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Bian ZY, Li PX, Feng XY, Zhou YR, Cheng FY, Dong WX, Xiang P, Tang JJ. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of imidazolylacetophenone oxime derivatives as novel brain-penetrant agents for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 278:116794. [PMID: 39226707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD, also known as dementia) has become a serious global health problem along with population aging, and neuroinflammation is the underlying cause of cognitive impairment in the brain. Nowadays, the development of multitarget anti-AD drugs is considered to be one effective approach. Imidazolylacetophenone oxime ethers or esters (IOEs) were multifunctional agents with neuroinflammation inhibition, metal chelation, antioxidant and neuroprotection properties against Alzheimer's disease. In this study, IOEs derivatives 1-8 were obtained by structural modifications of the oxime and imidazole groups, and the SARs showed that (Z)-oxime ether (derivative 2) had stronger anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective ability than (E)-congener. Then, IOEs derivatives 9-30 were synthesized based on target-directed ligands and activity-based groups hybridization strategy. In vitro anti-AD activity screening revealed that some derivatives exhibited potentially multifunctional effects, among which derivative 28 exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity on NO production with EC50 value of 0.49 μM, and had neuroprotective effects on 6-OHDA-induced cell damage and RSL3-induced ferroptosis. The anti-neuroinflammatory mechanism showed that 28 could inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory factors PGE2 and TNF-α, down-regulate the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins, and promote the polarization of BV-2 cells from pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. In addition, 28 can dose-dependently inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Aβ42 aggregation. Moreover, the selected nuclide [18F]-labeled 28 was synthesized to explore its biodistribution by micro-PET/CT, of which 28 can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These results shed light on the potential of 28 as a new multifunctional candidate for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yuan Bian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, No.3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Peng-Xiao Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, No.3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xu-Yao Feng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, No.3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yi-Ran Zhou
- Sendelta International Academy Shenzhen H3C1, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Fei-Yue Cheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, No.3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wei-Xuan Dong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710000, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, No.3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Jiang-Jiang Tang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, No.3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Northwest A&F University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen Virtual University Park Building, High-TechIndustrial Park, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China.
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Matošević A, Bartolić M, Maraković N, Zandona A, Petrić R, Opsenica D, Bosak A. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel aminoquinolines with an n-octyl linker: Impact of halogen substituents on C(7) or a terminal amino group on anticholinesterase and BACE1 activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 112:129928. [PMID: 39151660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is age-related multifactorial neurodegenerative disease manifested by gradual loss of memory, cognitive decline and changes in personality. Due to rapid and continuous growth of its prevalence, the treatment of Alzheimer's disease calls for development of new and efficacies drugs, especially those that could be able to simultaneously act on more than one of possible targets of action. Aminoquinolines have proven to be a highly promising structural scaffold in the design of such a drug as cholinesterases and β-secretase 1 inhibitors. In this study, we synthesised twenty-two new 4-aminoquinolines with different halogen atom and its position in the terminal N-benzyl group or with a trifluoromethyl or a chlorine as C(7)-substituents on the quinoline moiety. All compounds were evaluated as multi-target-directedligands by determining their inhibition potency towards human acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and β-secretase 1. All of the tested derivatives were very potent inhibitors of human acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase with inhibition constants (Ki) in the nM to low μM range. Most were estimated to be able to cross the blood-brain barrier by passive transport and were nontoxic toward cells that represented the main models of individual organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Matošević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Bartolić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Zandona
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rajo Petrić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Opsenica
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Beograd, Serbia; Centre of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, ICTM, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anita Bosak
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Sharma A, Rudrawar S, Sharma A, Bharate SB, Jadhav HR. Unveiling the potential of novel indol-3-yl-phenyl allylidene hydrazine carboximidamide derivatives as AChE/BACE 1 dual inhibitors: a combined in silico, synthesis and in vitro study. RSC Adv 2024; 14:23853-23872. [PMID: 39081657 PMCID: PMC11287240 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04315d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Considering the failure of many enzyme inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), research is now focused on multi-target directed drug discovery. In this paper, inhibition of two essential enzymes implicated in AD pathologies, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and BACE 1 (Beta-site APP Cleaving Enzyme), has been explored. Taking clues from our previous work, 41 novel indol-3-yl phenyl allylidene hydrazine carboximidamide derivatives were synthesized. The results indicated that compounds inhibited both enzymes in micromolar concentrations. Compound 1l is proposed as the most active. In silico, it was seen to occupy the binding pocket of AChE and BACE 1. The ADME predictions showed that these compounds have acceptable physicochemical characteristics. This study provides new leads for the assessment of AChE and BACE 1 dual inhibition as a promising strategy for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar Pilani - 333031 RJ India +91-1596-244183 +91-1596-255 506
| | - Santosh Rudrawar
- The Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University Gold Coast 4222 Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University Gold Coast 4222 Australia
| | - Ankita Sharma
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Canal Road Jammu - 181110 India
| | - Sandip B Bharate
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Canal Road Jammu - 181110 India
| | - Hemant R Jadhav
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar Pilani - 333031 RJ India +91-1596-244183 +91-1596-255 506
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Zaafar D, Elghazawy NH, Hassan A, Mahmoud MY, Bakr AF, Arafa RK. Unleashing new MTDL AChE and BuChE inhibitors as potential anti-AD therapeutic agents: In vitro, in vivo and in silico studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131740. [PMID: 38653428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is challenging due to its irreversible declining cognitive symptoms and multifactorial nature. This work tackles targeting both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and BuChE with a multitarget-directed ligand (MTDL) through design, synthesis, and biological and in silico evaluation of a series of twenty eight new 5-substituted-2-anilino-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives 4a-g, 5a-g, 9a-g and 13a-g dual inhibitors of the target biomolecules. In vitro cholinesterases inhibition and selectivity assay of the synthesized derivatives showed excellent nanomolar level inhibitory activities. Compound 5a, the most potent inhibitor, elicited IC50s of 46.9 and 3.5 nM against AChE and BuChE, respectively (SI = 0.07), 5 folds better than the known dual inhibitor Rivastagmine. In vivo and ex vivo investigation showed that 5a significantly inhibited MDA levels and increased GSH contents, thus, attenuating the brain tissue oxidative stress. Additionally, 5a significantly decreased AChE and BuChE levels and inhibited self-mediated β-amyloid aggregation in brains of treated rats. Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation demonstrated lessened damage and decreased caspase-3 and VEGF expression levels. In silico prediction of 5a's pharmacokinetics and toxicity profiles reflected promising results. Finally, 5a demonstrated tight binding interactions with the two target biomolecules upon docking along with stable complex formation with its bio-targets throughout the 100 ns MD trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Zaafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo 12974, Egypt.
| | - Nehal H Elghazawy
- Drug Design and Discovery Lab, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Cairo 12578, Egypt
| | - Afnan Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo 12974, Egypt; Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Cairo 12578, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Y Mahmoud
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
| | - Alaa F Bakr
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Reem K Arafa
- Drug Design and Discovery Lab, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Cairo 12578, Egypt; Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Cairo 12578, Egypt.
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Wu X, Ze X, Qin S, Zhang B, Li X, Gong Q, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Xu J. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Tetrahydroacridin Hybrids with Sulfur-Inserted Linkers as Potential Multitarget Agents for Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2024; 29:1782. [PMID: 38675602 PMCID: PMC11051924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease that can lead to the loss of cognitive function. The progression of AD is regulated by multiple signaling pathways and their associated targets. Therefore, multitarget strategies theoretically have greater potential for treating AD. In this work, a series of new hybrids were designed and synthesized by the hybridization of tacrine (4, AChE: IC50 = 0.223 μM) with pyrimidone compound 5 (GSK-3β: IC50 = 3 μM) using the cysteamine or cystamine group as the connector. The biological evaluation results demonstrated that most of the compounds exhibited moderate to good inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β). The optimal compound 18a possessed potent dual AChE/GSK-3β inhibition (AChE: IC50 = 0.047 ± 0.002 μM, GSK-3β: IC50 = 0.930 ± 0.080 μM). Further molecular docking and enzymatic kinetic studies revealed that this compound could occupy both the catalytic anionic site and the peripheral anionic site of AChE. The results also showed a lack of toxicity to SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells at concentrations of up to 25 μM. Collectively, this work explored the structure-activity relationships of novel tetrahydroacridin hybrids with sulfur-inserted linkers, providing a reference for the further research and development of new multitarget anti-AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (S.Q.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaotong Ze
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (S.Q.); (X.L.)
| | - Shuai Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (S.Q.); (X.L.)
| | - Beiyu Zhang
- Therapeutics & Formulation, School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Xinnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (S.Q.); (X.L.)
| | - Qi Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; (Q.G.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; (Q.G.); (H.Z.)
| | - Zheying Zhu
- Therapeutics & Formulation, School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Jinyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (S.Q.); (X.L.)
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6
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Adarvez-Feresin CW, Ortiz JE, Piñeiro MD, Parravicini O, Enriz RD, Garro AD, Feresin GE. Inhibitory effect of galantamine and donepezil combination against cholinesterase: An in silico and in vitro study. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300581. [PMID: 38229212 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the in silico and in vitro inhibitory effect of the combined use of galantamine (GAL) and donepezil (DON) against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes. In silico and in vitro cholinesterase analysis were carried out for GAL and DON alone and combined. Molecular modeling studies were carried out (docking analysis, molecular dynamics simulation, and quantum theory of atoms in molecules). Cholinesterase's inhibitory activities by modified Ellman's method and the drug combination effect using the Chou-Talalay method were assayed. GAL/DON combination showed the co-occupancy of the ligands in both enzymes through in silico studies. Regarding in vitro BuChE inhibition analyses, three of five combinations showed an interaction between GAL and DON at the threshold of additive affect (0.9 < CI < 1.1), with a tendency toward a synergistic effect for higher concentrations. This is the first report showing the efficacy of the GAL/DON combinations inhibiting BuChE, showing the importance of analyzing the behavior of different ligands when co-occupancy into the active site is possible. These combinations might be a possible therapy to improved efficacy, reduced doses, minor side effects, and high levels of the neurotransmitter in the synaptic space for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila W Adarvez-Feresin
- IMIBIO-SL CONICET, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Javier E Ortiz
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Mauricio D Piñeiro
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Oscar Parravicini
- IMIBIO-SL CONICET, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Ricardo D Enriz
- IMIBIO-SL CONICET, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Adriana D Garro
- IMIBIO-SL CONICET, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Gabriela E Feresin
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, San Juan, Argentina
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Pathak C, Kabra UD. A comprehensive review of multi-target directed ligands in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107152. [PMID: 38290187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting specifically older population. AD is an irreversible neurodegenerative CNS disorder associated with complex pathophysiology. Presently, the USFDA has approved only four drugs viz. Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Memantine, and Galantamine for the treatment of AD. These drugs exhibit their neuroprotective effects either by inhibiting cholinesterase enzyme (ChE) or N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. However, the conventional therapy "one target, one molecule" has failed to provide promising therapeutic effects due to the multifactorial nature of AD. This triggered the development of a novel strategy called Multi-Target Directed Ligand (MTDL) which involved designing one molecule that acts on multiple targets simultaneously. The present review discusses the detailed pathology involved in AD and the various MTDL design strategies bearing different heterocycles, in vitro and in vivo activities of the compounds, and their corresponding structure-activity relationships. This knowledge will allow us to identify and design more effective MTDLs for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandni Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Uma D Kabra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
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Asghar S, Mushtaq N, Ahmed A, Anwar L, Munawar R, Akhtar S. Potential of Tryptamine Derivatives as Multi-Target Directed Ligands for Alzheimer's Disease: AChE, MAO-B, and COX-2 as Molecular Targets. Molecules 2024; 29:490. [PMID: 38276568 PMCID: PMC10820890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has been dedicated to develop compounds that can target multiple aspects of Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment due to a growing understanding of AD's complex multifaceted nature and various interconnected pathological pathways. In the present study, a series of biological assays were performed to evaluate the potential of the tryptamine analogues synthesized earlier in our lab as multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) for AD. To assess the inhibitory effects of the compounds, various in vitro assays were employed. Three compounds, SR42, SR25, and SR10, displayed significant AChE inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 0.70 µM, 0.17 µM, and 1.00 µM, respectively. These values superseded the standard drug donepezil (1.96 µM). In the MAO-B inhibition assay, SR42 (IC50 = 43.21 µM) demonstrated superior inhibitory effects as compared to tryptamine and other derivatives. Moreover, SR22 (84.08%), SR24 (79.30%), and SR42 (75.16%) exhibited notable percent inhibition against the COX-2 enzyme at a tested concentration of 100 µM. To gain insights into their binding mode and to validate the biological results, molecular docking studies were conducted. Overall, the results suggest that SR42, a 4,5 nitro-benzoyl derivative of tryptamine, exhibited significant potential as a MTDL and warrants further investigation for the development of anti-Alzheimer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Asghar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi 74600, Pakistan;
| | - Nousheen Mushtaq
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan;
| | - Ahsaan Ahmed
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi 75510, Pakistan;
| | - Laila Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi 74600, Pakistan;
| | - Rabya Munawar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dow College of Pharmacy, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan;
| | - Shamim Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi 74600, Pakistan;
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Fronza MG, Alves D, Praticò D, Savegnago L. The neurobiology and therapeutic potential of multi-targeting β-secretase, glycogen synthase kinase 3β and acetylcholinesterase in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102033. [PMID: 37595640 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting almost 50 million of people around the world, characterized by a complex and age-related progressive pathology with projections to duplicate its incidence by the end of 2050. AD pathology has two major hallmarks, the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation, alongside with several sub pathologies including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, loss of neurogenesis and synaptic dysfunction. In recent years, extensive research pointed out several therapeutic targets which have shown promising effects on modifying the course of the disease in preclinical models of AD but with substantial failure when transposed to clinic trials, suggesting that modulating just an isolated feature of the pathology might not be sufficient to improve brain function and enhance cognition. In line with this, there is a growing consensus that an ideal disease modifying drug should address more than one feature of the pathology. Considering these evidence, β-secretase (BACE1), Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has emerged as interesting therapeutic targets. BACE1 is the rate-limiting step in the Aβ production, GSK-3β is considered the main kinase responsible for Tau hyperphosphorylation, and AChE play an important role in modulating memory formation and learning. However, the effects underlying the modulation of these enzymes are not limited by its primarily functions, showing interesting effects in a wide range of impaired events secondary to AD pathology. In this sense, this review will summarize the involvement of BACE1, GSK-3β and AChE on synaptic function, neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Additionally, we will present and discuss new perspectives on the modulation of these pathways on AD pathology and future directions on the development of drugs that concomitantly target these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G Fronza
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group (GPN) - Centre for Technology Development CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- Laboratory of Clean Organic Synthesis (LASOL), Center for Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences (CCQFA), UFPel, RS, Brazil
| | - Domenico Praticò
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple - ACT, Temple University, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lucielli Savegnago
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group (GPN) - Centre for Technology Development CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Sánchez JD, Alcántara AR, González JF, Sánchez-Montero JM. Advances in the discovery of heterocyclic-based drugs against Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:1413-1428. [PMID: 37800875 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2264766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder characterized by beta-amyloid accumulation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. The disease involves interconnected mechanisms, which can be clustered into two target-packs based on the affected proteins. Pack-1 focuses on beta-amyloid accumulation, oxidative stress, and metal homeostasis dysfunction, and Pack-2 involves tau protein, calcium homeostasis, and neuroinflammation. Against this background heterocyclic system, there is a powerful source of pharmacophores to develop effective small drugs to treat multifactorial diseases like Alzheimer's. AREAS COVERED This review highlights the most promising heterocyclic systems as potential hit candidates with multi-target capacity for the development of new drugs targeting Alzheimer's disease. The selection of these heterocyclic systems was based on two crucial factors: their synthetic versatility and their well-documented biological properties of therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases. EXPERT OPINION The synthesis of small drugs against Alzheimer's disease requires a multifactorial approach that targets the key pathological proteins. In this context, the utilization of heterocyclic systems, with well-established synthetic processes and facile functionalization, becomes a crucial element in the design phases. Furthermore, the selection of hit heterocyclic should be guided by a full understanding of their biological activities. Thus, the identification of promising heterocyclic scaffolds with known biological effects increases the potential to develop effective molecules against Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Sánchez
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés R Alcántara
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F González
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Sánchez-Montero
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Pasieka A, Panek D, Zaręba P, Sługocka E, Gucwa N, Espargaró A, Latacz G, Khan N, Bucki A, Sabaté R, Więckowska A, Malawska B. Novel drug-like fluorenyl derivatives as selective butyrylcholinesterase and β-amyloid inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 88-89:117333. [PMID: 37236021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation remain important biological target and mechanism in the search for effective treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Simultaneous inhibition thereof by the application of multifunctional agents may lead to improvement in terms of symptoms and causes of the disease. Here, we present the rational design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modelling studies of novel series of fluorene-based BuChE and Aβ inhibitors with drug-like characteristics and advantageous Central Nervous System Multiparameter Optimization scores. Among 17 synthesized and tested compounds, we identified 22 as the most potent eqBuChE inhibitor with IC50 of 38 nM and 37.4% of Aβ aggregation inhibition at 10 μM. Based on molecular modelling studies, including molecular dynamics, we determined the binding mode of the compounds within BuChE and explained the differences in the activity of the two enantiomers of compound 22. A novel series of fluorenyl compounds meeting the drug-likeness criteria seems to be a promising starting point for further development as anti-Alzheimer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pasieka
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna St. 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dawid Panek
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna St. 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Paula Zaręba
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna St. 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Emilia Sługocka
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna St. 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Łazarza St., 31-530 Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Gucwa
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna St. 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Alba Espargaró
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Av Joan XXIII, S/N, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna St. 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Nadia Khan
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna St. 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; Departement of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Raimon Sabaté
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Av Joan XXIII, S/N, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Więckowska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna St. 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Malawska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna St. 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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12
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Chen C, Wang X, Xu D, Zhang H, Chan HN, Zhan Z, Jia S, Song Q, Song G, Li HW, Wong MS. Multifunctional theranostic carbazole-based cyanine for real-time imaging of amyloid-β and therapeutic treatment of multiple pathologies in Alzheimer's disease. J Mater Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37161476 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00082f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the synaptic and neuronal loss, which results in cognitive impairment in particular learning and memory. Currently, AD is incurable and no single confirmative test can clinically be used to diagnose AD. In light of the complex and multifactorial nature of AD etiology, the development of multifunctional/multi-target drugs that act on multiple pathological pathways and mechanisms shows great therapeutic potential for intervention of this devastating disease. We report herein a multifunctional theranostic cyanine, SLCOOH, which serves not only as a highly sensitive fluorescent probe for real-time imaging of amyloid-β (Aβ) contents in different age groups of transgenic (Tg) AD mice but also as an effective therapeutic agent for early AD intervention via multiple pathological targets in the AD mouse model. Remarkably, treatment with SLCOOH gives rise to multiple therapeutic benefits, including the amelioration of cognitive decline, a reduction in Aβ levels, a decrease in hyperphosphorylated tau proteins and tau depositions, and the alleviation of synaptic loss and dysfunctions in young triple Tg AD mice. Our results have demonstrated that in addition to superior Aβ imaging capability, SLCOOH exhibits versatile and effective multiple modes of drug action, signifying outstanding therapeutic potential to treat early onset AD. Our work also paves the way for the development of effective Aβ-targeted theranostic agents for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China.
| | - Xueli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China.
- Present address: College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Di Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China.
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China.
| | - Hei-Nga Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China.
| | - Zhonghao Zhan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Shizheng Jia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Qingting Song
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China.
| | - Guoli Song
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hung-Wing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China.
| | - Man Shing Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China.
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13
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Qiu W, Liu H, Liu Y, Lu X, Wang L, Hu Y, Feng F, Li Q, Sun H. Regulation of beta-amyloid for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Research progress of therapeutic strategies and bioactive compounds. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36945751 DOI: 10.1002/med.21947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is difficult to treat. Extracellular amyloid is the principal pathological criterion for the diagnosis of AD. Amyloid β (Aβ) interacts with various receptor molecules on the plasma membrane and mediates a series of signaling pathways that play a vital role in the occurrence and development of AD. Research on receptors that interact with Aβ is currently ongoing. Overall, there are no effective medications to treat AD. In this review, we first discuss the importance of Aβ in the pathogenesis of AD, then summarize the latest progress of Aβ-related targets and compounds. Finally, we put forward the challenges and opportunities in the development of effective AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Qiu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijun Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyu Hu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Institute of Food and Pharmaceuticals Research, Jiangsu, Huaian, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Nuthakki VK, Choudhary S, Reddy CN, Bhatt S, Jamwal A, Jotshi A, Raghuvanshi R, Sharma A, Thakur S, Jadhav HR, Bharate SS, Nandi U, Kumar A, Bharate SB. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Embelin-Aryl/alkyl Amine Hybrids as Orally Bioavailable Blood-Brain Barrier Permeable Multitargeted Agents with Therapeutic Potential in Alzheimer's Disease: Discovery of SB-1448. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:1193-1219. [PMID: 36812360 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex and multifaceted nature of Alzheimer's disease has brought about a pressing demand to develop ligands targeting multiple pathways to combat its outrageous prevalence. Embelin is a major secondary metabolite of Embelia ribes Burm f., one of the oldest herbs in Indian traditional medicine. It is a micromolar inhibitor of cholinesterases (ChEs) and β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) with poor absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. Herein, we synthesize a series of embelin-aryl/alkyl amine hybrids to improve its physicochemical properties and therapeutic potency against targeted enzymes. The most active derivative, 9j (SB-1448), inhibits human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE), human butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE), and human BACE-1 (hBACE-1) with IC50 values of 0.15, 1.6, and 0.6 μM, respectively. It inhibits both ChEs noncompetitively with ki values of 0.21 and 1.3 μM, respectively. It is orally bioavailable, crosses blood-brain barrier (BBB), inhibits Aβ self-aggregation, possesses good ADME properties, and protects neuronal cells from scopolamine-induced cell death. The oral administration of 9j at 30 mg/kg attenuates the scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Nuthakki
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sushil Choudhary
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Chilakala N Reddy
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shipra Bhatt
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ashiya Jamwal
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Anshika Jotshi
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Rinky Raghuvanshi
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ankita Sharma
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shikha Thakur
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hemant R Jadhav
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sonali S Bharate
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Utpal Nandi
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sandip B Bharate
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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15
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Martins MM, Branco PS, Ferreira LM. Enhancing the Therapeutic Effect in Alzheimer's Disease Drugs: The role of Polypharmacology and Cholinesterase inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202300461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Margarida Martins
- Department of Chemistry NOVA School of Science and Technology Campus da Caparica 2825-149 Caparica Portugal
| | - Paula S. Branco
- Department of Chemistry NOVA School of Science and Technology Campus da Caparica 2825-149 Caparica Portugal
| | - Luísa M. Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry NOVA School of Science and Technology Campus da Caparica 2825-149 Caparica Portugal
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16
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Ajala A, Uzairu A, Shallangwa GA, Abechi SE, Ramu R, Al-Ghorbani M. Natural product inhibitors as potential drug candidates against Alzheimer's disease: Structural-based drug design, molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation experiments, and ADMET predictions. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2023.100977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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17
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Antioxidant Compounds in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Natural, Hybrid, and Synthetic Products. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:8056462. [PMID: 36865743 PMCID: PMC9974281 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8056462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) which is associated with cognitive dysfunction and memory lapse has become a health concern. Various targets and pathways have been involved in AD's progress, such as deficit of acetylcholine (ACh), oxidative stress, inflammation, β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits, and biometal dyshomeostasis. Multiple pieces of evidence indicate that stress oxidative participation in an early stage of AD and the generated ROS could enable neurodegenerative disease leading to neuronal cell death. Hence, antioxidant therapies are applied in treating AD as a beneficial strategy. This review refers to the development and use of antioxidant compounds based on natural products, hybrid designs, and synthetic compounds. The results of using these antioxidant compounds were discussed with the given examples, and future directions for the development of antioxidants were evaluated.
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18
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Current Pharmacotherapy and Multi-Target Approaches for Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121560. [PMID: 36559010 PMCID: PMC9781592 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by decreased synaptic transmission and cerebral atrophy with appearance of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Cognitive, functional, and behavioral alterations are commonly associated with the disease. Different pathophysiological pathways of AD have been proposed, some of which interact and influence one another. Current treatment for AD mainly involves the use of therapeutic agents to alleviate the symptoms in AD patients. The conventional single-target treatment approaches do not often cause the desired effect in the disease due to its multifactorial origin. Thus, multi-target strategies have since been undertaken, which aim to simultaneously target multiple targets involved in the development of AD. In this review, we provide an overview of the pathogenesis of AD and the current drug therapies for the disease. Additionally, rationales of the multi-target approaches and examples of multi-target drugs with pharmacological actions against AD are also discussed.
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19
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Yan N, Shi XL, Tang LQ, Wang DF, Li X, Liu C, Liu ZP. Synthesis and biological evaluation of thieno[3,2- c]pyrazol-3-amine derivatives as potent glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1724-1736. [PMID: 35698879 PMCID: PMC9225722 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2086867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) catalyses the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. A series of novel thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-3-amine derivatives were designed and synthesised and evaluated as potential GSK-3β inhibitors by structure-guided drug rational design approach. The thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-3-amine derivative 16b was identified as a potent GSK-3β inhibitor with an IC50 of 3.1 nM in vitro and showed accepted kinase selectivity. In cell levels, 16b showed no toxicity on the viability of SH-SY5Y cells at the concentration up to 50 μM and targeted GSK-3β with the increased phosphorylated GSK-3β at Ser9. Western blot analysis indicated that 16b decreased the phosphorylated tau at Ser396 in a dose-dependent way. Moreover, 16b effectively increased expressions of β-catenin as well as the GAP43, N-myc, and MAP-2, and promoted the differentiated neuronal neurite outgrowth. Therefore, the thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-3-amine derivative 16b could serve as a promising GSK-3β inhibitor for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yan
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xiao-Long Shi
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Long-Qian Tang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - De-Feng Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xun Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Zhao-Peng Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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20
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Hajjo R, Sabbah DA, Abusara OH, Al Bawab AQ. A Review of the Recent Advances in Alzheimer's Disease Research and the Utilization of Network Biology Approaches for Prioritizing Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12122975. [PMID: 36552984 PMCID: PMC9777434 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12122975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a polygenic multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that, after decades of research and development, is still without a cure. There are some symptomatic treatments to manage the psychological symptoms but none of these drugs can halt disease progression. Additionally, over the last few years, many anti-AD drugs failed in late stages of clinical trials and many hypotheses surfaced to explain these failures, including the lack of clear understanding of disease pathways and processes. Recently, different epigenetic factors have been implicated in AD pathogenesis; thus, they could serve as promising AD diagnostic biomarkers. Additionally, network biology approaches have been suggested as effective tools to study AD on the systems level and discover multi-target-directed ligands as novel treatments for AD. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology to provide a better understanding of disease pathogenesis hypotheses and decipher the role of genetic and epigenetic factors in disease development and progression. We also provide an overview of disease biomarkers and drug targets and suggest network biology approaches as new tools for identifying novel biomarkers and drugs. We also posit that the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence to mining Alzheimer's disease multi-omics data will facilitate drug and biomarker discovery efforts and lead to effective individualized anti-Alzheimer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Hajjo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carlina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- National Center for Epidemics and Communicable Disease Control, Amman 11118, Jordan
- Correspondence:
| | - Dima A. Sabbah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Osama H. Abusara
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Abdel Qader Al Bawab
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
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21
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Hu S, Yang L, Ma Y, Li L, Li Z, Wen X, Wu Z. Protection against H 2O 2-evoked toxicity in HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells by geissoschizine methyl ether via inhibiting ERK pathway. Transl Neurosci 2022; 13:369-378. [PMID: 36304098 PMCID: PMC9552775 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered as an important mechanism underlying the pathology of neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we utilized an in vitro model where oxidative stress process was evoked by exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in HT22 murine hippocampal neurons and evaluated the neuroprotective effects of geissoschizine methyl ether (GME), a naturally occurring alkaloid from the hooks of Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Jacks. After a 24 h H2O2 (350 μM) insult, a significant decrease in cell survival and a sharp increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species were observed in HT22 cells. Encouragingly, GME (10-200 μM) effectively reversed these abnormal cellular changes induced by H2O2. Moreover, mechanistic studies using Western blot revealed that GME inhibited the increase of phospho-ERK protein expression, but not phospho-p38, caused by H2O2. Molecular docking simulation further revealed a possible binding mode that GME inhibited ERK protein, showing that GME favorably bound to ERK via multiple hydrophobic and hydrogen bond interactions. These findings indicate that GME provide effective neuroprotection via inhibiting ERK pathway and also encourage further ex vivo and in vivo pharmacological investigations of GME in treating oxidative stress-mediated neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengquan Hu
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine/Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yucui Ma
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine/Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Limin Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine/Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhiyue Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine/Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaomin Wen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhengzhi Wu
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine/Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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22
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Sheng J, Zhang S, Wu L, Kumar G, Liao Y, GK P, Fan H. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase: A novel therapeutic target for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1019187. [PMID: 36268188 PMCID: PMC9577554 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1019187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is ranked as the 6th leading cause of death in the US. The prevalence of AD and dementia is steadily increasing and expected cases in USA is 14.8 million by 2050. Neuroinflammation and gradual neurodegeneration occurs in Alzheimer's disease. However, existing medications has limitation to completely abolish, delay, or prevent disease progression. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are large family of enzymes to hydrolyze the 3'-phosphodiester links in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in signal-transduction pathways for generation of 5'-cyclic nucleotides. It plays vital role to orchestrate several pharmacological activities for proper cell functioning and regulating the levels of cAMP and cGMP. Several evidence has suggested that abnormal cAMP signaling is linked to cognitive problems in neurodegenerative disorders like AD. Therefore, the PDE family has become a widely accepted and multipotential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. Notably, modulation of cAMP/cGMP by phytonutrients has a huge potential for the management of AD. Natural compounds have been known to inhibit phosphodiesterase by targeting key enzymes of cGMP synthesis pathway, however, the mechanism of action and their therapeutic efficacy has not been explored extensively. Currently, few PDE inhibitors such as Vinpocetine and Nicergoline have been used for treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Considering the role of flavonoids to inhibit PDE, this review discussed the therapeutic potential of natural compounds with PDE inhibitory activity for the treatment of AD and related dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Sheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People’s Hospital of Yichun City, Yichun, China
| | - Shanjin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People’s Hospital of Yichun City, Yichun, China
| | - Lule Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People’s Hospital of Yichun City, Yichun, China
| | - Gajendra Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuanhang Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People’s Hospital of Yichun City, Yichun, China
| | - Pratap GK
- Department of Biochemistry, Davangere University, Davangere, India
| | - Huizhen Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People’s Hospital of Yichun City, Yichun, China
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Du XY, Cao YS, Yang J, Guo LC, Zhang T, Yuan Q, Chen X, Hu LM. Preclinical evidence and possible mechanisms of β-asarone for rats and mice with Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:956746. [PMID: 36120381 PMCID: PMC9471869 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.956746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Currently, there are many different drugs to improve Alzheimer’s disease (AD) from different pathways. As a supplement and alternative medicine, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) targets multiple pathways which may be different from classical Western medicine, which may be orchestrated with Western medicine to materialize multiplying efficacy in AD patients.Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect and assess the available preclinical evidence and possible mechanisms of β-asarone which was extracted from Acorus gramineus Soland (Araceae, AGS) for AD based on rat and mouse animal models.Methods: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, BIOSIS Previews, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to 5 May 2022. Rat and mouse experiments assessing the therapeutic effects of β-asarone for AD were included. Primary outcomes were neuroethology, including escape latency and times of crossing platform. Second outcomes were cell apoptosis, including Bax and Bcl-2. The weighted mean difference (WMD) was generated for continuous variables. The relative outcomes were analyzed with the aid of Get Data Graph Digitizer 2.26 and software STATA version 16.0 MP.Results: For the primary endpoint, compared with the modeling group, β-asarone significantly decreased the escape latency (WMD = -12.61, 95% CI: -18.66 to -6.57) and increased the times of crossing platform (WMD = 1.50, 95% CI: 0.31–2.70). For the secondary endpoint, β-asarone remarkably reduced the relative expression of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) (WMD = −2.25, 95% CI: −2.49 to −2.01), decreased the expression of the apoptosis-related protein, associated X protein (Bax) (WMD = −2.40, 95% CI: −3.51 to −1.29), lowered the expression of apoptosis-related protein, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) (WMD = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.38–0.46), and decreased the signal pathway-related proteins, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) (WMD = −0.70, 95% CI: −0.93 to −0.47) over the control group.Conclusion: β-asarone spectacularly improved the learning ability and memory in rats and mice, which might be correlated with its potential neuroprotective effect through multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yuan Du
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu-Shuang Cao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Li-Chen Guo
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Health, Brooks College (Sunnyvale), Milpitas, CA, United States
- Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-min Hu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Li-min Hu,
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Kumar B, Dwivedi AR, Arora T, Raj K, Prashar V, Kumar V, Singh S, Prakash J, Kumar V. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of N-Propargylated Diphenylpyrimidines as Multitarget Directed Ligands for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2122-2139. [PMID: 35797244 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a multifactorial complex neural disorder, is categorized with progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment as main clinical features. The multitarget directed ligand (MTDL) strategy is explored for the treatment of multifactorial diseases such as cancer and AD. Herein, we report the synthesis and screening of 24 N-propargyl-substituted diphenylpyrimidine derivatives as MTDLs against acetylcholine/butyrylcholine esterases and monoamine oxidase enzymes. In this series, VP1 showed the most potent MAO-B inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.04 ± 0.002 μM. VP15 with an IC50 value of 0.04 ± 0.003 μM and a selectivity index of 626 (over BuChE) displayed the most potent AChE inhibitory activity in this series. In the reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibition studies, VP1 reduced intercellular ROS levels in SH-SY5Y cells by 36%. This series of compounds also exhibited potent neuroprotective potential against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal damage in SH-SY5Y cells with up to 90% recovery. In the in vivo studies in the rats, the hydrochloride salt of VP15 was orally administered and found to cross the blood-brain barrier and reach the target site. VP15·HCl significantly attenuated the spatial memory impairment and improved the cognitive deficits in the mice. This series of compounds were found to be irreversible inhibitors and showed no cytotoxicity against neuronal cells. In in silico studies, the compounds attained thermodynamically stable orientation with complete occupancy at the active site of the receptors. Thus, N-propargyl-substituted diphenylpyrimidines displayed drug-like characteristics and have the potential to be developed as MTDLs for the effective treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupinder Kumar
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Ashish Ranjan Dwivedi
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Tania Arora
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Khadga Raj
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Vikash Prashar
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Shamsher Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Jyoti Prakash
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
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Babaei E, Küçükkılınç TT, Jalili-Baleh L, Nadri H, Öz E, Forootanfar H, Hosseinzadeh E, Akbari T, Ardestani MS, Firoozpour L, Foroumadi A, Sharifzadeh M, Mirjalili BBF, Khoobi M. Novel Coumarin–Pyridine Hybrids as Potent Multi-Target Directed Ligands Aiming at Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Chem 2022; 10:895483. [PMID: 35844650 PMCID: PMC9280334 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.895483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, a series of coumarin-based scaffolds linked to pyridine derivatives via a flexible aliphatic linkage were synthesized and assessed as multifunctional anti-AD agents. All the compounds showed acceptable acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition activity in the nanomolar range (IC50 = 2–144 nM) and remarkable butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibition property (IC50 = 9–123 nM) compared to donepezil as the standard drug (IC50 = 14 and 275 nM, respectively). Compound 3f as the best AChE inhibitor (IC50 = 2 nM) showed acceptable BuChE inhibition activity (IC50 = 24 nM), 100 times more active than the standard drug. Compound 3f could also significantly protect PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells against H2O2-induced cell death and amyloid toxicity, respectively, superior to the standard drugs. It could interestingly reduce β-amyloid self and AChE-induced aggregation, more potent than the standard drug. All the results suggest that compound 3f could be considered as a promising multi-target-directed ligand (MTDL) against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Babaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Leili Jalili-Baleh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Nadri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Esin Öz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hamid Forootanfar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elaheh Hosseinzadeh
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Akbari
- Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shafiee Ardestani
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Loghman Firoozpour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bi Bi Fatemeh Mirjalili
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
- *Correspondence: Bi Bi Fatemeh Mirjalili, ; Mehdi Khoobi, ,
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Bi Bi Fatemeh Mirjalili, ; Mehdi Khoobi, ,
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George N, Jawaid Akhtar M, Al Balushi KA, Alam Khan S. Rational drug design strategies for the development of promising multi-target directed indole hybrids as Anti-Alzheimer agents. Bioorg Chem 2022; 127:105941. [PMID: 35714473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological disorder that leads to dementia i.e., progressive memory loss accompanied with worsening of thinking ability of an individual. The cause of AD is not fully understood but it progresses with age where brain cells gradually die over time. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), currently 50 million people worldwide are affected by dementia and 60-70% of the cases belong to AD. Cumulative research over the past few decades have shown that molecules that act at a single target possess limited efficacy since these investigational drugs are not able to act against complex pathologies and thus do not provide permanent cure. Designing of multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) appears to be more beneficial and a rational approach to treat chronic complex diseases including neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, MTDLs are being extensively researched by the medicinal chemists for the development of drugs for the treatment of various multifactorial diseases. Indole is one of the privileged scaffolds which is considered as an essential mediator between the gut-brain axis because of its neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, β-amyloid anti-aggregation and antioxidant activities. Herein, we have reviewed the potential of some indole-hybrids acting at multiple targets in the pathogenesis of AD. We have reviewed research articles from the year 2014-2021 from various scientific databases and highlighted the synthetic strategies, mechanisms of neuroprotection, toxicity, structure activity relationships and molecular docking studies of various indole-hybrid derivatives. This literature review of published data on indole derivatives indicated that developing indole hybrids have improved the pharmacokinetic profile with lower toxicity, provided synergistic effect, helped to develop more potent compounds and prevented drug-drug interactions. It is evident that this class of compounds have potential to inhibit multiple enzymes targets involved in the pathogenesis of AD and therefore indole hybrids as MTDLs may play an important role in the development of anti-AD molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namy George
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO Box 620, PC 130, Muscat, Oman
| | - Md Jawaid Akhtar
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO Box 620, PC 130, Muscat, Oman
| | - Khalid A Al Balushi
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO Box 620, PC 130, Muscat, Oman
| | - Shah Alam Khan
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO Box 620, PC 130, Muscat, Oman.
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Kim CK, Lee YR, Ong L, Gold M, Kalali A, Sarkar J. Alzheimer's Disease: Key Insights from Two Decades of Clinical Trial Failures. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:83-100. [PMID: 35342092 PMCID: PMC9198803 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Given the acknowledged lack of success in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) drug development over the past two decades, the objective of this review was to derive key insights from the myriad failures to inform future drug development. A systematic and exhaustive review was performed on all failed AD compounds for dementia (interventional phase II and III clinical trials from ClinicalTrials.gov) from 2004 to the present. Starting with the initial ∼2,700 AD clinical trials, ∼550 trials met our initial criteria, from which 98 unique phase II and III compounds with various mechanisms of action met our criteria of a failed compound. The two recent reported phase III successes of aducanumab and oligomannate are very encouraging; however, we are awaiting real-world validation of their effectiveness. These two successes against the 98 failures gives a 2.0% phase II and III success rate since 2003, when the previous novel compound was approved. Potential contributing methodological factors for the clinical trial failures were categorized into 1) insufficient evidence to initiate the pivotal trials, and 2) pivotal trial design shortcomings. Our evaluation found that rational drug development principles were not always followed for AD therapeutics development, and the question remains whether some of the failed compounds may have shown efficacy if the principles were better adhered to. Several recommendations are made for future AD therapeutic development. The whole database of the 98 failed compounds is presented in the Supplementary Material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Gold
- Neuroscience Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
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28
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The Multifaceted Role of Neuroprotective Plants in Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment. Geriatrics (Basel) 2022; 7:geriatrics7020024. [PMID: 35314596 PMCID: PMC8938774 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics7020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by impaired cognition, memory loss, and altered personality. Many of the available pharmaceutical treatments do not alter the onset of disease progression. Recently, alternatives to developed drug candidates have been explored including medicinal plants and herbal treatments for the treatment of AD. This article examines the role of herbal plant extracts and the neuroprotective effects as alternative modes of intervention for AD progression. These extracts contain key metabolites that culminate alterations in AD progression. The traditional plant extracts explored in this article induce a variety of beneficial properties, including antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and enhanced cognition, while also inducing activity on AD drug targets such as Aβ degradation. While these neuroprotective aspects for AD are relatively recent, there is great potential in the drug discovery aspect of these plant extracts for future use in AD treatment.
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29
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Makhaeva GF, Kovaleva NV, Boltneva NP, Rudakova EV, Lushchekina SV, Astakhova TY, Serkov IV, Proshin AN, Radchenko EV, Palyulin VA, Korabecny J, Soukup O, Bachurin SO, Richardson RJ. Bis-Amiridines as Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors: N-Functionalization Determines the Multitarget Anti-Alzheimer’s Activity Profile. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27031060. [PMID: 35164325 PMCID: PMC8839189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using two ways of functionalizing amiridine—acylation with chloroacetic acid chloride and reaction with thiophosgene—we have synthesized new homobivalent bis-amiridines joined by two different spacers—bis-N-acyl-alkylene (3) and bis-N-thiourea-alkylene (5) —as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). All compounds exhibited high inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with selectivity for BChE. These new agents displayed negligible carboxylesterase inhibition, suggesting a probable lack of untoward drug–drug interactions arising from hydrolytic biotransformation. Compounds 3 with bis-N-acyl-alkylene spacers were more potent inhibitors of both cholinesterases compared to compounds 5 and the parent amiridine. The lead compounds 3a–c exhibited an IC50(AChE) = 2.9–1.4 µM, IC50(BChE) = 0.13–0.067 µM, and 14–18% propidium displacement at 20 μM. Kinetic studies of compounds 3a and 5d indicated mixed-type reversible inhibition. Molecular docking revealed favorable poses in both catalytic and peripheral AChE sites. Propidium displacement from the peripheral site by the hybrids suggests their potential to hinder AChE-assisted Aβ42 aggregation. Conjugates 3 had no effect on Aβ42 self-aggregation, whereas compounds 5c–e (m = 4, 5, 6) showed mild (13–17%) inhibition. The greatest difference between conjugates 3 and 5 was their antioxidant activity. Bis-amiridines 3 with N-acylalkylene spacers were nearly inactive in ABTS and FRAP tests, whereas compounds 5 with thiourea in the spacers demonstrated high antioxidant activity, especially in the ABTS test (TEAC = 1.2–2.1), in agreement with their significantly lower HOMO-LUMO gap values. Calculated ADMET parameters for all conjugates predicted favorable blood–brain barrier permeability and intestinal absorption, as well as a low propensity for cardiac toxicity. Thus, it was possible to obtain amiridine derivatives whose potencies against AChE and BChE equaled (5) or exceeded (3) that of the parent compound, amiridine. Overall, based on their expanded and balanced pharmacological profiles, conjugates 5c–e appear promising for future optimization and development as multitarget anti-AD agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina F. Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Nadezhda V. Kovaleva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Natalia P. Boltneva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Elena V. Rudakova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Sofya V. Lushchekina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Tatiana Yu. Astakhova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Igor V. Serkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Alexey N. Proshin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Eugene V. Radchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Vladimir A. Palyulin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Sergey O. Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Rudy J. Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-734-936-0769
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Krivokolysko DS, Dotsenko VV, Bibik EY, Myazina AV, Krivokolysko SG, Vasilin VK, Pankov AA, Aksenov NA., Aksenova IV. Synthesis, Structure, and Analgesic Activity of 4-(5-Cyano-{4-(fur-2-yl)-1,4-dihydropyridin-3-yl}carboxamido)benzoic Acids Ethyl Esters. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221120306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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31
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Haghighijoo Z, Zamani L, Moosavi F, Emami S. Therapeutic potential of quinazoline derivatives for Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113949. [PMID: 34742016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Quinazolines are considered as a promising class of bioactive heterocyclic compounds with broad properties. Particularly, the quinazoline scaffold has an impressive role in the design and synthesis of new CNS-active drugs. The drug-like properties and pharmacological characteristics of quinazoline could lead to different drugs with various targets. Among CNS disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with memory loss, cognitive decline and language dysfunction. AD is a complex and multifactorial disease therefore, the need for finding multi-target drugs against this devastative disease is urgent. A literature survey revealed that quinazoline derivatives have diverse therapeutic potential for AD as modulators/inhibitors of β-amyloid, tau protein, cholinesterases, monoamine oxidases, and phosphodiesterases as well as other protective effects. Thus, we describe here the most relevant and recent studies about anti-AD agents with quinazoline structure which can further aid the development and discovery of new anti-AD agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Haghighijoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70504, USA
| | - Leila Zamani
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Fatemeh Moosavi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Emami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Baruah P, Paul D, Doshi J, Mitra S. Elevated Fibrinogen Level Reduces Therapeutic Efficiency of AD Drugs: Biophysical Insights into the Interaction of FDA-Approved Cholinesterase Inhibitors with Human Fibrinogen. J Phys Chem B 2021; 126:30-43. [PMID: 34964643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite being the second most abundant protein in blood plasma, reports on the interaction of drugs with fibrinogen (FIB) are relatively scarce. The effect of FIB on the therapeutic potency of four FDA-approved Alzheimer's disease drugs, namely, tacrine (TAC), donepezil (DON), eserine (ESE), and huperzine (HUP), was investigated through a combination of different in vitro and in silico experiments. The efficiency of the drugs in inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was significantly reduced in the presence of FIB. This effect was even found to be more substantial than that for the most abundant plasma protein, human serum albumin (HSA). For example, the relative change in IC50 for TAC was found to be 65% in 10 μM FIB as opposed to 43% in the presence of 250 μM HSA. The relative trend of modulation in AChE activity showed consistency with the binding efficiency of the drugs and FIB. The sequestration of drugs in FIB, therefore reducing the availability of free drugs in solution, was identified to be the primary cause for the decrease in the AChE inhibition potency. This study aims to establish FIB as a vital component, while considering the therapeutic effectiveness of different newly developed AChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prayasee Baruah
- Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Debojit Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Jitesh Doshi
- BioInsight Solutions (OPC) Pvt. Ltd, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Sivaprasad Mitra
- Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
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Aboushady Y, Gabr M, ElHady AK, Salah M, Abadi AH, Wilms G, Becker W, Abdel-Halim M, Engel M. Discovery of Hydroxybenzothiazole Urea Compounds as Multitargeted Agents Suppressing Major Cytotoxic Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4302-4318. [PMID: 34726394 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple factors are causally responsible and/or contribute to the progression of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The protein kinase Dyrk1A was identified as a promising target as it phosphorylates tau protein, α-synuclein, and parkin. The first goal of our study was to optimize our previously identified Dyrk1A inhibitors of the 6-hydroxy benzothiazole urea chemotype in terms of potency and selectivity. Our efforts led to the development of the 3-fluorobenzyl amide derivative 16b, which displayed the highest potency against Dyrk1A (IC50 = 9.4 nM). In general, the diversification of the benzylamide moiety led to an enhanced selectivity over the most homologous isoform, Dyrk1B, which was a meaningful indicator, as the high selectivity could be confirmed in an extended selectivity profiling of 3b and 16b. Eventually, we identified the novel phenethyl amide derivative 24b as a triple inhibitor of Dyrk1A kinase activity (IC50 = 119 nM) and the aggregation of tau and α-syn oligomers. We provide evidence that the novel combination of selective Dyrk1A inhibition and suppression of tau and α-syn aggregations of our new lead compound confers efficacy in several established cellular models of neurotoxic mechanisms relevant to neurodegenerative diseases, including α-syn- and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cytotoxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Aboushady
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Moustafa Gabr
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ahmed K. ElHady
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted By Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital, Cairo 11311, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Cairo 12451, Egypt
| | - Ashraf H. Abadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Gerrit Wilms
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Walter Becker
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Mohammad Abdel-Halim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Matthias Engel
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3 Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany
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Xiong Gao A, Xia TCX, Shing-Hung Mak M, Kin-Leung Kwan K, Zhong-Yu Zheng B, Xiao J, Dong TTX, Tsim KWK. Luteolin stimulates the NGF-induced neurite outgrowth in cultured PC12 cells through binding with NGF and potentiating its receptor signaling. Food Funct 2021; 12:11515-11525. [PMID: 34704574 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01096d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Luteolin, a flavonoid in fruits and vegetables, has neurotrophic functions without a well-characterized mechanism. Here, we hypothesize a direct interaction of luteolin with nerve growth factor (NGF); as such, the functionality of the NGF could be potentiated. The direct binding of luteolin with NGF was validated by ultra-filtration, Biacore, and docking analyses. In cultured PC12 cells, application of luteolin in combination with a low dose of NGF potentiated the NGF-induced differentiation of neurons by an increase of the differentiated cell number to 25.4 ± 4.8% (p < 0.01), as well as the increased expression of neurofilaments by 119 ± 32.1% (p < 0.05), 191 ± 12.6% (p < 0.01), and 110 ± 23.4% (p < 0.05) for NF68, NF160 and NF200, respectively. The co-treatment induced the phosphorylations of tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), protein kinase B (Akt), phospholipase C-γ1 (PLCγ1), and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) by 2 to 3 fold: these induced phosphorylations were mimicking that of a high dose of NGF. Moreover, the application of the TrkA inhibitor, K252a, blocked the luteolin-mediated induction of neurofilament expression and neurite outgrowth in cultured PC12 cells, suggesting the target specificity. The result supports the development of luteolin as a therapeutic, or preventive, agent for NGF insufficiency-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Xiong Gao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518000, China. .,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tracy Chen-Xi Xia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518000, China. .,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marvin Shing-Hung Mak
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518000, China. .,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth Kin-Leung Kwan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518000, China. .,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brody Zhong-Yu Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518000, China. .,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi, 721013, China
| | - Tina Ting-Xia Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518000, China. .,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karl Wah-Keung Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518000, China. .,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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Gulcan HO, Kosar M. The hybrid compounds as multi-target ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Considerations on Donepezil. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 22:395-407. [PMID: 34766890 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666211111153626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The strategies to combat Alzheimer's Disease (AD) have been changing with respect to the failures of many drug candidates assessed in clinical studies, the complex pathophysiology of AD, and the limitations of the current drugs employed. So far, none of the targets, either validated or nonvalidated, have been shown to be purely causative in the generation and development of AD. Considering the progressive and the neurodegenerative characteristics of the disease, the main strategy has been based on the design of molecules capable of showing activity on more than one receptor, and it is defined as multi-target ligand design strategy. The hybrid molecule concept is an outcome of this approach. Donepezil, as one of the currently employed drugs for AD therapy, has also been utilized in hybrid drug design studies. This review has aimed to present the promising donepezil-like hybrid molecules introduced in the recent period. Particularly, multi-target ligands with additional activities concomitant to cholinesterase inhibition are preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayrettin Ozan Gulcan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, T.R. North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Muberra Kosar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, T.R. North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Turkey
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Cell Transdifferentiation and Reprogramming in Disease Modeling: Insights into the Neuronal and Cardiac Disease Models and Current Translational Strategies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102558. [PMID: 34685537 PMCID: PMC8533873 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell transdifferentiation and reprogramming approaches in recent times have enabled the manipulation of cell fate by enrolling exogenous/artificial controls. The chemical/small molecule and regulatory components of transcription machinery serve as potential tools to execute cell transdifferentiation and have thereby uncovered new avenues for disease modeling and drug discovery. At the advanced stage, one can believe these methods can pave the way to develop efficient and sensitive gene therapy and regenerative medicine approaches. As we are beginning to learn about the utility of cell transdifferentiation and reprogramming, speculations about its applications in translational therapeutics are being largely anticipated. Although clinicians and researchers are endeavoring to scale these processes, we lack a comprehensive understanding of their mechanism(s), and the promises these offer for targeted and personalized therapeutics are scarce. In the present report, we endeavored to provide a detailed review of the original concept, methods and modalities enrolled in the field of cellular transdifferentiation and reprogramming. A special focus is given to the neuronal and cardiac systems/diseases towards scaling their utility in disease modeling and drug discovery.
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Vitali F, Branigan GL, Brinton RD. Preventing Alzheimer's disease within reach by 2025: Targeted-risk-AD-prevention (TRAP) strategy. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2021; 7:e12190. [PMID: 34584937 PMCID: PMC8451031 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that currently affects 6.2 million people in the United States and is projected to impact 12.7 million worldwide in 2050 with no effective disease-modifying therapeutic or cure. In 2011 as part of the National Alzheimer's Project Act, the National Plan to Address Alzheimer's Disease was signed into law which proposed to effectively prevent AD by 2025, which is rapidly approaching. The preclinical phase of AD can begin 20 years prior to diagnosis, which provides an extended window for preventive measures that would exert a transformative impact on incidence and prevalence of AD. METHODS A novel combination of text-mining and natural language processing strategies to identify (1) AD risk factors, (2) therapeutics that can target risk factor pathways, and (3) studies supporting therapeutics in the PubMed database was conducted. To classify the literature relevant to AD preventive strategies, a relevance score (RS) based on STRING (search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins) score for protein-protein interactions and a confidence score (CS) on Bayesian inference were developed. To address mechanism of action, network analysis of protein targets for effective drugs was conducted. Collectively, the analytic approach, referred to as a targeted-risk-AD-prevention (TRAP) strategy, led to a ranked list of candidate therapeutics to reduce AD risk. RESULTS Based on TRAP mining of 9625 publications, 364 AD risk factors were identified. Based on risk factor indications, 629 Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs were identified. Computation of ranking scores enabled identification of 46 relevant high confidence (RS & CS > 0.7) drugs associated with reduced AD risk. Within these candidate therapeutics, 16 had more than one clinical study supporting AD risk reduction. Top-ranked therapeutics with high confidence emerged within lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, hormone, and metabolic-related drug classes. DISCUSSION Outcomes of our novel bioinformatic strategy support therapeutic targeting of biological mechanisms and pathways underlying relevant AD risk factors with high confidence. Early interventions that target pathways associated with increased risk of AD have the potential to support the goal of effectively preventing AD by 2025.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vitali
- Center for Innovation in Brain ScienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Department of Neurology, College of MedicineUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Biostatistics, College of MedicineUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Gregory L. Branigan
- Center for Innovation in Brain ScienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of MedicineUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- MD‐PhD training program, College of MedicineUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Center for Innovation in Brain ScienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Department of Neurology, College of MedicineUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of MedicineUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
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Liu P, Yang Q, Yu N, Cao Y, Wang X, Wang Z, Qiu WY, Ma C. Phenylalanine Metabolism is Dysregulated in Human Hippocampus with Alzheimer's Disease Related Pathological Changes. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:609-622. [PMID: 34334403 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most challenging diseases causing an increasing burden worldwide. Although the neuropathologic diagnosis of AD has been established for many years, the metabolic changes in neuropathologic diagnosed AD samples have not been fully investigated. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the potential metabolism dysregulation in the postmortem human brain samples assessed by AD related pathological examination. METHODS We performed untargeted and targeted metabolomics in 44 postmortem human brain tissues. The metabolic differences in the hippocampus between AD group and control (NC) group were compared. RESULTS The results show that a pervasive metabolic dysregulation including phenylalanine metabolism, valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, biotin metabolism, and purine metabolism are associated with AD pathology. Targeted metabolomics reveal that phenylalanine, phenylpyruvic acid, and N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine are upregulated in AD samples. In addition, the enzyme IL-4I1 catalyzing transformation from phenylalanine to phenylpyruvic acid is also upregulated in AD samples. CONCLUSION There is a pervasive metabolic dysregulation in hippocampus with AD-related pathological changes. Our study suggests that the dysregulation of phenylalanine metabolism in hippocampus may be an important pathogenesis for AD pathology formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, National Human Brain Bank for Development and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, National Human Brain Bank for Development and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Yu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, National Human Brain Bank for Development and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, National Human Brain Bank for Development and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, National Human Brain Bank for Development and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, National Human Brain Bank for Development and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Ying Qiu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, National Human Brain Bank for Development and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, National Human Brain Bank for Development and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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fard MA, Manafi M, Motevalian M, Homami SS. Design, Synthesis and Acetylcholinesterase and Butylcholinesterase Inhibition Activity of Novel 1-(Alkyl)-3-(2-oxo-2H-chromenyloxy Acetamido) methylpyridinium Salts. LETT ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178617999200818165935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel series of 1-(alkyl)-3-(2-oxo-2H-chromenyloxy acetamido) methylpyridinium
salts were synthesized in a simple and efficient way. The method showed to be facile and the
compounds were obtained in high isolated yields. All the synthesized compounds were characterized
by <sup>1</sup>H NMR, <sup>13</sup>C NMR, FT-IR, Mass and elemental analysis. AChE and BuChE inhibition activity of
the synthesized compounds were evaluated and the results showed that all the compounds were active
in the inhibition of the mentioned enzymes. All the compounds were active in the inhibition of the two
studied enzymes. Among all the compounds, the compound 6a (1.85 μM) and 6i (0.106 μM) showed
the highest inhibition activity against AChE and BuChE, respectively. The kinetic study was performed
to get more insight into the mechanism of action of the synthesized compounds. Docking studies were
also performed to obtain the interactions between the synthesized compounds and the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Abdollahi fard
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran,Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Manafi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran,Iran
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Medical School & Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran
| | - Seyed Saied Homami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran,Iran
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Chromeno[3,4- b]xanthones as First-in-Class AChE and Aβ Aggregation Dual-Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084145. [PMID: 33923726 PMCID: PMC8072597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex multifactorial disorder, mainly characterized by the progressive loss of memory and cognitive, motor, and functional capacity. The absence of effective therapies available for AD alongside the consecutive failures in the central nervous system (CNS) drug development has been motivating the search for new disease-modifying therapeutic strategies for this disease. To address this issue, the multitarget directed ligands (MTDLs) are emerging as a therapeutic alternative to target the multiple AD-related factors. Following this concept, herein we describe the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a family of chromeno[3,4-b]xanthones as well as their (E)-2-[2-(propargyloxy)styryl]chromone precursors, as first-in-class acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation dual-inhibitors. Compounds 4b and 10 emerged as well-balanced dual-target inhibitors, with IC50 values of 3.9 and 2.9 μM for AChE and inhibitory percentages of 70 and 66% for Aβ aggregation, respectively. The molecular docking showed that most of the compounds bound to AChE through hydrogen bonds with residues of the catalytic triad and π-stacking interactions between the main scaffold and the aromatic residues present in the binding pocket. The interesting well-balanced activities of these compounds makes them interesting templates for the development of new multitarget compounds for AD.
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Khatri DK, Kadbhane A, Patel M, Nene S, Atmakuri S, Srivastava S, Singh SB. Gauging the role and impact of drug interactions and repurposing in neurodegenerative disorders. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100022. [PMID: 34909657 PMCID: PMC8663985 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) are of vast origin which are characterized by gradual progressive loss of neurons in the brain region. ND can be classified according to the clinical symptoms present (e.g. Cognitive decline, hyperkinetic, and hypokinetic movements disorder) or by the pathological protein deposited (e.g., Amyloid, tau, Alpha-synuclein, TDP-43). Alzheimer's disease preceded by Parkinson's is the most prevalent form of ND world-wide. Multiple factors like aging, genetic mutations, environmental factors, gut microbiota, blood-brain barrier microvascular complication, etc. may increase the predisposition towards ND. Genetic mutation is a major contributor in increasing the susceptibility towards ND, the concept of one disease-one gene is obsolete and now multiple genes are considered to be involved in causing one particular disease. Also, the involvement of multiple pathological mechanisms like oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, etc. contributes to the complexity and makes them difficult to be treated by traditional mono-targeted ligands. In this aspect, the Poly-pharmacological drug approach which targets multiple pathological pathways at the same time provides the best way to treat such complex networked CNS diseases. In this review, we have provided an overview of ND and their pathological origin, along with a brief description of various genes associated with multiple diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Multiple sclerosis (MS), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's and a comprehensive detail about the Poly-pharmacology approach (MTDLs and Fixed-dose combinations) along with their merits over the traditional single-targeted drug is provided. This review also provides insights into current repurposing strategies along with its regulatory considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Corresponding authors. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Corresponding authors. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
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Mycroft-West CJ, Devlin AJ, Cooper LC, Guimond SE, Procter P, Guerrini M, Miller GJ, Fernig DG, Yates EA, Lima MA, Skidmore MA. Glycosaminoglycans from Litopenaeus vannamei Inhibit the Alzheimer's Disease β Secretase, BACE1. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:203. [PMID: 33916819 PMCID: PMC8067017 DOI: 10.3390/md19040203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Only palliative therapeutic options exist for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease; no new successful drug candidates have been developed in over 15 years. The widely used clinical anticoagulant heparin has been reported to exert beneficial effects through multiple pathophysiological pathways involved in the aetiology of Alzheimer's Disease, for example, amyloid peptide production and clearance, tau phosphorylation, inflammation and oxidative stress. Despite the therapeutic potential of heparin as a multi-target drug for Alzheimer's disease, the repurposing of pharmaceutical heparin is proscribed owing to the potent anticoagulant activity of this drug. Here, a heterogenous non-anticoagulant glycosaminoglycan extract, obtained from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, was found to inhibit the key neuronal β-secretase, BACE1, displaying a more favorable therapeutic ratio compared to pharmaceutical heparin when anticoagulant activity is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney J. Mycroft-West
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (C.J.M.-W.); (A.J.D.); (L.C.C.); (P.P.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Anthony J. Devlin
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (C.J.M.-W.); (A.J.D.); (L.C.C.); (P.P.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Lynsay C. Cooper
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (C.J.M.-W.); (A.J.D.); (L.C.C.); (P.P.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Scott E. Guimond
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Patricia Procter
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (C.J.M.-W.); (A.J.D.); (L.C.C.); (P.P.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Gavin J. Miller
- School of Chemistry, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - David G. Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (D.G.F.); (E.A.Y.)
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (D.G.F.); (E.A.Y.)
| | - Marcelo A. Lima
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (C.J.M.-W.); (A.J.D.); (L.C.C.); (P.P.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Mark A. Skidmore
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (C.J.M.-W.); (A.J.D.); (L.C.C.); (P.P.); (M.A.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (D.G.F.); (E.A.Y.)
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Meninno S, Carratù M, Overgaard J, Lattanzi A. Diastereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized 5-Amino-3,4-Dihydro-2H-Pyrrole-2-Carboxylic Acid Esters: One-Pot Approach Using Commercially Available Compounds and Benign Solvents. Chemistry 2021; 27:4573-4577. [PMID: 33464645 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel three-step four-transformation approach to highly functionalized 5-amino-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid esters, starting from commercially available phenylsulfonylacetonitrile, aldehydes, and N-(diphenylmethylene)glycine tert-butyl ester, was developed. The one-pot strategy delivered this class of amidines bearing, for the first time, three contiguous stereocenters, in good to high yield and diastereoselectivity. The entire sequence was carried out using diethyl carbonate and 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran as benign solvents, operating under metal-free conditions. The process could be conveniently scaled-up, and the synthetic utility of the products was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Meninno
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Mario Carratù
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Jacob Overgaard
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alessandra Lattanzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
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Sánchez Montero JM, Agis-Torres A, Solano D, Söllhuber M, Fernandez M, Villaro W, Gómez-Cañas M, García-Arencibia M, Fernández-Ruiz J, Egea J, Martín MI, Girón R. Analogues of cannabinoids as multitarget drugs in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 895:173875. [PMID: 33460612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Given that neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by the combination of multiple neurotoxic insults, current directions in the research of novel therapies to treat this disease attempts to design multitarget strategies that could be more effective than the simply use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors; currently, the most used therapy for AD. One option, explored recently, is the synthesis of new analogues of cannabinoids that could competitively inhibit the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme and showing the classic neuroprotective profile of cannabinoid compounds. In this work, molecular docking has been used to design some cannabinoid analogues with such multitarget properties, based on the similarities of donepezil and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. The analogues synthesized, compounds 1 and 2, demonstrated to have two interesting characteristics in different in vitro assays: competitive inhibition of AChE and competitive antagonism at the CB1/CB2 receptors. They are highly lipophilic, highlighting that they could easily reach the CNS, and apparently presented a low toxicity. These results open the door to the synthesis of new compounds for a more effective treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Sánchez Montero
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia. Grupo de Biotransformaciones. Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Angel Agis-Torres
- Departamento de Fisiología. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Solano
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia. Grupo de Biotransformaciones. Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica Söllhuber
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia. Grupo de Biotransformaciones. Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fernandez
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia. Grupo de Biotransformaciones. Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wilma Villaro
- Departamento de Fisiología. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gómez-Cañas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Campus de Excelencia Internacional (CEI-Moncloa), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Moisés García-Arencibia
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Campus de Excelencia Internacional (CEI-Moncloa), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Ruiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Egea
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Del Hospital Universitario La Princesa. Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Martín
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de La Salud, Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Unidad Asociada de I+D+i Al CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. Atenas S/N, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Girón
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de La Salud, Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Unidad Asociada de I+D+i Al CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. Atenas S/N, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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Natural Compounds for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Foods 2020; 10:foods10010029. [PMID: 33374186 PMCID: PMC7824130 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites from plants and fungi are stimulating growing interest in consumers and, consequently, in the food and supplement industries. The beneficial effects of these natural compounds are being thoroughly studied and there are frequent updates about the biological activities of old and new molecules isolated from plants and fungi. In this article, we present a review of the most recent literature regarding the recent discovery of secondary metabolites through isolation and structural elucidation, as well as the in vitro and/or in vivo evaluation of their biological effects. In particular, the possibility of using these bioactive molecules in the prevention and/or treatment of widely spread pathologies such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases is discussed.
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Purgatorio R, Gambacorta N, Catto M, de Candia M, Pisani L, Espargaró A, Sabaté R, Cellamare S, Nicolotti O, Altomare CD. Pharmacophore Modeling and 3D-QSAR Study of Indole and Isatin Derivatives as Antiamyloidogenic Agents Targeting Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:E5773. [PMID: 33297547 PMCID: PMC7731220 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-six novel indole-containing compounds, mainly 3-(2-phenylhydrazono) isatins and structurally related 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde derivatives, were synthesized and assayed as inhibitors of beta amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, a hallmark of pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. The newly synthesized molecules spanned their IC50 values from sub- to two-digit micromolar range, bearing further information into structure-activity relationships. Some of the new compounds showed interesting multitarget activity, by inhibiting monoamine oxidases A and B. A cell-based assay in tau overexpressing bacterial cells disclosed a promising additional activity of some derivatives against tau aggregation. The accumulated data of either about ninety published and thirty-six newly synthesized molecules were used to generate a pharmacophore hypothesis of antiamyloidogenic activity exerted in a wide range of potencies, satisfactorily discriminating the 'active' compounds from the 'inactive' (poorly active) ones. An atom-based 3D-QSAR model was also derived for about 80% of 'active' compounds, i.e., those achieving finite IC50 values lower than 100 μM. The 3D-QSAR model (encompassing 4 PLS factors), featuring acceptable predictive statistics either in the training set (n = 45, q2 = 0.596) and in the external test set (n = 14, r2ext = 0.695), usefully complemented the pharmacophore model by identifying the physicochemical features mainly correlated with the Aβ anti-aggregating potency of the indole and isatin derivatives studied herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Purgatorio
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (R.P.); (N.G.); (M.d.C.); (L.P.); (S.C.); (O.N.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Nicola Gambacorta
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (R.P.); (N.G.); (M.d.C.); (L.P.); (S.C.); (O.N.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Marco Catto
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (R.P.); (N.G.); (M.d.C.); (L.P.); (S.C.); (O.N.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Modesto de Candia
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (R.P.); (N.G.); (M.d.C.); (L.P.); (S.C.); (O.N.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Leonardo Pisani
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (R.P.); (N.G.); (M.d.C.); (L.P.); (S.C.); (O.N.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Alba Espargaró
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.); (R.S.)
| | - Raimon Sabaté
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.); (R.S.)
| | - Saverio Cellamare
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (R.P.); (N.G.); (M.d.C.); (L.P.); (S.C.); (O.N.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (R.P.); (N.G.); (M.d.C.); (L.P.); (S.C.); (O.N.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Cosimo D. Altomare
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (R.P.); (N.G.); (M.d.C.); (L.P.); (S.C.); (O.N.); (C.D.A.)
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Oakley SS, Maina MB, Marshall KE, Al-Hilaly YK, Harrington CR, Wischik CM, Serpell LC. Tau Filament Self-Assembly and Structure: Tau as a Therapeutic Target. Front Neurol 2020; 11:590754. [PMID: 33281730 PMCID: PMC7688747 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.590754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau plays an important pathological role in a group of neurodegenerative diseases called tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy and corticobasal degeneration. In each disease, tau self-assembles abnormally to form filaments that deposit in the brain. Tau is a natively unfolded protein that can adopt distinct structures in different pathological disorders. Cryo-electron microscopy has recently provided a series of structures for the core of the filaments purified from brain tissue from patients with different tauopathies and revealed that they share a common core region, while differing in their specific conformation. This structurally resolvable part of the core is contained within a proteolytically stable core region from the repeat domain initially isolated from AD tau filaments. Tau has recently become an important target for therapy. Recent work has suggested that the prevention of tau self-assembly may be effective in slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Here we review the work that explores the importance of tau filament structures and tau self-assembly mechanisms, as well as examining model systems that permit the exploration of the mode of action of potential inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian S. Oakley
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Mahmoud B. Maina
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- College of Medical Sciences, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria
| | - Karen E. Marshall
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Youssra K. Al-Hilaly
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Charlie R. Harrington
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Claude M. Wischik
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Louise C. Serpell
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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Uddin MS, Al Mamun A, Kabir MT, Ashraf GM, Bin-Jumah MN, Abdel-Daim MM. Multi-Target Drug Candidates for Multifactorial Alzheimer's Disease: AChE and NMDAR as Molecular Targets. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:281-303. [PMID: 32935230 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia among elder people, which is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that results from a chronic loss of cognitive activities. It has been observed that AD is multifactorial, hence diverse pharmacological targets that could be followed for the treatment of AD. The Food and Drug Administration has approved two types of medications for AD treatment such as cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) antagonists. Rivastigmine, donepezil, and galantamine are the ChEIs that have been approved to treat AD. On the other hand, memantine is the only non-competitive NMDAR antagonist approved in AD treatment. As compared with placebo, it has been revealed through clinical studies that many single-target therapies are unsuccessful to treat multifactorial Alzheimer's symptoms or disease progression. Therefore, due to the complex nature of AD pathophysiology, diverse pharmacological targets can be hunted. In this article, based on the entwined link of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and NMDAR, we represent several multifunctional compounds in the rational design of new potential AD medications. This review focus on the significance of privileged scaffolds in the generation of the multi-target lead compound for treating AD, investigating the idea and challenges of multi-target drug design. Furthermore, the most auspicious elementary units for designing as well as synthesizing hybrid drugs are demonstrated as pharmacological probes in the rational design of new potential AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - May N Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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49
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Sakata RP, Antoniolli G, Lancellotti M, Kawano DF, Guimarães Barbosa E, Almeida WP. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2'-Aminochalcone: A multi-target approach to find drug candidates to treat Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104201. [PMID: 32890999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative process that compromises cognitive functions. The physiopathology of AD is multifactorial and is mainly supported by the cholinergic and amyloid hypotheses, which allows the identification the fundamental role of some markers, such as the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-secretase (BACE-1), and the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). In this work, we prepared a series of chalcones and 2'-aminochalcones, which were tested against AChE and BACE-1 enzymes and on the aggregation of Aβ. All compounds inhibited AChE activity with different potencies. We have found that the majority of chalcones having the amino group are able to inhibit BACE-1, which was not observed for chalcones without this group. The most active compound is the one derived from 2,3-dichlorobenzaldeyde, having an IC50 value of 2.71 μM. A molecular docking study supported this result, showing a good interaction of the amino group with aspartic acid residues of the catalytic diade of BACE-1. Thioflavin-T fluorescence emission is reduced in 30 - 40%, when Aβ42 is incubated in the presence of some chalcones under aggregation conditions. In vitro cytotoxicity and in silico prediction of pharmacokinetic properties were also conducted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata P Sakata
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Brazil; Porphirio da Paz High School, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Lancellotti
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, 200, Candido Portinari, Campinas, SP ZC 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Daniel Fabio Kawano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, 200, Candido Portinari, Campinas, SP ZC 13083-871, Brazil
| | | | - Wanda P Almeida
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, 200, Candido Portinari, Campinas, SP ZC 13083-871, Brazil.
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50
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Gabr M, Murugan NA. Discovery of biphenyl pyrazole scaffold for neurodegenerative diseases: A novel class of acetylcholinesterase-centered multitargeted ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127370. [PMID: 32738978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multitargeted ligands have demonstrated remarkable efficiency as potential therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases as they target multiple pathways involved in the progression of these diseases. Herein, we report first-in-class dual inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and tau aggregation as a novel class of multitargeted ligands for neurodegenerative diseases. The reported biphenyl pyrazole scaffold binds monomeric tau with submicromolar affinity and impedes the formation of tau oligomers at early stages. Additionally, the lead compound inhibited AChE activity with an IC50 value of 0.35 ± 0.02 μM. Remarkably, the neuroprotective effect of this lead in induced cytotoxicity model of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells is superior to single-targeted AChE and tau-aggregation inhibitors. This scaffold would enable development of new generation of multitargeted ligands for neurodegenerative diseases that function through dual targeting of AChE and monomeric tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa Gabr
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
| | - Natarajan Arul Murugan
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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