan in this organ is still controversial, based on findings from experimental animal studies. With the ultimate goal of providing further insights into this issue, we explored in vitro, using a hepatocyte cell line and a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, the putative effect of these metabolites as carcinogens and cancer promoters. Molecular alterations were investigated in cells that survive glycidamide and BDA toxicity. We observed that those cells express CD133 stemness marker, present a high proliferative capacity and display an adjusted expression profile of genes encoding enzymes involved in oxidative stress control, such as GCL-C, GSTP1, GSTA3 and CAT. These molecular changes seem to be underlined, at least in part, by epigenetic remodeling involving histone deacetylases (HDACs). Although more studies are needed, here we present more insights towards the carcinogenic capacity of glycidamide and BDA and also point out their effect in favoring hepatocellular carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gouveia-Fernandes
- NOVA Medical School Research, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Armanda Rodrigues
- NOVA Medical School Research, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carolina Nunes
- NOVA Medical School Research, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Charneira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049 001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Nunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049 001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jacinta Serpa
- NOVA Medical School Research, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Alexandra M M Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049 001, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Abstract
It has been estimated that nearly 80% of anticancer drug-treated patients receive potentially nephrotoxic drugs, while the kidneys play a central role in the excretion of anticancer drugs. Nephrotoxicity has long been a serious complication that hampers the effectiveness of cancer treatment and continues to influence both mortality and length of hospitalization among cancer patients exposed to either conventional cytotoxic agents or targeted therapies. Kidney injury arising from anticancer drugs tends to be associated with preexisting comorbidities, advanced cancer stage, and the use of concomitant non-chemotherapeutic nephrotoxic drugs. Despite the prevalence and impact of kidney injury on therapeutic outcomes, the field is sorely lacking in an understanding of the mechanisms driving cancer drug-induced renal pathophysiology, resulting in quite limited and largely ineffective management of anticancer drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Consequently, there is a clear imperative for understanding the basis for nephrotoxic manifestations of anticancer agents for the successful management of kidney injury by these drugs. This article provides an overview of current preclinical research on the nephrotoxicity of cancer treatments and highlights prospective approaches to mitigate cancer therapy-related renal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoling Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Dengpiao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Ningjun Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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Li J, Li X, Liu P. Acid-triggered degradable diblock poly(doxorubicin)-polyethylene glycol polyprodrug with doxorubicin as structural unit for tumor intracellular delivery. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121142. [PMID: 34600057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Polyprodrugs, in which drug was used as the structural unit by linking with each other via the dynamic covalent bonds in the main chain, are expected to endow excellent drug delivery performance. Here, acid-triggered degradable diblock polyprodrug, poly(doxorubicin)-polyethylene glycol (PDOX-PEG), was designed with DOX as structural unit alternately linked with acid-labile hydrazone and maleic amide groups, by the polycondensation of DOX-based dimers (D-DOXADH or D-DOXMAH) with PEGylated dimer (DOX-ADH-DOX-PEG) as end capping agent. The optimized PDOX-PEG, which was synthesized with D-DOXADH and the PEGylated dimer at a feeding ratio of 10%, possessed a high Mn of 3.1 × 104 g/mol with a high DOX content of 75.42%. It could easily self-assemble into near spherical nanoparticles with average hydrodynamic diameter of 135 nm. They showed excellent pH-triggered sustained drug release owing to the acid-triggered degradation of the polyprodrug block in the tumor intracellular microenvironment, with low premature drug leakage of 4.39 % within 60 h. The MTT results indicated the enhanced antitumor efficacy of the proposed PDOX-PEG nanoparticles than free DOX. The results demonstrated the promising potential of the proposed acid-triggered degradable diblock PDOX-PEG polyprodrug for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiagen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
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Alqarni MH, Foudah AI, Muharram MM, Labrou NE. The Interaction of Human Glutathione Transferase GSTA1-1 with Reactive Dyes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082399. [PMID: 33924269 PMCID: PMC8074892 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human glutathione transferase A1-1 (hGSTA1-1) contributes to developing resistance to anticancer drugs and, therefore, is promising in terms of drug-design targets for coping with this phenomenon. In the present study, the interaction of anthraquinone and diazo dichlorotriazine dyes (DCTD) with hGSTA1-1 was investigated. The anthraquinone dye Procion blue MX-R (PBMX-R) appeared to interact with higher affinity and was selected for further study. The enzyme was specifically and irreversibly inactivated by PBMX-R, following a biphasic pseudo-first-order saturation kinetics, with approximately 1 mol of inhibitor per mol of the dimeric enzyme being incorporated. Molecular modeling and protein chemistry data suggested that the modified residue is the Cys112, which is located at the entrance of the solvent channel at the subunits interface. The results suggest that negative cooperativity exists upon PBMX-R binding, indicating a structural communication between the two subunits. Kinetic inhibition analysis showed that the dye is a competitive inhibitor towards glutathione (GSH) and mixed-type inhibitor towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The present study results suggest that PBMX-R is a useful probe suitable for assessing by kinetic means the drugability of the enzyme in future drug-design efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hamed Alqarni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (M.H.A.); (N.E.L.)
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim Foudah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Magdy Mohamed Muharram
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Nikolaos E. Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (M.H.A.); (N.E.L.)
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Birlik Demirel G, Aygul E, Dag A, Atasoy S, Cimen Z, Cetin B. Folic Acid-Conjugated pH and Redox-Sensitive Ellipsoidal Hybrid Magnetic Nanoparticles for Dual-Triggered Drug Release. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:4949-4961. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gokcen Birlik Demirel
- Department of Chemistry, Polatlı Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, 06900 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ebru Aygul
- Department of Chemistry, Polatlı Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, 06900 Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aydan Dag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezen Atasoy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Cimen
- Department of Chemistry, Polatlı Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, 06900 Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Busra Cetin
- Department of Chemistry, Polatlı Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, 06900 Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
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