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Chen CH, Wu SH, Shiu YJ, Yu SY, Chiu CH. Acute enhancement of Romanian deadlift performance after consumption of caffeinated chewing gum. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22016. [PMID: 38086915 PMCID: PMC10716112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of the consumption of caffeinated chewing gum on the performance of Romanian deadlift on the flywheel training device. A total of 19 participants completed a randomized, cross-over, single-blind experiment with food-grade caffeinated chewing gum trial (CAF) or placebo trail (PL). Gum were chewed for 10 min and rest for 15 min prior to the Romanian deadlift test using the inertial resistance training machine. 5 sets of 6 Romanian deadlifts were performed, with a 3-min rest between sets, followed by a 7-day washout period before the next set of trials. The average power, average force, total peak power, peak concentric power, peak eccentric power, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) for each trials were analyzed using paired-T test. Compared to placebo, caffeinated chewing gum trial enhanced peak concentric power (P = 0.016, Cohen's d = 0.44), peak eccentric power (P = 0.005, Cohen's d = 0.55), average power (P = 0.013, Cohen's d = 0.43), and total work (P = 0.026, Cohen's d = 0.28). However, in average force (P = 0.063, Cohen's d = 0.50), RPE (P = 0.266), and heart rate (P = 0.143), were no significant differences between trials. Caffeinated chewing gum with a dose of caffeine of 200 mg for 10 min may acutely enhance Romanian deadlift performance on the flywheel machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hung Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- Division of Toxicology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hao Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jie Shiu
- Graduate Program in Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, No. 16, Sec. 1, Shuang-Shih Rd., Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yan Yu
- Graduate Program in Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, No. 16, Sec. 1, Shuang-Shih Rd., Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hui Chiu
- Graduate Program in Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, No. 16, Sec. 1, Shuang-Shih Rd., Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
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Yildirim UC, Akcay N, Alexe DI, Esen O, Gulu M, Cîrtiţă-Buzoianu C, Cinarli FS, Cojocaru M, Sari C, Alexe CI, Karayigit R. Acute effect of different doses of caffeinated chewing gum on exercise performance in caffeine-habituated male soccer players. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1251740. [PMID: 37920289 PMCID: PMC10619147 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1251740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ergogenic benefits of caffeine have been well established, but there is scarce research on its chewing gum form. The present research aimed to examine the effects of different doses (100 and 200 mg) of caffeinated chewing gum on muscle strength, vertical jump performance, and ball-kicking speed in trained male soccer players. In a double-blind, randomized counterbalanced, and crossover research design, 14 male soccer players (age = 22 ± 2 y; body mass = 74.2 ± 7.1 kg; height = 180.0 ± 6.8 cm; habitual caffeine intake = 358.9 ± 292.4 mg/day) participated in three experimental trials. In each trial, participants performed isometric handgrip strength, quadriceps and hamstring strength, ball-kicking speed, and 15 s countermovement jump test 10 min after chewing 100 mg (LCAF) or 200 mg (MCAF) of caffeinated gum or placebo (PLA). MCAF improved quadriceps strength (53.77 ± 5.77 kg) compared to LCAF (49.62 ± 8.81 kg, p = 0.048) and PLA (49.20 ± 7.20 kg, p = 0.032). However, neither LCAF nor MCAF had a significant effect on the isometric handgrip and hamstring strength, ball-kicking speed, and 15 s countermovement jump test (all p > 0.05). These findings support chewing gum as an alternative mode of caffeine administration which can be used as a nutritional ergogenic aid for trained soccer players, at least for quadriceps strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neslihan Akcay
- Hasan Doğan School of Physical Education and Sports, Karabük University, Karabük, Türkiye
| | - Dan Iulian Alexe
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health, Sciences, Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacau, Bacău, Romania
| | - Ozcan Esen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mehmet Gulu
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Türkiye
| | - Cristina Cîrtiţă-Buzoianu
- Faculty of Letters, Communication and Public Relations Department, Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacau, Bacău, Romania
| | | | - Marilena Cojocaru
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Spiru Haret University of Bucuresti, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cengizhan Sari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Mus Alparslan University, Mus, Türkiye
| | - Cristina Ioana Alexe
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Performance, Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health, Sciences, Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacau, Bacau, Romania
| | - Raci Karayigit
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
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The Long Way to Establish the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine on Strength Performance: An Overview Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051178. [PMID: 36904177 PMCID: PMC10005568 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This overview review aimed to describe the evolution of the characteristics of the research on caffeine effects on strength. A total of 189 experimental studies with 3459 participants were included. The median sample size was 15 participants, with an over-representation of men vs. women (79.4 vs. 20.6%). Studies on young participants and elders were scarce (4.2%). Most studies tested a single dose of caffeine (87.3%), while 72.0% used doses adjusted to body mass. Single-dose studies ranged from 1.7 to 7 mg/kg (4.8 ± 1.4 mg/kg), while dose-response studies ranged from 1 to 12 mg/kg. Caffeine was mixed with other substances in 27.0% of studies, although only 10.1% of studies analyzed the caffeine interaction with these substances. Capsules (51.9%) and beverages (41.3%) were the most common forms of caffeine administration. Similar proportions of studies focused on upper (24.9%) or lower body strength 37.6% (37.6% both). Participants' daily intake of caffeine was reported in 68.3% of studies. Overall, the pattern in the study of caffeine's effects on strength performance has been carried out with experiments including 11-15 adults, using a single and moderate dose of caffeine adjusted to participants' body mass in the form of a capsule.
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Acute Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Physical Performance, Physiological Responses, Perceived Exertion, and Technical-Tactical Skills in Combat Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142996. [PMID: 35889953 PMCID: PMC9315598 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the effects of caffeine supplementation on combat sports performance have been extensively investigated, there is currently no consensus regarding its ergogenic benefits.This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to summarize the studies investigating the effects of caffeine supplementation on different aspects of performance in combat sports and to quantitatively analyze the results of these studies to better understand the ergogenic effect of caffeine on combat sports outcomes. A systematic search for randomized placebo-controlled studies investigating the effects of caffeine supplementation on combat sports’ performance was performed through Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases up to 18 April 2022. Random-effects meta-analyses of standardized mean differences (Hedge’s g) were performed to analyze the data. Twenty-six studies of good and excellent methodological quality (based on the Pedro scale) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis results revealed caffeine has a small but evident effect size (ES) on handgrip strength (ES = 0.28; 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.52; p = 0.02), and total number of throws during the special judo fitness test (SJFT) (ES = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.78; p = 0.02). Regarding the physiological responses, caffeine increased blood lactate concentration ([La]) in anaerobic exercise (ES = 1.23; 95% CI: 0.29 to 2.18; p = 0.01) and simulated combat (ES = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.34 to 1.47; p = 0.002). For Heart Rate (HR), caffeine increased HR final (ES = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.52; p = 0.003), and HR 1min (ES = 0.20; 95% CI 0.004 to 0.40; p = 0.045). However, caffeine had no impact on the countermovement jump height, the SJFT index, the judogi strength-endurance test, the number and duration of offensive actions, HR at the end of the fight, and the rating of perceived exertion. Caffeine supplementation may be ergogenic for a range of combat sports aspects involving isometric strength, anaerobic power, reaction time, and anaerobic metabolism. However, supplementation effects might be ineffective under certain circumstances, indicating supplementation needs to take into account the performance metric in question prior to creating a dosing protocol.
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Nutritional Ergogenic Aids in Combat Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132588. [PMID: 35807770 PMCID: PMC9268044 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional ergogenic aids (NEAs) are substances included within the group of sports supplements. Although they are widely consumed by athletes, evidence-based analysis is required to support training outcomes or competitive performance in specific disciplines. Combat sports have a predominant use of anaerobic metabolism as a source of energy, reaching peak exertion or sustained effort for very short periods of time. In this context, the use of certain NEAs could help athletes to improve their performance in those specific combat skills (i.e., the number of attacks, throws and hits; jump height; and grip strength, among others) as well as in general physical aspects (time to exhaustion [TTE], power, fatigue perception, heart rate, use of anaerobic metabolism, etc.). Medline/PubMed, Scopus and EBSCO were searched from their inception to May 2022 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Out of 677 articles found, 55 met the predefined inclusion criteria. Among all the studied NEAs, caffeine (5–10 mg/kg) showed strong evidence for its use in combat sports to enhance the use of glycolytic pathways for energy production during high-intensity actions due to a greater production of and tolerance to blood lactate levels. In this regard, abilities including the number of attacks, reaction time, handgrip strength, power and TTE, among others, were improved. Buffering supplements such as sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate and beta-alanine may have a promising role in high and intermittent exertion during combat, but more studies are needed in grappling combat sports to confirm their efficacy during sustained isometric exertion. Other NEAs, including creatine, beetroot juice or glycerol, need further investigation to strengthen the evidence for performance enhancement in combat sports. Caffeine is the only NEA that has shown strong evidence for performance enhancement in combat sports.
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Diaz-Lara J, Grgic J, Detanico D, Botella J, Jiménez SL, Del Coso J. Effects of acute caffeine intake on combat sports performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9859-9874. [PMID: 35475945 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2068499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The interest in the benefits of caffeine in combat sports has grown exponentially in the last few years, evidenced by the significant rise of post-competition urine caffeine concentration. We conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of caffeine on different performance variables in combat sports athletes. In total, we included 25 studies. All studies included had blinded, and cross-over experimental designs, and we conducted a risk of bias analysis. For nonspecific outcomes, there was an ergogenic effect of caffeine on vertical jump height (SMD: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.71) and reaction time (SMD: -0.98, 95% CI: -1.46,-0.50). For outcomes specific to combat sports, there was an increase in the number of throws with caffeine in the Special Judo Fitness Test (SMD: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.14, 1.09). Caffeine ingestion increased the number of offensive actions during combats (SMD: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.74). Caffeine ingestion increased the duration of offensive actions during combat (SMD: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.96). Finally, caffeine ingestion increased blood lactate concentration after bout 1 (SMD: 1.35) bout 2 (SMD: 1.43) and bout 3 (SMD: 1.98). Overall, athletes competing in combat sports may consider supplementing with caffeine for an acute increase in exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Diaz-Lara
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Navarra University, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniele Detanico
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Javier Botella
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sergio L Jiménez
- Centre for Sports Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sports Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
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Krawczyk R, Krzysztofik M, Kostrzewa M, Komarek Z, Wilk M, Del Coso J, Filip-Stachnik A. Preliminary Research towards Acute Effects of Different Doses of Caffeine on Strength-Power Performance in Highly Trained Judo Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:2868. [PMID: 35270556 PMCID: PMC8910536 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although several previous studies examined the effect of pre-exercise caffeine ingestion on judo-specific performance, the optimal dose of caffeine to maximise the ergogenic effects for judoka is not clear. The main purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of oral administration of 3 and 6 mg/kg of caffeine on a battery of physical tests associated with judo performance. Ten highly trained national-level judoka (6 men and 4 women, age: 24.1 ± 4.7 years, body mass: 73.4 ± 12.9 kg, 15.1 ± 5.2 years of judo training experience, 2.6 mg/kg/day of habitual caffeine intake) participated in a randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled and double-blind experiment. Each judoka performed three identical experimental sessions after: (a) ingestion of 3 mg/kg of caffeine (CAF-3); (b) ingestion of 6 mg/kg of caffeine (CAF-6); (c) ingestion of a placebo (PLAC). After 60 min for substance absorption, participants performed the following tests: (a) bench press exercise with 50% of the load representing one-repetition maximum (1RM), including three sets of three repetitions; (b) bench pull exercise with 50% of 1RM including three sets of three repetitions; (c) countermovement jump; (d) maximal isometric handgrip strength test; (e) dynamic and isometric versions of the Judogi Grip Strength Test. In comparison with PLAC, the ingestion of CAF-3 and CAF-6 increased peak bar velocity in the bench press exercise (1.27 ± 0.11 vs. 1.34 ± 0.13 and 1.34 ± 0.15 m/s, respectively; p < 0.01) and mean bar velocity in the bench pull exercise (1.03 ± 0.15 vs. 1.13 ± 0.13 and 1.17 ± 0.15 m/s; p < 0.05). Only CAF-6 increased mean bar velocity in the bench press exercise when compared with PLAC (0.96 ± 0.09 vs. 1.02 ± 0.11 m/s; p < 0.05). Both CAF-3 and CAF-6 significantly increased the number of repetitions in the Judogi Grip Strength Test (17 ± 10 vs. 20 ± 10 and 20 ± 10 repetitions; p < 0.05). There were no differences between PLAC and caffeine doses in the remaining tests. The pre-exercise ingestion of 3 and 6 mg/kg of caffeine effectively obtained meaningful improvements in several aspects associated with judo performance. From a practical viewpoint, the selection between 3 or 6 mg/kg of caffeine may depend on previously tested individual responses during simulated competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Krawczyk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (R.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (R.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Maciej Kostrzewa
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (R.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Zuzanna Komarek
- Nutrition and Sports Performance Research Group, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (R.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sports Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28942 Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (R.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
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Effects of caffeine on isometric handgrip strength: A meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 47:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Simões CB, Gomes PLC, Silva RA, Fonseca IC, Fonseca M, Cruz VM, Drummond MD. Acute caffeine and capsaicin supplementation and performance in resistance training. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742022010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Effects of Caffeine on Resistance Exercise: A Review of Recent Research. Sports Med 2021; 51:2281-2298. [PMID: 34291426 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, a plethora of studies have explored the effects of caffeine on resistance exercise, demonstrating that this field of research is growing fast. This review evaluates and summarizes the most recent findings. Given that toxic doses of caffeine are needed to increase skeletal muscle contractility, the binding of caffeine to adenosine receptors is likely the primary mechanism for caffeine's ergogenic effects on resistance exercise. There is convincing evidence that caffeine ingestion is ergogenic for (i) one-repetition maximum, isometric, and isokinetic strength; and (ii) muscular endurance, velocity, and power in different resistance exercises, loads, and set protocols. Furthermore, there is some evidence that caffeine supplementation also may enhance adaptations to resistance training, such as gains in strength and power. Caffeine ingestion is ergogenic for resistance exercise performance in females, and the magnitude of these effects seems to be similar to that observed in men. Habitual caffeine intake and polymorphisms within CYP1A2 and ADORA2A do not seem to modulate caffeine's ergogenic effects on resistance exercise. Consuming lower doses of caffeine (e.g., 2-3 mg/kg) appears to be comparably ergogenic to consuming high doses of caffeine (e.g., 6 mg/kg). Minimal effective doses of caffeine seem to be around 1.5 mg/kg. Alternate caffeine sources such as caffeinated chewing gum, gel, and coffee are also ergogenic for resistance exercise performance. With caffeine capsules, the optimal timing of ingestion seems to be 30-60 min before exercise. Caffeinated chewing gums and gels may enhance resistance exercise performance even when consumed 10 min before exercise. It appears that caffeine improves performance in resistance exercise primarily due to its physiological effects. Nevertheless, a small portion of the ergogenic effect of caffeine seems to be placebo-driven.
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