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George ERM, Sheerin KR, Reid D. Criteria and Guidelines for Returning to Running Following a Tibial Bone Stress Injury: A Scoping Review. Sports Med 2024; 54:2247-2265. [PMID: 39141251 PMCID: PMC11393297 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Tibial bone stress injuries (BSIs) are common among long-distance runners. They have a high recurrence rate, and complexity emerges in the wider management and successful return to running. Following a tibial BSI, a critical component of complete rehabilitation is the successful return to running, and there is a lack of consistency or strong evidence to guide this process. The objectives of this review were to outline the criteria used in clinical decision-making prior to resuming running, and to establish evidence-based guidelines for the return to running process following a tibial BSI. Electronic databases including MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and AMED were searched for studies that stated criteria or provided guidelines on the objectives above. Fifty studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. Thirty-nine were reviews or clinical commentaries, three were retrospective cohort studies, two were randomised controlled trials, two were pilot studies, one was a prospective observational study, and three were case studies. Therefore, the recommendations that have been surmised are based on level IV evidence. Decisions on when an athlete should return to running should be shared between clinicians, coaches and the athlete. There are five important components to address prior to introducing running, which are: the resolution of bony tenderness, pain-free walking, evidence of radiological healing in high-risk BSIs, strength, functional and loading tests, and the identification of contributing factors. Effective return to running planning should address the athlete's risk profile and manage the risk by balancing the athlete's interests and reinjury prevention. An individualised graduated return to running programme should be initiated, often starting with walk-run intervals, progressing running distance ahead of speed and intensity, with symptom provocation a key consideration. Contributing factors to the initial injury should be addressed throughout the return to run process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther R M George
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
- InForm Physio, Silverstream, New Zealand.
| | - Kelly R Sheerin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Duncan Reid
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Liew BXW, Zhu X, Zhai X, McErlain-Naylor SA, McManus C. Association between fat and fat-free body mass indices on shock attenuation during running. J Biomech 2024; 165:112025. [PMID: 38431987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
High amplitudes of shock during running have been thought to be associated with an increased injury risk. This study aimed to quantify the association between dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) quantified body composition, and shock attenuation across the time and frequency domains. Twenty-four active adults participated. A DEXA scan was performed to quantify the fat and fat-free mass of the whole-body, trunk, dominant leg, and viscera. Linear accelerations at the tibia, pelvis, and head were collected whilst participants ran on a treadmill at a fixed dimensionless speed 1.00 Fr. Shock attenuation indices in the time- and frequency-domain (lower frequencies: 3-8 Hz; higher frequencies: 9-20 Hz) were calculated. Pearson correlation analysis was performed for all combinations of DEXA and attenuation indices. Regularised regression was performed to predict shock attenuation indices using DEXA variables. A greater power attenuation between the head and pelvis within the higher frequency range was associated with a greater trunk fat-free mass (r = 0.411, p = 0.046), leg fat-free mass (r = 0.524, p = 0.009), and whole-body fat-free mass (r = 0.480, p = 0.018). For power attenuation of the high-frequency component between the pelvis and head, the strongest predictor was visceral fat mass (β = 48.79). Passive and active tissues could represent important anatomical factors aiding in shock attenuation during running. Depending on the type and location of these masses, an increase in mass may benefit injury risk reduction. Also, our findings could implicate the injury risk potential during weight loss programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard X W Liew
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom.
| | - Xuqi Zhu
- School of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaojun Zhai
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A McErlain-Naylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher McManus
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom
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Chan ZYS, Angel C, Thomson D, Ferber R, Tsang SMH, Cheung RTH. Evaluation of a Restoration Algorithm Applied to Clipped Tibial Acceleration Signals. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4609. [PMID: 37430524 DOI: 10.3390/s23104609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Wireless accelerometers with various operating ranges have been used to measure tibial acceleration. Accelerometers with a low operating range output distorted signals and have been found to result in inaccurate measurements of peaks. A restoration algorithm using spline interpolation has been proposed to restore the distorted signal. This algorithm has been validated for axial peaks within the range of 15.0-15.9 g. However, the accuracy of peaks of higher magnitude and the resultant peaks have not been reported. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the measurement agreement of the restored peaks using a low-range accelerometer (±16 g) against peaks sampled using a high-range accelerometer (±200 g). The measurement agreement of both the axial and resultant peaks were examined. In total, 24 runners were equipped with 2 tri-axial accelerometers at their tibia and completed an outdoor running assessment. The accelerometer with an operating range of ±200 g was used as reference. The results of this study showed an average difference of -1.40 ± 4.52 g and -1.23 ± 5.48 g for axial and resultant peaks. Based on our findings, the restoration algorithm could skew data and potentially lead to incorrect conclusions if used without caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Y S Chan
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chloe Angel
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Daniel Thomson
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Reed Ferber
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Sharon M H Tsang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Roy T H Cheung
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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Xiang L, Gu Y, Rong M, Gao Z, Yang T, Wang A, Shim V, Fernandez J. Shock Acceleration and Attenuation during Running with Minimalist and Maximalist Shoes: A Time- and Frequency-Domain Analysis of Tibial Acceleration. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9070322. [PMID: 35877373 PMCID: PMC9312333 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9070322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibial shock attenuation is part of the mechanism that maintains human body stabilization during running. It is crucial to understand how shock characteristics transfer from the distal to proximal joint in the lower limb. This study aims to investigate the shock acceleration and attenuation among maximalist shoes (MAXs), minimalist shoes (MINs), and conventional running shoes (CONs) in time and frequency domains. Time-domain parameters included time to peak acceleration and peak resultant acceleration, and frequency-domain parameters contained lower (3−8 Hz) and higher (9−20 Hz) frequency power spectral density (PSD) and shock attenuation. Compared with CON and MAX conditions, MINs significantly increased the peak impact acceleration of the distal tibia (p = 0.01 and p < 0.01). Shock attenuation in the lower frequency depicted no difference but was greater in the MAXs in the higher frequency compared with the MIN condition (p < 0.01). MINs did not affect the tibial shock in both time and frequency domains at the proximal tibia. These findings may provide tibial shock information for choosing running shoes and preventing tibial stress injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Xiang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.X.); (Z.G.); (T.Y.)
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (A.W.); (V.S.); (J.F.)
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.X.); (Z.G.); (T.Y.)
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (A.W.); (V.S.); (J.F.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (M.R.); Tel.: +86-574-8760-9369 (Y.G.)
| | - Ming Rong
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.X.); (Z.G.); (T.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (M.R.); Tel.: +86-574-8760-9369 (Y.G.)
| | - Zixiang Gao
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.X.); (Z.G.); (T.Y.)
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, H-8201 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Tao Yang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.X.); (Z.G.); (T.Y.)
| | - Alan Wang
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (A.W.); (V.S.); (J.F.)
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Vickie Shim
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (A.W.); (V.S.); (J.F.)
| | - Justin Fernandez
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (A.W.); (V.S.); (J.F.)
- Department of Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Alcantara RS, Edwards WB, Millet GY, Grabowski AM. Predicting continuous ground reaction forces from accelerometers during uphill and downhill running: a recurrent neural network solution. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12752. [PMID: 35036107 PMCID: PMC8740512 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ground reaction forces (GRFs) are important for understanding human movement, but their measurement is generally limited to a laboratory environment. Previous studies have used neural networks to predict GRF waveforms during running from wearable device data, but these predictions are limited to the stance phase of level-ground running. A method of predicting the normal (perpendicular to running surface) GRF waveform using wearable devices across a range of running speeds and slopes could allow researchers and clinicians to predict kinetic and kinematic variables outside the laboratory environment. PURPOSE We sought to develop a recurrent neural network capable of predicting continuous normal (perpendicular to surface) GRFs across a range of running speeds and slopes from accelerometer data. METHODS Nineteen subjects ran on a force-measuring treadmill at five slopes (0°, ±5°, ±10°) and three speeds (2.5, 3.33, 4.17 m/s) per slope with sacral- and shoe-mounted accelerometers. We then trained a recurrent neural network to predict normal GRF waveforms frame-by-frame. The predicted versus measured GRF waveforms had an average ± SD RMSE of 0.16 ± 0.04 BW and relative RMSE of 6.4 ± 1.5% across all conditions and subjects. RESULTS The recurrent neural network predicted continuous normal GRF waveforms across a range of running speeds and slopes with greater accuracy than neural networks implemented in previous studies. This approach may facilitate predictions of biomechanical variables outside the laboratory in near real-time and improves the accuracy of quantifying and monitoring external forces experienced by the body when running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. Alcantara
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America, Current affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - W. Brent Edwards
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Alena M. Grabowski
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
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Chang CM, Tsai CH, Lu MK, Tseng HC, Lu G, Liu BL, Lin HC. The neuromuscular responses in patients with Parkinson's disease under different conditions during whole-body vibration training. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:2. [PMID: 34980075 PMCID: PMC8722001 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-body vibration (WBV) training can provoke reactive muscle response and thus exert beneficial effects in various neurological patients. This study aimed to investigate the muscles activation and acceleration transmissibility of the lower extremity to try to understand the neuromuscular control in the Parkinson's disease (PD) patients under different conditions of the WBV training, including position and frequency. METHODS Sixteen PD patients and sixteen controls were enrolled. Each of them would receive two WBV training sessions with 3 and 20 Hz mechanical vibration in separated days. In each session, they were asked to stand on the WBV machine with straight and then bended knee joint positions, while the vibration stimulation was delivered or not. The electromyographic (EMG) signals and the segmental acceleration from the lower extremity were recorded and processed. The amplitude, co-contraction indexes (CCI), and normalized median frequency slope (NMFS) from the EMG signals, and the acceleration transmissibility were calculated. RESULTS The results showed larger rectus femoris (RF) amplitudes under 3 Hz vibration than those in 20 Hz and no vibration conditions; larger tibialis anterior (TA) in 20 Hz than in no vibration; larger gastrocnemius (GAS) in 20 Hz than in 3 Hz and no vibration. These results indicated that different vibration frequencies mainly induced reactive responses in different muscles, by showing higher activation of the knee extensors in 3 Hz and of the lower leg muscles in 20 Hz condition, respectively. Comparing between groups, the PD patients reacted to the WBV stimulation by showing larger muscle activations in hamstring (HAM), TA and GAS, and smaller CCI in thigh than those in the controls. In bended knee, it demonstrated a higher RF amplitude and a steeper NMFS but smaller HAM activations than in straight knee position. The higher acceleration transmissibility was found in the control group, in the straight knee position and in the 3 Hz vibration conditions. CONCLUSION The PD patients demonstrated altered neuromuscular control compared with the controls in responding to the WBV stimulations, with generally higher EMG amplitude of lower extremity muscles. For designing WBV strengthening protocol in the PD population, the 3 Hz with straight or flexed knee protocol was recommended to recruit more thigh muscles; the bended knee position with 20 Hz vibration was for the shank muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ming Chang
- Department of Physical Therapy, China Medical University, No. 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd, Taichung, Taiwan, 406040, R.O.C
| | - Chon-Haw Tsai
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Neuroscience and Brain Disease Center, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kuei Lu
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Neuroscience and Brain Disease Center, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chun Tseng
- Department of Physical Therapy, China Medical University, No. 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd, Taichung, Taiwan, 406040, R.O.C
| | - Grace Lu
- Department of Physical Therapy, China Medical University, No. 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd, Taichung, Taiwan, 406040, R.O.C
| | - Bey-Ling Liu
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chen Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy, China Medical University, No. 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd, Taichung, Taiwan, 406040, R.O.C.
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Relationship between Running Spatiotemporal Kinematics and Muscle Performance in Well-Trained Youth Female Athletes. A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168869. [PMID: 34444618 PMCID: PMC8392471 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to analyse the relationship of neuromuscular performance and spatiotemporal parameters in 18 adolescent distance athletes (age, 15.5 ± 1.1 years). Using the OptoGait system, the power, rhythm, reactive strength index, jump flying time, and jump height of the squat jump, countermovement jump, and eight maximal hoppings test (HT8max) and the contact time (CT), flying time (FT), step frequency, stride angle, and step length of running at different speeds were measured. Maturity offset was determined based on anthropometric variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of repeated measurements showed a reduction in CT (p < 0.000) and an increase in step frequency, step length, and stride angle (p < 0.001), as the velocity increased. The HT8max test showed significant correlations with very large effect sizes between neuromuscular performance variables (reactive strength index, power, jump flying time, jump height, and rhythm) and both step frequency and step length. Multiple linear regression found this relationship after adjusting spatiotemporal parameters with neuromuscular performance variables. Some variables of neuromuscular performance, mainly in reactive tests, were the predictors of spatiotemporal parameters (CT, FT, stride angle, and VO). Rhythm and jump flying time in the HT8max test and power in the countermovement jump test are parameters that can predict variables associated with running biomechanics, such as VO, CT, FT, and stride angle.
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Warden SJ, Edwards WB, Willy RW. Preventing Bone Stress Injuries in Runners with Optimal Workload. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2021; 19:298-307. [PMID: 33635519 PMCID: PMC8316280 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-021-00666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone stress injuries (BSIs) occur at inopportune times to invariably interrupt training. All BSIs in runners occur due to an "error" in workload wherein the interaction between the number and magnitude of bone tissue loading cycles exceeds the ability of the tissue to resist the repetitive loads. There is not a single optimal bone workload, rather a range which is influenced by the prevailing scenario. In prepubertal athletes, optimal bone workload consists of low-repetitions of fast, high-magnitude, multidirectional loads introduced a few times per day to induce bone adaptation. Premature sports specialization should be avoided so as to develop a robust skeleton that is structurally optimized to withstand multidirectional loading. In the mature skeleton, optimal workload enables gains in running performance but minimizes bone damage accumulation by sensibly progressing training, particularly training intensity. When indicated (e.g., following repeated BSIs), attempts to reduce bone loading magnitude should be considered, such as increasing running cadence. Determining the optimal bone workload for an individual athlete to prevent and manage BSIs requires consistent monitoring. In the future, it may be possible to clinically determine bone loads at the tissue level to facilitate workload progressions and prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Warden
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health & Human Sciences, Indiana University, 1140 W. Michigan St., CF-124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - W Brent Edwards
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Richard W Willy
- School of Physical Therapy & Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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Mazzone B, Yoder A, Condon R, Farrokhi S. Clinical application of foot strike run retraining for military service members with chronic knee pain. BMJ Mil Health 2021; 168:303-307. [PMID: 34035158 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2021-001789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Military training is associated with a high incidence of knee pain. Conversion from a rearfoot to non-rearfoot strike during running is effective at reducing knee pain in research environments. The purpose of this report was to demonstrate run retraining as a clinical intervention for service members with knee pain. METHODS Sixteen service members with running-related chronic knee pain underwent run retraining that converted foot strike from a rearfoot to a non-rearfoot strike using real-time visual feedback. The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) and Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) for knee pain during running were assessed pretraining, at the final training session and at a 1-month follow-up. During running, foot inclination angle and vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) average loading rate were measured pretraining and at 1 month of follow-up. RESULTS Service members underwent 7.4±1.0 training sessions over the course of 15.8±4.6 days. LEFS improved by 8±6 points immediately after retraining, with an overall improvement of 10±6 points from pretraining to 1-month follow-up (p<0.01). NPRS improved by 2.0±0.4 points immediately after retraining, with an overall improvement of 2.0±0.4 points from pretraining to 1-month follow-up (p<0.01). Conversion to a non-rearfoot strike pattern was apparent at follow-up for all but two patients. VGRF average loading rate decreased by 56%±17% (p<0.01) from pretraining to 1-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Knee pain and function improved as a result of non-rearfoot strike run retraining, which supports the clinical use of this evidence-based intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney Mazzone
- Research and Surveillance Division, Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, San Diego, California, USA .,Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - A Yoder
- Research and Surveillance Division, Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, San Diego, California, USA
| | - R Condon
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - S Farrokhi
- Research and Surveillance Division, Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, San Diego, California, USA
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10
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Day EM, Alcantara RS, McGeehan MA, Grabowski AM, Hahn ME. Low-pass filter cutoff frequency affects sacral-mounted inertial measurement unit estimations of peak vertical ground reaction force and contact time during treadmill running. J Biomech 2021; 119:110323. [PMID: 33609984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are popular tools for estimating biomechanical variables such as peak vertical ground reaction force (GRFv) and foot-ground contact time (tc), often by using multiple sensors or predictive models. Despite their growing use, little is known about the effects of varying low-pass filter cutoff frequency, which can affect the magnitude of force-related dependent variables, the accuracy of IMU-derived metrics, or if simpler methods for such estimations exist. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of varying low-pass filter cutoff frequency on the correlation of IMU-derived peak GRFv and tc to gold-standard lab-based measurements. Thirty National Collegiate Athletics Association Division 1 cross country runners ran on an instrumented treadmill at a range of speeds while outfitted with a sacral-mounted IMU. A simple method for estimating peak GRFv from the IMU was implemented by multiplying the IMU's vertical acceleration by the runner's body mass. Data from the IMU were low-pass filtered with 5, 10, and 30 Hz cutoffs. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine how well the IMU-derived estimates matched gold-standard biomechanical estimations. Correlations ranged from very weak to moderate for peak GRFv and tc. For peak GRFv, the 10 Hz low-pass filter cutoff performed best (r = 0.638), while for tc the 5 Hz cut-off performed best (r = 0.656). These results suggest that IMU-derived estimates of force and contact time are influenced by the low-pass filter cutoff frequency. Further investigations are needed to determine the optimal low-pass filter cutoff frequency or a different method to accurately estimate force and contact time is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Day
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Ryan S Alcantara
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Alena M Grabowski
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael E Hahn
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
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11
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Bontemps B, Vercruyssen F, Gruet M, Louis J. Downhill Running: What Are The Effects and How Can We Adapt? A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2020; 50:2083-2110. [PMID: 33037592 PMCID: PMC7674385 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Downhill running (DR) is a whole-body exercise model that is used to investigate the physiological consequences of eccentric muscle actions and/or exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). In a sporting context, DR sections can be part of running disciplines (off-road and road running) and can accentuate EIMD, leading to a reduction in performance. The purpose of this narrative review is to: (1) better inform on the acute and delayed physiological effects of DR; (2) identify and discuss, using a comprehensive approach, the DR characteristics that affect the physiological responses to DR and their potential interactions; (3) provide the current state of evidence on preventive and in-situ strategies to better adapt to DR. Key findings of this review show that DR may have an impact on exercise performance by altering muscle structure and function due to EIMD. In the majority of studies, EIMD are assessed through isometric maximal voluntary contraction, blood creatine kinase and delayed onset muscle soreness, with DR characteristics (slope, exercise duration, and running speed) acting as the main influencing factors. In previous studies, the median (25th percentile, Q1; 75th percentile, Q3) slope, exercise duration, and running speed were - 12% (- 15%; - 10%), 40 min (30 min; 45 min) and 11.3 km h-1 (9.8 km h-1; 12.9 km h-1), respectively. Regardless of DR characteristics, people the least accustomed to DR generally experienced the most EIMD. There is growing evidence to suggest that preventive strategies that consist of prior exposure to DR are the most effective to better tolerate DR. The effectiveness of in-situ strategies such as lower limb compression garments and specific footwear remains to be confirmed. Our review finally highlights important discrepancies between studies in the assessment of EIMD, DR protocols and populations, which prevent drawing firm conclusions on factors that most influence the response to DR, and adaptive strategies to DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Bontemps
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire IAPS, Toulon, France
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | | | - Mathieu Gruet
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire IAPS, Toulon, France
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
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Okudaira M, Willwacher S, Kuki S, Yamada K, Yoshida T, Tanigawa S. Three-dimensional CoM energetics, pelvis and lower limbs joint kinematics of uphill treadmill running at high speed. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:518-527. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1710923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Okudaira
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Steffen Willwacher
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Seita Kuki
- Faculty of Human Science, Osaka University of Economics, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaito Yamada
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshida
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoru Tanigawa
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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