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Kuhlman NM, Jones MT, Jagim AR, Magee MK, Wilcox L, Fields JB. Dietary intake, energy availability, and power in men collegiate gymnasts. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1448197. [PMID: 39359485 PMCID: PMC11445031 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1448197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The purpose was to examine the prevalence of low energy availability (LEA), explore dietary behaviors in men collegiate gymnasts (n = 14), and investigate the relationships between energy availability (EA), body composition, and plyometric performance. Methods Body composition was measured using air displacement plethysmography. Lower- and upper-body peak power (PWRpeak) and modified reactive strength index (RSImod) were calculated from countermovement jump (CMJ) and plyometric push-up (PP) assessments. Energy expenditure was tracked over 3 days, while daily energy and macronutrient intake were recorded. EA was calculated and used to categorize athletes into LEA and non-LEA groups. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examine relationships between EA, body composition, and performance metrics. Results 85.7% of athletes (n = 12) exhibited LEA (20.98 ± 5.2 kcals/kg FFM), with non-LEA athletes (n = 2) marginally surpassing the <30 kcal/kg of fat-free mass (FFM) threshold (30.58 ± 0.2 kcals/kg FFM). The cohort (n = 14) consumed insufficient energy (30.5 ± 4.5 kcal/kg/day) and carbohydrates (3.7 ± 1.1 g/kg/day), resulting in LEA (22.36 ± 5.9 kcal/kg/FFM). EA was not correlated with body composition or performance metrics. Discussion A high prevalence of LEA may exist in men gymnasts, largely due to a low relative energy and carbohydrate intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Kuhlman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
- Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
- Sports Medicine Department, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Meghan K Magee
- Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Luke Wilcox
- Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer B Fields
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
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Díaz-Martínez AS, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, Albaladejo-Saura M, Esparza-Ros F. Effect of pre-season and in-season training on anthropometric variables, somatotype, body composition and body proportion in elite basketball players. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7537. [PMID: 38553523 PMCID: PMC10980729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The aims of the study were: 1) to evaluate the changes in anthropometric variables, body composition, somatotype and body proportions of elite basketball players throughout the pre-season period; 2) to evaluate the changes in anthropometric variables, body composition, somatotype and body proportions of elite basketball players throughout the in-season period; and 3) to observe if the age and position influenced the variables analyzed. A total of 17 players belonging to the men's ACB league team competing in the Euroleague (age = 23.42 ± 5.28 years-old) participated in the study. The players underwent an anthropometric measurement before and after the pre-season, as well as four evaluations throughout the in-season. Anthropometric indices, somatotype components according to Heath and Carter, and adiposity were calculated. The results show that during the pre-season, body mass, BMI, sum of 6 and 8 skinfolds, waist/hip ratio, adipose tissue (kg), adipose tissue percentage, and endomorphy decreased, while ectomorphy increased. However, no significant changes were found in the variables analyzed throughout the season; except for endomorphy, which increased along the in-season. Playing position and age did not have a significant influence on the changes in the anthropometric variables throughout the pre-season and the in-season. In conclusion, while changes in the anthropometric variables in the pre-season were observed, these remained the same during the in-season.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Díaz-Martínez
- International Chair of Kinanthropometry, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - R Vaquero-Cristóbal
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720, San Javier, Spain.
| | - M Albaladejo-Saura
- International Chair of Kinanthropometry, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107, Murcia, Spain.
| | - F Esparza-Ros
- International Chair of Kinanthropometry, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Baranauskas M, Kupčiūnaitė I, Stukas R. Dietary Intake of Protein and Essential Amino Acids for Sustainable Muscle Development in Elite Male Athletes. Nutrients 2023; 15:4003. [PMID: 37764784 PMCID: PMC10535035 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Athletes need to develop a relatively high muscle mass and low body adipose tissue for the sake of better athletic performance. A full range of nine essential amino acids and eleven non-essential amino acids have to attend in appropriate amounts for protein biosynthesis. The aim of the observational comparative cross-sectional study was to assess the association between the diet quality profile and training-induced muscle mass estimated by bioelectrical impedance among elite male athletes. The research sample comprised 18.1 ± 3.1 year-old Lithuanian professional male athletes (n = 234). The study participants were enrolled to complete 24-h dietary recalls of three non-consecutive days. The body composition was assessed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. The present study showed a significant insufficiency of the mean carbohydrate intake of 5.7 g/kg/day in a group of aerobic male athletes. The lower muscle mass of aerobic male athletes was related to the lower-carbohydrate diet (adjusted odd ratio (ORadj) 0.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1-0.7). The mean protein intake of 1.8 g/kg/day was optimal for anabolism in the samples of both anaerobic and aerobic male athletes. The protein intake in appropriate doses was potentially associated with an increase in muscle mass only in anaerobic male athletes (ORadj 2.2; 95% CI: 1.3-3.7). The positive relationship was revealed between the possible muscle mass gain and the increased intakes of amino acids such as isoleucine and histidine among anaerobic athletes (ORadj 2.9; 95% CI: 1.1-4.7 and ORadj 2.9; 95% CI: 1.0-4.3, respectively). An inverse feasible association was indicated between a higher intake of valine and lower muscle mass quantities among anaerobic male athletes (ORadj 0.1; 95% CI: 0.1-0.5). The recommendations for sports nutritionists should emphasize the necessity of advising professional athletes on dietary strategies on how to manipulate dietary amino acid composition with respect to achieving long-term body composition goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Baranauskas
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Panevėžys University of Applied Sciences, 35200 Panevėžys, Lithuania;
| | - Ingrida Kupčiūnaitė
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Panevėžys University of Applied Sciences, 35200 Panevėžys, Lithuania;
| | - Rimantas Stukas
- Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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Tarnowski CA, Wardle SL, O’Leary TJ, Gifford RM, Greeves JP, Wallis GA. Measurement of Energy Intake Using the Principle of Energy Balance Overcomes a Critical Limitation in the Assessment of Energy Availability. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:16. [PMID: 36811697 PMCID: PMC9947205 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged low energy availability, which is the underpinning aetiology of the Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport and the Female and Male Athlete Triad frameworks, can have unfavourable impacts on both health and performance in athletes. Energy availability is calculated as energy intake minus exercise energy expenditure, expressed relative to fat free mass. The current measurement of energy intake is recognized as a major limitation for assessing energy availability due to its reliance on self-report methods, in addition to its short-term nature. This article introduces the application of the energy balance method for the measurement of energy intake, within the context of energy availability. The energy balance method requires quantification of the change in body energy stores over time, with concurrent measurement of total energy expenditure. This provides an objective calculation of energy intake, which can then be used for the assessment of energy availability. This approach, the Energy Availability - Energy Balance (EAEB) method, increases the reliance on objective measurements, provides an indication of energy availability status over longer periods and removes athlete burden to self-report energy intake. Implementation of the EAEB method could be used to objectively identify and detect low energy availability, with implications for the diagnosis and management of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport and the Female and Male Athlete Triad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. Tarnowski
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Sophie L. Wardle
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Department of Targeted Intervention, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas J. O’Leary
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Department of Targeted Intervention, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert M. Gifford
- grid.511172.10000 0004 0613 128XBritish Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,grid.415490.d0000 0001 2177 007XResearch and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre of Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - Julie P. Greeves
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Department of Targeted Intervention, University College London, London, UK ,grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Gareth A. Wallis
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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McCaskie CJ, Sim M, Newton RU, Heasman J, Rogalski B, Hart NH. Preseason Body Composition Is Associated With In-season Player Availability in Elite Male Australian Footballers. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 37:1089-1095. [PMID: 36730574 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT McCaskie, CJ, Sim, M, Newton, RU, Heasman, J, Rogalski, B, and Hart, NH. Preseason body composition is associated with in-season player availability in elite male Australian footballers. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-The purpose of this study was to examine whether end of preseason body composition characteristics was associated with in-season match availability and injury. Sixty (n = 60) elite Australian football players had body composition characteristics assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry across 3 seasons (2016, 2018, and 2021). Match availability and injury were recorded throughout each season. Pearson's correlations were calculated to assess the associations between body composition and in-season match availability and injury. Logistic regression models were used to assess the odds of missing games as a result of injury throughout a season. Regional lean soft tissue mass asymmetry and its relationship to injury and availability was explored. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Body composition characteristics expressed as relative values seemed to be more highly associated with in-season availability and injury than characteristics expressed as absolute values. Players with lower relative fat mass (FM) (<12.1% total body FM) were available for 89.7% of in-season matches compared with 80.7% for players with higher relative FM (>12.1% total body FM). Subsequently, players with higher relative FM had 3.3-3.5 times greater odds of missing one game to injury (odds ratio [OR] = 3.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00-11.14; p ≤ 0.05) and missing 2 or more games to injury (OR = 3.50; 95% CI = 1.20-10.20; p ≤ 0.05) throughout a season compared with players with lower relative FM. Higher proportions of fat mass may accelerate the onset of fatigue and place players at a greater risk of injury. Reducing players' FM across the preseason phase should be a key aim for practitioners to reduce the odds of injury throughout the competitive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum J McCaskie
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,West Coast Eagles Football Club, Perth, Australia
| | - Marc Sim
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Nicolas H Hart
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.,Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, Australia; and.,Centre for Healthcare Transformation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Jones W, Pearson A, Glassbrook D, Slater G, Dodd-Reynolds C, Hind K. Precision of the GE Lunar Total Body-Less Head Scan for the Measurement of Three-Compartment Body Composition in Athletes. J Clin Densitom 2022; 25:692-698. [PMID: 36137876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely used for the assessment of lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM) and bone mineral content (BMC). When observing standardised protocols, DXA has a high level of precision for the assessment of total body composition, including the head region. However, including the head region may have limited relevance in athletes and can be problematic when positioning taller athletes who exceed scan boundaries. This study investigated the precision of a new total-body-less-head (TBLH) DXA scan for three-compartment body composition measurement in athletes, with outcomes compared to the standard total-body DXA scan. METHODS Precision errors were calculated from two consecutive scans with re-positioning (Lunar iDXA, GE Healthcare, Madison, WI), in male and female athletes from a range of sports. TBLH precision was determined from repeat scans in 95 athletes (male n = 55; female n = 40; age: 26.0 ± 8.5 y; body mass: 81.2 ± 20.5 kg; stature: 1.77 ± 0.11 m), and standard total-body scan precision was derived from a sub-sample of 58 athletes (male n = 19; female n = 39; age: 27.6 ± 9.9 y; body mass: 69.6 ± 14.8 kg; stature: 1.72 ± 0.94 m). Data from the sub-sample were also used to compare precision error and 3-compartment body composition outcomes between the standard total-body scan and the TBLH scan. RESULTS TBLH precision errors [root mean squared-standard deviation, RMS-SD (coefficient of variation, %CV)] were bone mineral content (BMC): 15.6 g (0.5%), lean mass (LM): 254.3 g (0.4%) and fat mass (FM): 199.4 g (1.3%). These outcomes compared favourably to the precision errors derived from the standard total-body scan [BMC: 12.4 g (0.4%), LM: 202.2 g (0.4%), and FM: 160.8 g (1.1%)]. The TBLH scan resulted in lower BMC (-19.5%), LM (-6.6%), and FM (-4.5%) compared to the total-body scan (BMC: 2,308 vs. 2,865 g; LM: 46,954 vs. 50,276 g; FM: 15,183 vs. 15,888 g, all p<0.005). ConclusionThe TBLH scan demonstrates high in-vivo precision comparable to that of the standard total-body scan in a heterogeneous cohort of athletes. Given the impact of head exclusion on total body composition outcomes, TBLH scans should not be used interchangeably with the standard total-body scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jones
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom; Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - A Pearson
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom; Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - D Glassbrook
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom; Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - G Slater
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - C Dodd-Reynolds
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom; Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - K Hind
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom; Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, United Kingdom.
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The Utility of Mixed Models in Sport Science: A Call for Further Adoption in Longitudinal Data Sets. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1289-1295. [PMID: 35894986 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sport-science research consistently contains repeated measures and imbalanced data sets. This study calls for further adoption of mixed models when analyzing longitudinal sport-science data sets. Mixed models were used to understand whether the level of competition affected the intensity of women's rugby league match play. METHODS A total of 472 observations were used to compare the mean speed of female rugby league athletes recorded during club-, state-, and international-level competition. As athletes featured in all 3 levels of competition and there were multiple matches within each competition (ie, repeated measures), the authors demonstrated that mixed models are the appropriate statistical approach for these data. RESULTS The authors determined that if a repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for the statistical analysis in the present study, at least 48.7% of the data would have been omitted to meet ANOVA assumptions. Using a mixed model, the authors determined that mean speed recorded during Trans-Tasman Test matches was 73.4 m·min-1, while the mean speeds for National Rugby League Women and State of Origin matches were 77.6 and 81.6 m·min-1, respectively. Random effects of team, athlete, and match all accounted for variations in mean speed, which otherwise could have concealed the main effects of position and level of competition had less flexible ANOVAs been used. CONCLUSION These data clearly demonstrate the appropriateness of applying mixed models to typical data sets acquired in the professional sport setting. Mixed models should be more readily used within sport science, especially in observational, longitudinal data sets such as movement pattern analyses.
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Minahan C, Newans T, Quinn K, Parsonage J, Buxton S, Bellinger P. Strong, Fast, Fit, Lean, and Safe: A Positional Comparison of Physical and Physiological Qualities Within the 2020 Australian Women's Rugby League Team. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:S11-S19. [PMID: 34319942 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Minahan, C, Newans, T, Quinn, K, Parsonage, J, Buxton, S, and Bellinger, P. Strong, Fast, Fit, Lean, and Safe: A positional comparison of physical and physiological qualities within the 2020 Australian Women's Rugby League team. J Strength Cond Res 35(12S): S11-S19, 2021-The purpose of the present study was to report the physical and physiological characteristics of elite women Rugby League (RL) players. Thirty-nine women (25.6 ± 4.3 years, 171.3 ± 7.7 cm, 83.5 ± 13.9 kg) from the 2020 Australian women's RL squad were recruited for this study. Players were categorized as adjustables (n = 7), backs (n = 15), or forwards (n = 17) for analysis. Each player was assessed for anthropometry, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), speed (5, 10 and 20 m sprint times), lower-body power (countermovement jump), upper-body power (medicine ball throw and explosive push up force), estimated one repetition maximum (e1RM) bench press, squat and bench pull, isometric mid-thigh pull strength, eccentric knee flexor strength, isometric hip abduction and adduction, and intermittent endurance performance (30-15 intermittent fitness test; 30-15 IFT). Linear mixed models were performed to compare positional groups. Forwards were significantly heavier and had greater fat mass, fat-free mass, and body fat percentage compared with backs and adjustables (P < 0.01). Backs were faster over 20 m compared with forwards (P = 0.025), whereas forwards had a lower 30-15 IFT peak velocity and estimated V̇o2peak compared with backs and adjustables. Nonetheless, when including body mass in the model, there were no differences between groups in 30-15 IFT peak velocity. There were no significant differences in other variables. These results provide contemporary benchmark physical, physiological, and anthropometric data for elite women RL players, which can inform recruitment, selection, training, and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Minahan
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Tim Newans
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- National Rugby League, Rugby League Central, Brisbane, Australia; and
- Sports Performance Innovation Knowledge and Excellence, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karlee Quinn
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- National Rugby League, Rugby League Central, Brisbane, Australia; and
- Sports Performance Innovation Knowledge and Excellence, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jo Parsonage
- National Rugby League, Rugby League Central, Brisbane, Australia; and
| | - Simon Buxton
- National Rugby League, Rugby League Central, Brisbane, Australia; and
| | - Phillip Bellinger
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- Sports Performance Innovation Knowledge and Excellence, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia
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A Qualitative Investigation of Factors Influencing the Dietary Intakes of Professional Australian Football Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084205. [PMID: 33921096 PMCID: PMC8071360 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Many professional Australian Football (AF) players do not meet recommended sports nutrition guidelines despite having access to nutrition advice. There are a range of factors that can influence players′ ability to meet their nutrition goals and awareness of the barriers players face is essential to ensure that dietary advice translates into practice. Therefore, this qualitative research study aimed to explore the factors influencing AF players’ dietary intakes and food choice. (2) Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve professional male AF players. (3) Results: Less experienced players restricted their carbohydrate intake to meet body composition goals, particularly during preseason and surrounding body composition assessment. During the competition season players had a greater focus on performance and placed more emphasis on carbohydrate intake in the lead up to matches. Players felt nutrition goals were easier to achieve when dietary choices were supported by their families and peers. One-on-one consultations provided by a sports dietitian were players′ preferred mode of nutrition intervention. Individualized nutrition advice is required for less experienced AF players who may be vulnerable to unsustainable dietary habits. Experienced AF players can support junior teammates by promoting positive team culture related to body composition, nutrition and performance.
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Kasper AM, Langan-Evans C, Hudson JF, Brownlee TE, Harper LD, Naughton RJ, Morton JP, Close GL. Come Back Skinfolds, All Is Forgiven: A Narrative Review of the Efficacy of Common Body Composition Methods in Applied Sports Practice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041075. [PMID: 33806245 PMCID: PMC8065383 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst the assessment of body composition is routine practice in sport, there remains considerable debate on the best tools available, with the chosen technique often based upon convenience rather than understanding the method and its limitations. The aim of this manuscript was threefold: (1) provide an overview of the common methodologies used within sport to measure body composition, specifically hydro-densitometry, air displacement plethysmography, bioelectrical impedance analysis and spectroscopy, ultra-sound, three-dimensional scanning, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and skinfold thickness; (2) compare the efficacy of what are widely believed to be the most accurate (DXA) and practical (skinfold thickness) assessment tools and (3) provide a framework to help select the most appropriate assessment in applied sports practice including insights from the authors' experiences working in elite sport. Traditionally, skinfold thickness has been the most popular method of body composition but the use of DXA has increased in recent years, with a wide held belief that it is the criterion standard. When bone mineral content needs to be assessed, and/or when it is necessary to take limb-specific estimations of fat and fat-free mass, then DXA appears to be the preferred method, although it is crucial to be aware of the logistical constraints required to produce reliable data, including controlling food intake, prior exercise and hydration status. However, given the need for simplicity and after considering the evidence across all assessment methods, skinfolds appear to be the least affected by day-to-day variability, leading to the conclusion 'come back skinfolds, all is forgiven'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M. Kasper
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Carl Langan-Evans
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - James F. Hudson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Thomas E. Brownlee
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Liam D. Harper
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (L.D.H.); (R.J.N.)
| | - Robert J. Naughton
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (L.D.H.); (R.J.N.)
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Graeme L. Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-151-904-6266
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Lee MJC, Ballantyne JK, Chagolla J, Hopkins WG, Fyfe JJ, Phillips SM, Bishop DJ, Bartlett JD. Order of same-day concurrent training influences some indices of power development, but not strength, lean mass, or aerobic fitness in healthy, moderately-active men after 9 weeks of training. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233134. [PMID: 32407361 PMCID: PMC7224562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of concurrent exercise order for improving endurance and resistance adaptations remains unclear, particularly when sessions are performed a few hours apart. We investigated the effects of concurrent training (in alternate orders, separated by ~3 hours) on endurance and resistance training adaptations, compared to resistance-only training. Materials and methods Twenty-nine healthy, moderately-active men (mean ± SD; age 24.5 ± 4.7 y; body mass 74.9 ± 10.8 kg; height 179.7 ± 6.5 cm) performed either resistance-only training (RT, n = 9), or same-day concurrent training whereby high-intensity interval training was performed either 3 hours before (HIIT+RT, n = 10) or after resistance training (RT+HIIT, n = 10), for 3 d.wk-1 over 9 weeks. Training-induced changes in leg press 1-repetition maximal (1-RM) strength, countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, body composition, peak oxygen uptake ( V˙O2peak), aerobic power ( W˙peak), and lactate threshold ( W˙LT) were assessed before, and after both 5 and 9 weeks of training. Results After 9 weeks, all training groups increased leg press 1-RM (~24–28%) and total lean mass (~3-4%), with no clear differences between groups. Both concurrent groups elicited similar small-to-moderate improvements in all markers of aerobic fitness ( V˙O2peak ~8–9%; W˙LT ~16-20%; W˙peak ~14-15%). RT improved CMJ displacement (mean ± SD, 5.3 ± 6.3%), velocity (2.2 ± 2.7%), force (absolute: 10.1 ± 10.1%), and power (absolute: 9.8 ± 7.6%; relative: 6.0 ± 6.6%). HIIT+RT elicited comparable improvements in CMJ velocity only (2.2 ± 2.7%). Compared to RT, RT+HIIT attenuated CMJ displacement (mean difference ± 90%CI, -5.1 ± 4.3%), force (absolute: -8.2 ± 7.1%) and power (absolute: -6.0 ± 4.7%). Only RT+HIIT reduced absolute fat mass (mean ± SD, -11.0 ± 11.7%). Conclusions In moderately-active males, concurrent training, regardless of the exercise order, presents a viable strategy to improve lower-body maximal strength and total lean mass comparably to resistance-only training, whilst also improving indices of aerobic fitness. However, improvements in CMJ displacement, force, and power were attenuated when RT was performed before HIIT, and as such, exercise order may be an important consideration when designing training programs in which the goal is to improve lower-body power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. -C. Lee
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Javier Chagolla
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - William G. Hopkins
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jackson J. Fyfe
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joonalup, Australia
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