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Fernandes JFT, Hayes LD, Dingley AF, Moeskops S, Oliver JL, Arede J, Twist C, Wilson LJ. Youths Are Less Susceptible to Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage Than Adults: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2024; 36:123-134. [PMID: 38065086 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2023-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This meta-analysis aimed to (1) provide a comparison of peak changes in indirect markers of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) in youths versus adults and (2) determine if the involved limb moderated this effect. METHOD Studies were eligible for inclusion if they (1) provided a human youth versus adult comparison; (2) provided data on muscle strength, soreness, or creatine kinase markers beyond ≥24 hours; and (3) did not provide a recovery treatment. Effect sizes (ES) were presented alongside 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS EIMD exhibited larger effects on adults than in youths for muscle strength (ES = -2.01; P < .001), muscle soreness (ES = -1.52; P < .001), and creatine kinase (ES = -1.98; P < .001). The random effects meta-regression indicated that the effects of upper- and lower-limb exercise in youths and adults were significant for muscle soreness (coefficient estimate = 1.11; P < .001) but not for muscle strength or creatine kinase (P > .05). As such, the between-group effects for muscle soreness (ES = -2.10 vs -1.03; P < .05) were greater in the upper than lower limbs. CONCLUSION The magnitude of EIMD in youths is substantially less than in their adult counterparts, and this effect is greater in upper than lower limbs for muscle soreness. These findings help guide practitioners who may be concerned about the potential impact of EIMD when training youth athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F T Fernandes
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence D Hayes
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, University of the West of Scotland, South Lanarkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia F Dingley
- College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia Moeskops
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jon L Oliver
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jorge Arede
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
- Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
- School of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Campus de Villaviciosa de Odón, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Craig Twist
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J Wilson
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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Martin-Garetxana I, Hughes J, De Ste Croix M, Larruskain J, Lekue JA, Ayala F. Acute pre- and post-competitive soccer match-play changes in neuromuscular factors, physical performance, and muscle response in youth male players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38497787 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2024.2329273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
There is a paucity of literature analyzing the impact of fatigue from actual competitive soccer match-play on measures of neuromuscular function and muscle damage markers in youth players. Aims The main purpose was to analyze the acute pre- and post-competitive soccer match-play changes in measures of landing mechanics, stretch-shortening cycle capability, physical performance, muscle damage, and match intensity. A secondary purpose was to explore whether the players' maturity status and chronological age were associated with post-soccer match-play responses. Methods Thirty-two male youth outfield soccer players from two chronological competition age groups (U14 and U16) were assessed pre-and post-competitive soccer match-play for 2D dynamic knee valgus at landing (DKV), leg stiffness, reactive strength index, 20 m sprint time, CMJ-Abalakov jump height, creatine kinase and urea activity and visual analogue scale for muscle soreness (VAS). Players' maturity status was also estimated using a previously validated regression equation. Results There were statistically significant (p < 0.05) post-competitive soccer match-play impairments in all measures of stretch-shortening cycle capability and muscle damage markers assessed irrespective of the age group. Likewise, significant post-match play alterations in landing mechanics (DKV of the dominant leg) and physical performance (sprint time and jump height) scores were documented for the U14 players. Significant interactions between maturity and landing mechanics and VAS responses to competitive soccer match-play were also found whereby more mature players demonstrated larger post-match changes. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest the existence of a negative influence of competitive match-play on neuromuscular function and muscle damage in youth soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imanol Martin-Garetxana
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jonathan Hughes
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Mark De Ste Croix
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - Jose A Lekue
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Francisco Ayala
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
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3
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Salter J, Julian R, Mentzel SV, Hamilton A, Hughes JD, De St Croix M. Maturity status influences perceived training load and neuromuscular performance during an academy soccer season. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:235-247. [PMID: 35860914 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2022.2102916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Commonly we see large within-age-group variations in physique, including body mass, stature, and percentages of predicted adult height, which suggests that age-specified training loads are flawed. Aims were to investigate how maturation impacts training load and neuromuscular response within academy soccer and to provide recommendations for practitioners. Fifty-five male soccer players (age 14.5 ± 1.2 years; stature 172 ± 10 cm; body mass 59.8 ± 10 kg; 94.1 ± 1.8% predicted adult height) reported differential ratings of perceived exertion (AU) across a season. Neuromuscular performance (countermovement jump, reactive strength index, absolute and relative leg stiffness) was measured at three time points across the season. Perceived exertion and neuromuscular performance were examined using linear mixed modelling, supplemented with non-clinical magnitude-based decisions. Analysis indicates every 5% increase in maturity status results in players perceiving overall session intensity 6.9 AU lower and 13.9 AU lower for a 10% maturity shift. Both 5% and 10% changes in maturity most likely resulted in higher countermovement jump, with likely to very likely differences observed for RSI and ABS. Maturity substantially influences neuromuscular performance over the season. Therefore, maturity-specific load prescription may prevent significant within age-group differences in accumulated load, possibly reducing injury risk and/or burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Salter
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, England
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Ross Julian
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stijn V Mentzel
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan D Hughes
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Mark De St Croix
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
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4
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Arenas L, Frenger M, Skorski S, Meyer T. Survey of the current practices of German football academies towards biological maturation assessment. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37840319 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2023.2270563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the importance assigned to assessing and considering biological maturation in thematic areas of player development and provide an overview of current practices in German football academies regarding its consideration in training and competition. METHODS An online survey was sent to 56 elite German football academies. A total of 46 responded to the questionnaire (82% response rate). Six participants provided incomplete information resulting in a total of 40 completed surveys in the period from March to May 2022. RESULTS Only 20 of participants regularly carried out maturation assessments, despite 95% recognizing its importance for load management, 90% for player development, and 85% for injury prevention. There was no consistent approach to modifying training and competition formats based on maturity status, with a primary focus on gym-based sessions for load management. CONCLUSION The survey results highlight limited implementation of maturation assessment and training modification based on maturity status in German elite youth football academies. Despite recognizing the importance of load monitoring, reporting to parents, and long-term player development in considering biological maturation, practices are not widespread. The predominant use of the maturity offset method suggests an opportunity to improve accuracy by exploring alternative measurement methods and increasing assessment frequency. Moreover, a lack of established procedures for incorporating maturity status into training and competition exists, hindering comprehensive consideration of biological maturation and injury risk prevention. Further research is needed to understand the reasons for inconsistent approaches in maturation assessment and load modification during training and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Arenas
- Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Monika Frenger
- Department Economics and Sociology of Sport, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sabrina Skorski
- Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Schuth G, Szigeti G, Dobreff G, Pasic A, Gabbett T, Szilas A, Pavlik G. Individual-Specific Relationship Between External Training and Match Load and Creatine-Kinase Response in Youth National Team Soccer Players. Sports Health 2023; 15:700-709. [PMID: 36314370 PMCID: PMC10467477 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221128822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have examined the relationship between external load and creatine-kinase (CK) response at the team level. This study aimed to build individualized CK prediction models for elite youth national team soccer players. HYPOTHESIS The CK response of youth soccer players can be categorized as being sensitive to micromovements (MM), high-velocity (HV) parameters, or the combination of both, measured during training sessions and matches. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS A total of 25 U16-U17 youth national team soccer players were monitored during training sessions and matches using global positioning system (GPS) units. Individual CK values were measured every morning from whole blood. The data set consisted of 57 ± 17 individual datapoints per player. Individual prediction models were used to examine the relationship between external load and consecutive CK changes. Numerous models were built for each player using MM, HV parameters, or the combination of both. The performance of the models was described by the R2 and the root mean square error (RMSE, U/l for CK values). RESULTS The MM models were superior for 8 players (R2 = 0.68; RMSE = 113 U/l), followed by HV (8 players; R2 = 0.69; RMSE = 88 U/l) and the combined models (2 players; R2 = 0.64; RMSE = 141 U/l). For the remaining 7 players, the R2 of the models was <0.5. The recovery time between efforts was more important in the HV model. CONCLUSION Players could be categorized on sensitivity to MM, HV movements, or the combination of both. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings can be used to individualize postmatch recovery strategies and to optimize weekly training periodization to maximize match performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Schuth
- Hungarian Football Federation, Department of Sport Medicine and Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
- University of Physical Education, Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Szigeti
- Hungarian Football Federation, Department of Sport Medicine and Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Dobreff
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Department of Telecommunications and Media Informatics
| | - Alija Pasic
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Department of Telecommunications and Media Informatics
| | - Tim Gabbett
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam Szilas
- Hungarian Football Federation, Department of Sport Medicine and Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabor Pavlik
- University of Physical Education, Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Ramos-Silva LF, Costa JC, Borges PH, Moura FA, Deminice R, de Oliveira DCX, Osiecki R, Vaz Ronque ER. Relationship Between Body Size and Skeletal Age with Muscle Damage in Young Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:664-672. [PMID: 36863405 DOI: 10.1055/a-2046-2747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
This study verified the relationship between body size and skeletal age (SA) with the behavior of blood markers of muscle damage and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) after a soccer match in the U-13 and U-15 categories. The sample consisted of 28 soccer players in the U-13 and 16 in the U-15 categories. Creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and DOMS were evaluated up to 72 h after the match. Muscle damage was elevated at 0 h in U-13, and from 0 h to 24 h in U-15. DOMS increased from 0 h to 72 h in U-13 and from 0 h to 48 h in U-15. Significant associations of SA and fat-free mass (FFM) with muscle damage markers and DOMS were observed only in U-13, specifically at time 0 h, when SA explained 56% of CK and 48% of DOMS and FFM explained 48% of DOMS. We concluded that in the U-13 category, higher SA is significantly associated with muscle damage markers, and increase in FFM is associated with muscle damage markers and DOMS. Furthermore, U-13 players need 24 h to recover pre-match muscle damage markers and more than 72 h to recover DOMS. In contrast, the U-15 category needs 48 h to recover muscle damage markers and 72 h to recover DOMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Ramos-Silva
- Laboratory of Physcial Activity and Health, Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina Centre of Physical Education and Sport, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Julio Cesar Costa
- Laboratory of Physcial Activity and Health, Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina Centre of Physical Education and Sport, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Borges
- Centre of Sports, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physcial Activity and Health, Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina Centre of Physical Education and Sport, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Moura
- Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics, State University of Londrina Centre of Physical Education and Sport, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Rafael Deminice
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina Centre of Physical Education and Sport, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Raul Osiecki
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Enio Ricardo Vaz Ronque
- Laboratory of Physcial Activity and Health, Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina Centre of Physical Education and Sport, Londrina, Brazil
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Towlson C, Salter J, Ade JD, Enright K, Harper LD, Page RM, Malone JJ. Maturity-associated considerations for training load, injury risk, and physical performance in youth soccer: One size does not fit all. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:403-412. [PMID: 32961300 PMCID: PMC8343060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological maturation can be defined as the timing and tempo of progress to achieving a mature state. The estimation of age of peak height velocity (PHV) or percentage of final estimated adult stature attainment (%EASA) is typically used to inform the training process in young athletes. In youth soccer, maturity-related changes in anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics are diverse among individuals, particularly around PHV. During this time, players are also at an increased risk of sustaining an overuse or growth-related injury. As a result, the implementation of training interventions can be challenging. The purpose of this review was to (1) highlight and discuss many of the methods that can be used to estimate maturation in the applied setting and (2) discuss the implications of manipulating training load around PHV on physical development and injury risk. We have provided key stakeholders with a practical online tool for estimating player maturation status (Supplementary Maturity Estimation Tools). Whilst estimating maturity using predictive equations is useful in guiding the training process, practitioners should be aware of its limitations. To increase the accuracy and usefulness of data, it is also vital that sports scientists implement reliable testing protocols at predetermined time-points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Towlson
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Jamie Salter
- School of Sport, York St John University, York YO31 7EX, UK
| | - Jack D Ade
- Liverpool FC Academy, Liverpool Football Club, Liverpool L33 7ED, UK; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, L3, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3A, UK
| | - Kevin Enright
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, L3, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3A, UK
| | - Liam D Harper
- Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Richard M Page
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK
| | - James J Malone
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool L16 9JD, UK
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8
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Materne O, Chamari K, Farooq A, Weir A, Hölmich P, Bahr R, Greig M, McNaughton LR. Association of Skeletal Maturity and Injury Risk in Elite Youth Soccer Players: A 4-Season Prospective Study With Survival Analysis. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:2325967121999113. [PMID: 33869641 PMCID: PMC8020116 DOI: 10.1177/2325967121999113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between injury risk and skeletal maturity in youth soccer has received little attention. PURPOSE To prospectively investigate injury patterns and incidence in relation to skeletal maturity in elite youth academy soccer players and to determine the injury risks associated with the skeletal maturity status, both overall and to the lower limb apophysis. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS All injuries that required medical attention and led to time loss were recorded prospectively during 4 consecutive seasons in 283 unique soccer players from U-13 (12 years of age) to U-19 (18 years). The skeletal age (SA) was assessed in 454 player-seasons using the Fels method, and skeletal maturity status (SA minus chronological age) was classified as follows: late, SA >1 year behind chronological age; normal, SA ±1 year of chronological age; early, SA >1 year ahead of chronological age; and mature, SA = 18 years. An adjusted Cox regression model was used to analyze the injury risk. RESULTS A total of 1565 injuries were recorded; 60% were time-loss injuries, resulting in 17,772 days lost. Adjusted injury-free survival analysis showed a significantly greater hazard ratio (HR) for different status of skeletal maturity: early vs normal (HR = 1.26 [95% CI, 1.11-1.42]; P < .001) and early vs mature (HR = 1.35 [95% CI, 1.17-1.56]; P < .001). Players who were skeletally mature at the wrist had a substantially decreased risk of lower extremity apophyseal injuries (by 45%-61%) compared with late (P < .05), normal (P < .05), and early (P < .001) maturers. CONCLUSION Musculoskeletal injury patterns and injury risks varied depending on the players' skeletal maturity status. Early maturers had the greatest overall adjusted injury risk. Players who were already skeletally mature at the wrist had the lowest risk of lower extremity apophyseal injuries but were still vulnerable for hip and pelvis apophyseal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Materne
- ASPETAR, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Aspire Health Centre, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Rangers Football Club, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Karim Chamari
- ASPETAR, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Adam Weir
- ASPETAR, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Sport Medicine and Exercise, Clinic Haarlem (SBK), Haarlem, the
Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre,
Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Per Hölmich
- ASPETAR, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Sports Orthopaedic Research Center, Copenhagen (SORC-C), Copenhagen
University Hospital, Amager-Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Roald Bahr
- ASPETAR, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center,
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matt Greig
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Lars R. McNaughton
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
- Department of Sport and Movement Studies, Faculty of Health
Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
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9
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Gender and Age Related Differences in Leg Stiffness and Reactive Strength in Adolescent Team Sports Players. J Hum Kinet 2020; 74:119-129. [PMID: 33312281 PMCID: PMC7706640 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2020-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify potential gender differences in leg stiffness and reactive strength during hopping tasks in 13 to16-year old team sports players. Reactive strength index (RSI) and leg stiffness were obtained in two consecutive seasons from 51 girls (U14: n = 31, U16: n = 20) and 65 boys (U14: n = 32, U16: n = 33). A significant main effect on absolute (U14: p = 0.022, η2= 0.084; U16: p < 0.001, η2= 0.224) and relative leg stiffness (U14 p<0.001; η2= 0.195; U16; p = 0.008, η2= 0.128) for gender was found in both groups with values higher in boys than in girls. For absolute and relative stiffness gender differences in the U14 group were significant in the 1st year only (p=0.027 and p=0.001), and for the U16s in the 2nd year only (p < 0.001 and p = 0.022). For RSI, a significant main effect for gender was observed in the U16 group only (p < 0.001 η2= 0.429) with values significantly higher in boys than in girls in both years of measurement (p = 0.001; p < 0.001). Results of this study support previous limited findings, mostly related to non-athletes, suggesting lower stretch-shortening cycle capability in adolescence female compared to male, however our data only partly supports the theory that quality of neuromuscular functions increases with age until post puberty.
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10
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Salter J, De Ste Croix MBA, Hughes JD. The moderating impact of maturation on acute neuromuscular and psycho-physiological responses to simulated soccer activity in academy soccer players. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1637-1647. [PMID: 33315522 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1851775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractResource constraints complicate load monitoring practices in some academies, which is problematic based on load-injury associations surrounding periods of rapid non-linear growth. Limited research has explored relationships between maturation and perceived psycho-physiological response to activity and associated neuromuscular performance changes. This study aimed to quantify neuromuscular and psycho-physiological responses to standardised activity and analyse whether dose-responses were moderated by maturation. Fifty-seven male soccer players (age: 14.1 ± 0.9 years; stature: 165 ± 10 cm; body mass, 57 ± 9 kg; percentage of predicted adult height 92.7 ± 5%) from two Elite Player Performance Plan (EPPP) academies completed the youth soccer-specific aerobic fitness test (Y-SAFT60). Countermovement jump (CMJ), reactive strength index (RSI), absolute (ABS) and relative leg stiffness (REL) were measured pre-post the Y-SAFT60 with playerload (PL), heart rate (HR), total distance (TDist) and differential ratings of perceived exertion (dRPE) used as markers of load and intensity. A moderation model was employed to analyse interactions of maturation as a continuous variable. Analysis indicated no significant interaction (p <0.05) between maturation and neuromuscular performance but RPE-Technical demonstrated significant interactions (p = 0.01). Slope analysis indicated four variables (PL, RSI, ABS and REL) that demonstrated significance at various stages of maturation, most notably aligning with peak height velocity (∼87-96% PAH). Tentatively, we propose that maturational developments in the neuromuscular system offer some mechanistic explanation to the varied dose-responses observed. It is therefore important that maturation is habitually considered within prescription of training programmes and that further empirical studies are completed to determine maturity specific dose-responses.Highlights Components of both neuromuscular performance and psycho-physiological response to simulated soccer was influenced by maturity status.Individuals more biologically developed are more capable of 'coping' with the biomechanical load of simulated soccer activity resulting in more favourable neuromuscular responses.The period surrounding peak height velocity appears to influence whole body load-response pathways resulting in altered movement patterns during this period.To minimise the impact of maturity status, practitioners can restrict activities that elicit high biomechanical load and introduce biologically categorised training activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Salter
- School of Sport, York St John University, York, UK.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - Jonathan D Hughes
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
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11
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Lehnert M, De Ste Croix M, Zaatar A, Lipinska P, Stastny P. Effect of a Simulated Match on Lower Limb Neuromuscular Performance in Youth Footballers-A Two Year Longitudinal Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228579. [PMID: 33227935 PMCID: PMC7699215 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the effects of simulated soccer match play on neuromuscular performance in adolescent players longitudinally over a two-year period. Eleven players completed all measurements in both years of the study (1st year: age 16.0 ± 0.4 y; stature 178.8 ± 6.4 cm; mass 67.5 ± 7.8 kg; maturity-offset 2.24 ± 0.71 y). There was a significant reduction in hamstring strength after simulated match by the soccer-specific aerobic field test (SAFT90), with four out of eight parameters compromised in U16s (4.7–7.8% decrease) and six in the U17s (3.1–15.4%). In the U17s all of the concentric quadriceps strength parameters were decreased (3.7–8.6%) as well as the vastus lateralis and semitendinosus firing frequency (26.9–35.4%). In both ages leg stiffness decreased (9.2–10.2%) and reactive strength increased pre to post simulated match (U16 8.0%; U17 2.5%). A comparison of changes between age groups did not show any differences. This study demonstrates a decrease in neuromuscular performance post simulated match play in both ages but observed changes were not age dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Lehnert
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University Olomouc, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-734-682-290
| | - Mark De Ste Croix
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester GL50 2RH, UK;
| | - Amr Zaatar
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University Olomouc, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Patrycja Lipinska
- Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Petr Stastny
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic;
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