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Jano S, Romeo J, Hendrickx MD, Schlesewsky M, Chatburn A. Sleep influences neural representations of true and false memories: An event-related potential study. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 186:107553. [PMID: 34763072 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Episodic memory is reconstructive and is thus prone to false memory formation. Although false memories are proposed to develop via associative processes, the nature of their neural representations, and the effect of sleep on false memory processing is currently unclear. The present research employed the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm and a daytime nap to determine whether semantic false memories and true memories could be differentiated using event-related potentials (ERPs). We also sought to illuminate the role of sleep in memory formation and learning. Healthy participants (N = 34, 28F, mean age = 23.23, range = 18-33) completed the learning phase of the DRM task followed by an immediate and a delayed recognition phase. The two recognition phases were separated by either a 2hr daytime nap or an equivalent wake period. Linear mixed modelling of effects at delayed recognition revealed larger LPC amplitudes for true memories in contrast to false memories for those in the wake group, and larger P300 amplitudes for false compared to true memories across sleep and wake groups. Larger LPC amplitudes for true memories were associated with enhanced true memory recognition following sleep, whilst larger P300 amplitudes were associated with similar true and false memory recognition rates. These findings are argued to reflect sleep's ability to promote memory generalisation associated with pattern completion, whilst also enhancing true memory recognition when memory traces have a strong episodic basis (linked to pattern separation). The present research suggests that true and false memories have differing neural profiles and are reflective of adaptive memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Jano
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Australia.
| | - Julia Romeo
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew D Hendrickx
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthias Schlesewsky
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Alex Chatburn
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Australia
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2
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Klein Selle N, Ben-Shakhar G, Kindt M, Verschuere B. Preliminary evidence for physiological markers of implicit memory. Biol Psychol 2018; 135:220-235. [PMID: 29477478 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Concealed Information Test (CIT) aims to detect concealed knowledge and is known to be sensitive to explicit memory. In two experiments, we examined whether the CIT is also sensitive to implicit memory using skin conductance, respiration and heart rate measures. For each participant, previously studied items were either categorized as explicitly remembered, implicitly remembered or forgotten. The two experiments differed in the strength of memory encoding, the type of implicit memory test, the delay between study and test and the number of critical CIT items. The results of Experiment 1 revealed that CIT detection efficiency was weak and significant only in the explicit memory condition. In Experiment 2, however, CIT detection efficiency was stronger and significant in both the explicit and implicit memory conditions as indexed by skin conductance and respiration. Altogether, our results provide initial evidence that the CIT may be sensitive to implicit memory. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Klein Selle
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel; Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15933, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gershon Ben-Shakhar
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel
| | - Merel Kindt
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15933, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15933, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Volz K, Bahr L, Heinrichs M, Vaitl D, Ambach W. The Concealed Information Test is Susceptible to Misleading Information. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:1419-1428. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Volz
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health Wilhelmstraße 3a D‐79098 Freiburg Germany
| | - Lisa‐Marie Bahr
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health Wilhelmstraße 3a D‐79098 Freiburg Germany
| | - Markus Heinrichs
- Laboratory for Biological and Personality Psychology Department of Psychology University of Freiburg Stefan‐Meier‐Straße 8 D‐ 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Dieter Vaitl
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health Wilhelmstraße 3a D‐79098 Freiburg Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ambach
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health Wilhelmstraße 3a D‐79098 Freiburg Germany
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Gronau N, Elber L, Satran S, Breska A, Ben-Shakhar G. Retroactive memory interference: A potential countermeasure technique against psychophysiological knowledge detection methods. Biol Psychol 2015; 106:68-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Credibility assessment: Preliminary Process Theory, the polygraph process, and construct validity. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 95:3-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Even though electroencephalography has played a prominent role for lie detection via personally relevant information, the electrophysiological signature of active lying is still elusive. We addressed this signature with two experiments in which participants helped a virtual police officer to locate a knife. Crucially, before this response, they announced whether they would lie or tell the truth about the knife's location. This design allowed us to study the signature of lie-telling in the absence of rare and personally significant oddball stimuli that are typically used for lie detection via electrophysiological markers, especially the P300 component. Our results indicate that active lying attenuated P300 amplitudes as well as N200 amplitudes for such non-oddball stimuli. These results support accounts that stress the high cognitive demand of lie-telling, including the need to suppress the truthful response and to generate a lie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Pfister
- a Department of Psychology III , Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
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7
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Detección de información oculta mediante potenciales relacionados con eventos. ANUARIO DE PSICOLOGÍA JURÍDICA 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apj.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Bergström ZM, Anderson MC, Buda M, Simons JS, Richardson-Klavehn A. Intentional retrieval suppression can conceal guilty knowledge in ERP memory detection tests. Biol Psychol 2013; 94:1-11. [PMID: 23664804 PMCID: PMC3749379 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain-activity markers of guilty knowledge have been promoted as accurate and reliable measures for establishing criminal culpability. Tests based on these markers interpret the presence or absence of memory-related neural activity as diagnostic of whether or not incriminating information is stored in a suspect's brain. This conclusion critically relies on the untested assumption that reminders of a crime uncontrollably elicit memory-related brain activity. However, recent research indicates that, in some circumstances, humans can control whether they remember a previous experience by intentionally suppressing retrieval. We examined whether people could use retrieval suppression to conceal neural evidence of incriminating memories as indexed by Event-Related Potentials (ERPs). When people were motivated to suppress crime retrieval, their memory-related ERP effects were significantly decreased, allowing guilty individuals to evade detection. Our findings indicate that brain measures of guilty knowledge may be under criminals' intentional control and place limits on their use in legal settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara M Bergström
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NP, UK.
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Marchand Y, Inglis-Assaff PC, Lefebvre CD. Impact of stimulus similarity between the probe and the irrelevant items during a card-playing deception detection task: the "irrelevants" are not irrelevant. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2013; 35:686-701. [PMID: 23883278 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2013.819837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Event-related brain potential paradigms for the detection of concealed information commonly involve presenting probes embedded within a series of irrelevant items. This study investigated the impact of similarity of the irrelevant items with the probe. For the task, a card was shown followed by the sequential presentation of six "test" cards, one of which was the same as the initial card (the probe) along with five "irrelevant" cards that varied in terms of similarity with the probe. Participants either identified or denied recognition of the probe. The results show that P300 amplitude is modulated by stimulus similarity and highlight the importance of the irrelevant items on deception detection rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Marchand
- a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada
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Jang KW, Kim DY, Cho S, Lee JH. Effects of the combination of P3-based GKT and reality monitoring on deceptive classification. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:18. [PMID: 23386821 PMCID: PMC3560347 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate whether a combination of the P3-based Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) and reality monitoring (RM) distinguished between individuals who are guilty, witnesses, or informed, and using both tests provided more accurate information than did the use of either measure alone. Participants consisted of 45 males that were randomly and evenly assigned to three groups (i.e., guilty, witness, and informed). The guilty group conducted a mock crime where they intentionally crashed their vehicle into another vehicle in a virtual environment (VE). As those in the witness group drove their own vehicles, they observed the guilty groups' vehicle crash into another vehicle. The informed group read an account and saw screenshots of the accident. All participants were instructed to insist that they were innocent. Subsequently, they performed the P3-based GKT and wrote an account of the accident for the RM analysis. A higher P3 amplitude corresponded to how well the participants recognized the presented stimulus, and a higher RM score corresponded to how well the participants reported vivid sensory information and how much less they reported uncertain information. Findings for the P3-based GKT indicated that the informed group showed lower P3 amplitude when presented with the probe stimulus than did the guilty and witness groups. Regarding the RM analysis, the informed group obtained higher RM scores on visual, temporal, and spatial details and lower scores on cognitive operations than the guilty and witness groups. Finally, discriminant analysis revealed that the combination of the P3-based GKT and RM more accurately distinguished between the three groups than the use of either measure alone. The findings suggest that RM may build upon a weakness of the P3-based GKT's. More specifically, it may build upon its susceptibility to the leakage of information about the crime, therefore helping protect innocent individuals who have information about a crime from being perceived as guilty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Won Jang
- Clinical Neuro-psychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University Seoul, South Korea
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Meek SW, Phillips MC, Boswell CP, Vendemia JM. Deception and the misinformation effect: An event-related potential study. Int J Psychophysiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Matsuda I, Nittono H, Allen JJB. The current and future status of the concealed information test for field use. Front Psychol 2012; 3:532. [PMID: 23205018 PMCID: PMC3507001 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concealed Information Test (CIT) is a psychophysiological technique for examining whether a person has knowledge of crime-relevant information. Many laboratory studies have shown that the CIT has good scientific validity. However, the CIT has seldom been used for actual criminal investigations. One successful exception is its use by the Japanese police. In Japan, the CIT has been widely used for criminal investigations, although its probative force in court is not strong. In this paper, we first review the current use of the field CIT in Japan. Then, we discuss two possible approaches to increase its probative force: sophisticated statistical judgment methods and combining new psychophysiological measures with classic autonomic measures. On the basis of these considerations, we propose several suggestions for future practice and research involving the field CIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Matsuda
- National Research Institute of Police ScienceChiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nittono
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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Zaitsu W. [Effects of false memories on the Concealed Information Test]. SHINRIGAKU KENKYU : THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 83:321-329. [PMID: 23214081 DOI: 10.4992/jjpsy.83.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of false memories on polygraph examinations with the Concealed Information Test (CIT) were investigated by using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, which allows participants to evoke false memories. Physiological responses to questions consisting of learned, lure, and unlearned items were measured and recorded. The results indicated that responses to lure questions showed critical responses to questions about learned items. These responses included repression of respiration, an increase in electrodermal activity, and a drop in heart rate. These results suggest that critical response patterns are generated in the peripheral nervous system by true and false memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Zaitsu
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Toyama Prefectural Police Headquarters, Shin-Sougawa, Toyama 930-8570, Japan.
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Farwell LA. Brain fingerprinting: a comprehensive tutorial review of detection of concealed information with event-related brain potentials. Cogn Neurodyn 2012; 6:115-54. [PMID: 23542949 PMCID: PMC3311838 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-012-9192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain fingerprinting (BF) detects concealed information stored in the brain by measuring brainwaves. A specific EEG event-related potential, a P300-MERMER, is elicited by stimuli that are significant in the present context. BF detects P300-MERMER responses to words/pictures relevant to a crime scene, terrorist training, bomb-making knowledge, etc. BF detects information by measuring cognitive information processing. BF does not detect lies, stress, or emotion. BF computes a determination of "information present" or "information absent" and a statistical confidence for each individual determination. Laboratory and field tests at the FBI, CIA, US Navy and elsewhere have resulted in 0% errors: no false positives and no false negatives. 100% of determinations made were correct. 3% of results have been "indeterminate." BF has been applied in criminal cases and ruled admissible in court. Scientific standards for BF tests are discussed. Meeting the BF scientific standards is necessary for accuracy and validity. Alternative techniques that failed to meet the BF scientific standards produced low accuracy and susceptibility to countermeasures. BF is highly resistant to countermeasures. No one has beaten a BF test with countermeasures, despite a $100,000 reward for doing so. Principles of applying BF in the laboratory and the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A. Farwell
- Brain Fingerprinting Laboratories, Inc., 14220 37th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98125 USA
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Baioui A, Ambach W, Walter B, Vaitl D. Psychophysiology of false memories in a Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm with visual scenes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30416. [PMID: 22272347 PMCID: PMC3260301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Remembering something that has not in fact been experienced is commonly referred to as false memory. The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm is a well-elaborated approach to this phenomenon. This study attempts to investigate the peripheral physiology of false memories induced in a visual DRM paradigm. The main research question is whether false recognition is different from true recognition in terms of accompanying physiological responses.Sixty subjects participated in the experiment, which included a study phase with visual scenes each showing a group of interrelated items in social contexts. Subjects were divided into an experimental group undergoing a classical DRM design and a control group without DRM manipulation. The control group was implemented in order to statistically control for possible biases produced by memorability differences between stimulus types. After a short retention interval, a pictorial recognition phase was conducted in the manner of a Concealed Information Test. Simultaneous recordings of electrodermal activity, respiration line length, phasic heart rate, and finger pulse waveform length were used. Results yielded a significant Group by Item Type interaction, showing that true recognition is accompanied by greater electrodermal activity than false recognition.Results are discussed in the light of Sokolov's Orienting Reflex, the Preliminary Process Theory and the Concealed Information Test. Implications and restrictions of the introduced design features are critically discussed. This study demonstrates the applicability of measures of peripheral physiology to the field of false memory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Baioui
- Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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