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Hughes C, Setton R, Mwilambwe-Tshilobo L, Baracchini G, Turner GR, Spreng RN. Precision mapping of the default network reveals common and distinct (inter) activity for autobiographical memory and theory of mind. J Neurophysiol 2024; 132:375-388. [PMID: 38958281 PMCID: PMC11427040 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00427.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The default network is widely implicated as a common neural substrate for self-generated thought, such as remembering one's past (autobiographical memory) and imagining the thoughts and feelings of others (theory of mind). Findings that the default network comprises subnetworks of regions, some commonly and some distinctly involved across processes, suggest that one's own experiences inform their understanding of others. With the advent of precision functional MRI (fMRI) methods, however, it is unclear if this shared substrate is observed instead due to traditional group analysis methods. We investigated this possibility using a novel combination of methodological strategies. Twenty-three participants underwent multi-echo resting-state and task fMRI. We used their resting-state scans to conduct cortical parcellation sensitive to individual variation while preserving our ability to conduct group analysis. Using multivariate analyses, we assessed the functional activation and connectivity profiles of default network regions while participants engaged in autobiographical memory, theory of mind, or a sensorimotor control condition. Across the default network, we observed stronger activity associated with both autobiographical memory and theory of mind compared to the control condition. Nonetheless, we also observed that some regions showed preferential activity to either experimental condition, in line with past work. The connectivity results similarly indicated shared and distinct functional profiles. Our results support that autobiographical memory and theory of mind, two theoretically important and widely studied domains of social cognition, evoke common and distinct aspects of the default network even when ensuring high fidelity to individual-specific characteristics.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used cutting-edge precision functional MRI (fMRI) methods such as multi-echo fMRI acquisition and denoising, a robust experimental paradigm, and individualized cortical parcellation across 23 participants to provide evidence that remembering one's past experiences and imagining the thoughts and feelings of others share a common neural substrate. Evidence from activation and connectivity analyses indicate overlapping and distinct functional profiles of these widely studied episodic and social processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Hughes
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roni Setton
- Psychology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Laetitia Mwilambwe-Tshilobo
- Psychology Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Giulia Baracchini
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gary R Turner
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Nathan Spreng
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Giannakopoulos KL, McCurdy MP, Sklenar AM, Frankenstein AN, Urban Levy P, Leshikar ED. Lower constraint testing enhances the testing effect for some contextual details but not others. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3380. [PMID: 38376029 PMCID: PMC10776958 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retrieval practice has been shown to be an effective means of learning new information, a memory phenomenon known as the testing effect or the retrieval practice effect. Some work suggests that the magnitude of the testing effect can be enhanced when the test used for retrieval practice uses fewer cues to retrieve previously studied information. It is unclear, however, whether such testing benefits extend to peripheral contextual details associated with studied materials (e.g., location where stimuli appear, font color in which items are presented, etc.). In this experiment, we examine both item memory (i.e., memory for the studied items) and context memory under conditions where the intervening test offers fewer cues (i.e., lower constraint) compared to more cues (higher constraint) to better understand item and context memory testing effects. METHODS Participants first studied word pairs presented in one of eight locations as well as in either red or green font color. Then, in the re-exposure phase, participants processed materials in two types of intervening tests (lower constraint and a higher constraint test) as well as in a restudy condition, before a final memory test. RESULTS For item memory, results showed that memory was better in the lower constraint testing condition compared to both the higher constraint testing condition as well as the restudy (control) condition. For context memory, results indicated improved memory for location context under lower constraint testing compared to both higher constraint testing and restudy conditions. There was no difference in memory, however, for color context across all conditions. CONCLUSION Overall, these findings suggest that providing fewer cues to aid retrieval in the intervening test can induce better memory for both items as well as some contextual details.
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Sklenar AM, Pérez J, McCurdy MP, Frankenstein AN, Leshikar ED. Similarity to the self influences memory for social targets. Cogn Emot 2023; 37:595-616. [PMID: 36988437 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2185207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The construct of the self is important in the domain of memory research. Recent work has shown that person memory is influenced by similarity of social targets to the self. The current experiments investigate self-similarity as defined by traits and political ideology to better understand how memory for social targets is organised. Across three experiments, participants formed positive or negative impressions based on each target's picture, a trait-implying behavior (Experiments 1 & 2), and/or political ideology (conservative/liberal label in Experiment 2; political-ideological belief statements in Experiment 3) followed by a memory test. Results showed a self-similarity effect dependent on valence in Experiment 1, but not in Experiments 2 or 3 when participants processed ideological information associated with targets. These results suggest that self-similarity has an effect on memory for social targets, but that ideological information disrupts self-focused processing of others, suggesting that ideological information also has a powerful influence on what people remember about others (i.e. social targets).
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sklenar
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Pérez
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M P McCurdy
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A N Frankenstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - E D Leshikar
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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4
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Patel SP, McCurdy MP, Frankenstein AN, Sklenar AM, Urban Levy P, Szpunar KK, Leshikar ED. The reciprocal relationship between episodic memory and future thinking: How the outcome of predictions is subsequently remembered. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2603. [PMID: 36000544 PMCID: PMC9480898 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that memory is involved in making simulations and predictions about the future (i.e., future thinking), but less work has examined how the outcome of those predictions (whether events play out as predicted or expected) subsequently affects episodic memory. In this investigation, we examine whether memory is better for outcomes that are consistent with predictions, or whether memory is enhanced for outcomes that are inconsistent with predictions, after the predicted event occurs. In this experiment, participants learned a core trait associated with social targets (e.g., high in extroversion), before making predictions about behaviors targets would perform. Participants then were shown behaviors the social targets actually performed (i.e., prediction outcome), which was either consistent or inconsistent with predictions. After that, participants completed a memory test (recognition; recall) for the prediction outcomes. For recognition, the results revealed better memory for outcomes that were consistent with traits associated with targets (i.e., trait-consistent outcomes), compared to outcomes that were inconsistent (i.e., trait-inconsistent outcomes). Finding a memory advantage for trait-consistent outcomes suggests that outcomes that are in line with the contents of memory (e.g., what one knows; schemas) are more readily remembered than those that are inconsistent with memory, which may reflect an adaptive memory process. For recall, memory did not differ between trait-consistent and trait-inconsistent outcomes. Altogether, the results of this experiment advance understanding of the reciprocal relationship between episodic memory and future thinking and show that outcome of predictions has an influence on subsequent episodic memory, at least as measured by recognition.
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Frankenstein AN, Udeogu OJ, McCurdy MP, Sklenar AM, Leshikar ED. Exploring the relationship between retrieval practice, self-efficacy, and memory. Mem Cognit 2022; 50:1299-1318. [PMID: 35668292 PMCID: PMC9170123 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-022-01324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Retrieval practice effect refers to improved memory on a final test for information retrieved one or more times. Although past theoretical work identifies cognitive mechanisms to explain retrieval practice benefits, it is possible that improving self-efficacy during learning may also contribute to better memory, in line with limited past work showing a relationship between self-efficacy and memory. Across two experiments, we examine the potential relationship between retrieval practice, self-efficacy, and memory. In Experiment 1, we examined the extent change in self-efficacy accounted for improved memory on a final test after retrieval practice compared with restudy. In Experiment 2, we gave participants (false) feedback that was either negative (i.e., you performed worse than others), neutral (i.e., you performed the same as others), or positive (i.e., you performed better than others) to more directly assess the effects of self-efficacy on memory under retrieval practice conditions. Results of Experiment 1 showed a significant retrieval practice effect, with memory on the final test being better after retrieval practice compared with restudy. Self-efficacy did not significantly mediate the retrieval practice effect. Results of Experiment 2, however, showed that decreases in self-efficacy due to (false) negative feedback resulted in worse memory performance compared with neutral feedback. Such findings may suggest that change in self-efficacy after retrieval practice attempts, particularly negative feedback, affects memory at final test. Overall, these findings suggest a relationship between retrieval practice, self-efficacy, and memory, and imply that interventions that influence self-efficacy may be a plausible mechanism to modulate memory under some conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Frankenstein
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Onyinye J Udeogu
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Matthew P McCurdy
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Allison M Sklenar
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Eric D Leshikar
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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6
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Sweatman H, Lawrence R, Chai XJ. Development of self-referential effect on memory recollection. Child Dev 2022; 93:1848-1859. [PMID: 35841288 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Information learned in relation to oneself is typically better remembered, termed the self-reference effect (SRE). This study aimed to elucidate the developmental trajectory of the SRE in recollection and source memory from mid-childhood to young adulthood. In 2018-2019 in Baltimore, Maryland, 136 seven- to thirty-year-olds (77 female; approximately 80% White, 15% Asian American, 5% Black) viewed objects on one of two backgrounds and answered a self-referential or semantic question for each. A recognition test probed memory for objects and source details (inherent: question type; peripheral: background image). SRE increased with age for detailed recollection (r = .189), but not familiarity, and extended to inherent source memory. This suggests that self-referencing promotes richer memory in children and develops into young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Sweatman
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ross Lawrence
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaoqian J Chai
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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7
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Woźniak M, Schmidt TT, Wu Y, Blankenburg F, Hohwy J. Differences in working memory coding of biological motion attributed to oneself and others. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:3721-3734. [PMID: 35466500 PMCID: PMC9294297 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The question how the brain distinguishes between information about self and others is of fundamental interest to both philosophy and neuroscience. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we sought to distinguish the neural substrates of representing a full‐body movement as one's movement and as someone else's movement. Participants performed a delayed match‐to‐sample working memory task where a retained full‐body movement (displayed using point‐light walkers) was arbitrarily labeled as one's own movement or as performed by someone else. By using arbitrary associations we aimed to address a limitation of previous studies, namely that our own movements are more familiar to us than movements of other people. A searchlight multivariate decoding analysis was used to test where information about types of movement and about self‐association was coded. Movement specific activation patterns were found in a network of regions also involved in perceptual processing of movement stimuli, however not in early sensory regions. Information about whether a memorized movement was associated with the self or with another person was found to be coded by activity in the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG), left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), bilateral supplementary motor area, and (at reduced threshold) in the left temporoparietal junction (TPJ). These areas are frequently reported as involved in action understanding (IFG, MFG) and domain‐general self/other distinction (TPJ). Finally, in univariate analysis we found that selecting a self‐associated movement for retention was related to increased activity in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Woźniak
- Cognition and Philosophy Lab, Department of Philosophy Monash University Melbourne Australia
- Social Mind and Body Research Group, Department of Cognitive Science Central European University Vienna Austria
- Neurocomputation and Neuroimaging Unit (NNU), Department of Education and Psychology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Timo Torsten Schmidt
- Neurocomputation and Neuroimaging Unit (NNU), Department of Education and Psychology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Yuan‐hao Wu
- Neurocomputation and Neuroimaging Unit (NNU), Department of Education and Psychology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Felix Blankenburg
- Neurocomputation and Neuroimaging Unit (NNU), Department of Education and Psychology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Jakob Hohwy
- Cognition and Philosophy Lab, Department of Philosophy Monash University Melbourne Australia
- Monash Centre for Consciousness & Contemplative Studies Monash University Melbourne Australia
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8
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Udeogu OJ, Frankenstein AN, Sklenar AM, Urban Levy P, Leshikar ED. Predicting and remembering the behaviors of social targets: how prediction accuracy affects episodic memory. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:96. [PMID: 35397594 PMCID: PMC8994913 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00801-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decades of research has investigated the relationship between memory and future thinking. Although some of this work has shown that memory forms the basis of making predictions about the future, less work has investigated how the outcome of those predictions (whether consistent or inconsistent with what one predicts) is later remembered. Limited past works suggests that memory for outcomes that are consistent with what one predicts are better remembered that predictions that are inconsistent. To advance understanding of the relationship between episodic memory and future thinking, the current investigation examines how the outcome of predictions affects memory after the predicted events takes place. METHODS In this experiment, participants first learned trait information about social targets. Then, participants imagined scenarios involving targets and the self (i.e., the participant) and made predictions about which behaviors targets would perform based on the trait information associated with targets participants learned earlier. Participants were then told the behaviors the targets actually performed (i.e., prediction outcome), which was either consistent or inconsistent with predictions, before then taking a memory test for prediction outcomes (what the social target actually did). RESULTS Results showed memory for prediction-consistent outcomes was better than for prediction-inconsistent outcomes, suggesting people exhibit enhanced memory for events that are in line with predictions based on existing contents of memory (e.g., what one knows; schemas), which is in line with the limited past work in this domain. CONCLUSION Overall, finding better memory for prediction-consistent outcomes may reflect an adaptive function in memory, where people show enhanced memory for episodes when they play out as predicted, and aligned with the current contents of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyinye J Udeogu
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Andrea N Frankenstein
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Allison M Sklenar
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Pauline Urban Levy
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Eric D Leshikar
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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9
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Kadwe PP, Sklenar AM, Frankenstein AN, Levy PU, Leshikar ED. The influence of memory on approach and avoidance decisions: Investigating the role of episodic memory in social decision making. Cognition 2022; 225:105072. [PMID: 35325801 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
People are motivated to make social decisions to approach or avoid social targets (i.e., other people). Prior work has shown people make approach/avoidance (AA) decisions based on factors like physical appearance, race, gender, sexuality, etc., but less work has investigated the extent that memory for past encounters with social targets might influence AA decisions. Here, we investigate the role of episodic memory (memory for specific details associated with specific social targets) on AA decisions. In this investigation, participants formed positive or negative impressions based on social targets' behaviors before completing a memory test for specific episodic details associated with targets (self-generated impressions formed about target; behavior associated with targets). Participants then made AA decisions for those social targets, as well as new targets. Results showed strong approach tendencies when participants correctly remembered positive details associated with targets (impressions; behaviors) and strong avoidance tendencies when participants correctly remembered negative impressions associated with targets. For novel targets (targets not seen before and thus not associated with prior memory representations), participants showed no approach or avoidance tendencies. Overall, these findings suggest an important role for episodic memory on AA decisions, which is a potentially important mechanism in social decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjal P Kadwe
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States of America
| | - Allison M Sklenar
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States of America
| | - Andrea N Frankenstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States of America
| | - Pauline Urban Levy
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States of America
| | - Eric D Leshikar
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States of America.
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10
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Burden C, Leach RC, Sklenar AM, Urban Levy P, Frankenstein AN, Leshikar ED. Examining the influence of brain stimulation to the medial prefrontal cortex on the self-reference effect in memory. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2368. [PMID: 34734486 PMCID: PMC8671799 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Past work shows that processing information in relation to the self improves memory which is known as the self-reference effect in memory. Other work suggests that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can also improve memory. Given recent research on self-reference context memory effects (improved memory for contextual episodic details associated with self-referential processing), we were interested in examining the extent stimulation might increase the magnitude of the self-reference context memory effect. In this investigation, participants studied objects superimposed on different background scenes in either a self-reference or other-reference condition while receiving either active or sham stimulation to the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), a cortical region known to support self-reference context memory effects. Participants then completed a memory test that assessed item memory (have you seen this object before?) and context memory (with which background scene was this object paired?). Results showed a self-reference context memory effect driven by enhanced memory for stimuli processed in the self-reference compared to the other-reference condition across all participants (regardless of stimulation condition). tDCS, however, had no effect on memory. Specifically, stimulation did not increase the magnitude of the self-reference context memory effect under active compared to sham stimulation. These results suggest that stimulation of the dmPFC at encoding may not add to the memory benefits induced by self-referential processing suggesting a boundary condition to tDCS effects on memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camill Burden
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ryan C Leach
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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11
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Sklenar AM, McCurdy MP, Frankenstein AN, Motyl M, Leshikar ED. Person Memory Mechanism Underlying Approach and Avoidance Judgments of Social Targets. SOCIAL COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2021.39.6.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
People display approach and avoidance tendencies toward social targets. Although much research has studied the factors that affect decisions to approach or avoid targets, less work has investigated whether cognitive factors, such as episodic memory (e.g., details remembered about others from previous encounters) contribute to such judgments. Across two experiments, participants formed positive or negative impressions of targets based on their picture, a trait-implying behavior (Experiments 1 & 2), and their political ideology (conservative or liberal; Experiment 2). Memory and approach/avoidance decisions for targets were then measured. Results showed remembering negative impressions about targets increased avoidance responses, whereas remembering positive impressions increased approach responses. Strikingly, falsely remembering negative impressions for novel social targets (not seen before) also induced avoidance. Results suggest remembering negative information about targets, whether correctly or falsely, strongly influences future social judgments. Overall, these data support an episodic memory mechanism underlying subsequent approach/avoidance judgments, which is a rich area for future research.
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12
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Guo J, Shubeck K, Hu X. Relationship Between Item and Source Memory: Explanation of Connection-Strength Model. Front Psychol 2021; 12:691577. [PMID: 34659007 PMCID: PMC8511408 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.691577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The controversy in the relationship between item memory and source memory is a focus of episodic memory. Some studies show the trade-off between item memory and source memory, some show the consistency between them, and others show the independence between them. This review attempts to point out the connection-strength model, implying the different types and strengths of the important role of the item-source connections in the relationship between item memory and source memory, which is based on the same essence in the unified framework. The logic of the model is that when item memory and source memory share the same or relevant connection between item and source, they positively connect, or they are independently or negatively connected. This review integrates empirical evidence from the domains of cognition, cognitive neuroscience, and mathematical modeling to validate our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Guo
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Keith Shubeck
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
- Institute for Intelligent Systems, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Xiangen Hu
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
- Institute for Intelligent Systems, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
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13
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Ilenikhena GO, Narmawala H, Sklenar AM, McCurdy MP, Gutchess AH, Leshikar ED. STOP SHOUTING AT ME: The Influence of Case and Self-Referencing on Explicit and Implicit Memory. Front Psychol 2021; 12:685756. [PMID: 34177741 PMCID: PMC8220074 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that physical changes in word appearance, such as those written in all capital letters, and the use of effective encoding strategies, such as self-referential processing, improves memory. In this study we examined the extent both physical changes in word appearance (case) and encoding strategies engaged at study influence memory as measured by both explicit and implicit memory measures. Participants studied words written in upper and lower case under three encoding conditions (self-reference, semantic control, case judgment), which was followed by an implicit (word stem completion) and then an explicit (item and context) memory test. There were two primary results. First, analyses indicated a case enhancement effect for item memory where words written in upper case were better remembered than lower case, but only when participants were prompted to attend to the case of the word. Importantly, this case enhancement effect came at a cost to context memory for words written in upper case. Second, self-referencing increased explicit memory performance relative to control, but there was no effect on implicit memory. Overall, results suggest an item-context memory trade-off for words written in upper case, highlighting a potential downside to writing in all capital letters, and further, that both physical changes to the appearance of words and differing encoding strategies have a strong influence on explicit, but not implicit memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- George O Ilenikhena
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Haajra Narmawala
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Allison M Sklenar
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Matthew P McCurdy
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Angela H Gutchess
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Eric D Leshikar
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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14
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Porter NA, Fields EC, Moore IL, Gutchess A. Late frontal positivity effects in Self-referential Memory: Unique to the Self? Soc Neurosci 2021; 16:406-422. [PMID: 33978552 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2021.1929460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The self-reference effect in memory (SRE), in which stimuli related to self are better remembered than other stimuli, has been studied often in the fMRI literature, but much less with EEG. In two experiments, we investigated how self-referencing modulated event-related potential (ERP) markers of the subsequent memory effect, testing whether the same components that reflect memory success are impacted or whether unique components are modulated by self-referencing. Participants were asked to evaluate whether an adjective accurately described either the self or a given other by making a yes/no key press during EEG recording. Then participants were given a surprise recognition memory test where they judged each adjective as old or new. We observed a main effect of self-relevance on a late positivity at right frontal electrodes. A very similar effect was observed when comparing words subsequently remembered to those that were forgotten. However, no interaction was found between self-relevance and subsequent memory, suggesting the frontal positivity is not exclusive to the SRE, but instead a reflection of deeper encoding that leads to better memory. Thus, this frontal positivity may be a marker of a deeper encoding process that is elicited by self-referencing but not exclusive to the SRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Porter
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Eric C Fields
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | | | - Angela Gutchess
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
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15
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Lawrence R, Chai XJ. Self-referential encoding of source information in recollection memory. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248044. [PMID: 33857141 PMCID: PMC8049320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Information that is encoded in relation to the self has been shown to be better remembered, yet reports have disagreed on whether the memory benefit from self-referential encoding extends to source memory (the context in which information was learned). In this study, we investigated the self-referential effect on source memory in recollection and familiarity-based memory. Using a Remember/Know paradigm, we compared source memory accuracy under self-referential encoding and semantic encoding. Two types of source information were included, a “peripheral” source which was not inherent to the encoding activity, and a source information about the encoding context. We observed the facilitation in item memory from self-referential encoding compared to semantic encoding in recollection but not in familiarity-based memory. The self-referential benefit to source accuracy was observed in recollection memory, with source memory for the encoding context being stronger in the self-referential condition. No significant self-referential effect was observed with regards to peripheral source information (information not required for the participant to focus on), suggesting not all source information benefit from self-referential encoding. Self-referential encoding also resulted in a higher ratio of “Remember/Know” responses rate than semantically encoded items, denoting stronger recollection. These results suggest self-referential encoding creates a richer, more detailed memory trace which can be recollected later on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Lawrence
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory X, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiaoqian J. Chai
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Laboratory X, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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16
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Interactions of Emotion and Self-reference in Source Memory: An ERP Study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 21:172-190. [PMID: 33608840 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The way emotional information is encoded (e.g., deciding whether it is self-related or not) has been found to affect source memory. However, few studies have addressed how the emotional quality and self-referential properties of a stimulus interactively modulate brain responses during stimulus encoding and source memory recognition. In the current study, 22 participants completed five study-test cycles with negative, neutral, and positive words encoded in self-referential versus non-self-referential conditions, while event-related potentials of the electroencephalogram were recorded. An advantage of self-referential processing in source memory performance, reflected in increased recognition accuracy, was shown for neutral and positive words. At the electrophysiological level, self-referential words elicited increased amplitudes in later processing stages during encoding (700-1,200 ms) and were associated with the emergence of old/new effects in the 300-500 ms latency window linked to familiarity effects. In the 500-800 ms latency window, old/new effects emerged for all valence conditions except for negative words studied in the non-self-referential condition. Negative self-referential words also elicited a greater mobilization of post-retrieval monitoring processes, reflected in an enhanced mean amplitude in the 800-1,200 ms latency window. Together, the current findings suggest that valence and self-reference interactively modulate source memory. Specifically, negative self-related information is more likely to interfere with the recollection of source memory features.
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Abstract
Self-generated information is often better remembered than read information (the generation effect). Recent research, however, has shown that generating information under fewer experimental constraints (i.e., fewer limitations on what can be generated) can increase the magnitude of the generation effect. This study systematically varied generation constraint to better understand the effects of constraint on memory. Participants encoded associated cue-target word pairs (above-below) on either the left or right side of a computer monitor. At encoding, generation constraint was manipulated by systematically varying the number of letters given to participants to generate the target word (i.e., above-below; option-choic_; bank-mon__; etc.). At retrieval, participants were given either a recognition, cued recall, or free recall test measuring both item (target word) and context memory (location on the computer monitor). Using mixed-effects logistic regression analyses to control for item-selection effects (e.g., participants producing idiosyncratic targets in some conditions relative to others), results indicated that generation constraint significantly influenced item, but not context (location) memory. The relationship between generation constraint and memory performance, however, differed by the type of memory test administered: Recognition data revealed a curvilinear relationship; cued recall showed a negative, linear relationship; and free recall showed no significant relationship. Overall, these findings provide more evidence that generation constraint has a strong yet complex effect on different aspects of memory, and further delineates some boundary conditions of the influence of generation constraint on memory.
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18
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Meyers ZR, McCurdy MP, Leach RC, Thomas AK, Leshikar ED. Effects of Survival Processing on Item and Context Memory: Enhanced Memory for Survival-Relevant Details. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2244. [PMID: 33041896 PMCID: PMC7517724 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the natural selection pressure, certain aspects of memory may have been selected to give humans a survival advantage. Research has demonstrated that processing information for survival relevance leads to better item memory (i.e., the content of information) compared to control conditions. The current study investigates the effects of survival processing on context memory (i.e., memory for peripheral episodic details) and item memory to better understand when the survival processing memory advantage emerges. In this study, participants studied pictures of objects in either a survival or moving (control) condition. Objects were presented in either a plausible color, for example, a red apple, or in an implausible color, such as a green pie. We chose this color plausibility manipulation because color is a detail that conveys information about the fitness (and other diagnostic information) about an item. After studying items, participants made item memory judgments (did you see this item before?) and two context memory judgments: color context (in which color did you see this item?) and source context (in which condition did you see this item?). Results indicated better item memory for materials processed in the survival relative to moving condition. Critically, for color context, there was a condition by plausibility interaction, where memory was best for plausibly colored items in the survival processing condition. There was no difference, however, in source context memory between the survival and moving conditions. These results suggest the survival processing memory advantage extends to contextual details that particularly reflect the survival utility of items such as color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoie R. Meyers
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Matthew P. McCurdy
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ryan C. Leach
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ayanna K. Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Eric D. Leshikar
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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19
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Future thinking about social targets: The influence of prediction outcome on memory. Cognition 2020; 204:104390. [PMID: 32711183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Work on future thinking suggests that people use what they know about the world (e.g., contents of memory) to make predictions about events to come, which reflects an adaptive use of memory. Less work, however, has examined whether the outcomes of these predictions-whether the outcome is consistent or inconsistent with predictions-influences memory. In two experiments, participants learned trait information about social targets and used that information to predict which of two behaviors social targets would be most likely to engage in: one behavior consistent with previously learned trait information about the target and the other behavior inconsistent. Participants then learned which behavior the social target actually performed (outcome) and then judged whether or not they expected that outcome (expectancy). Across both studies, prediction-consistent outcomes were better remembered than inconsistent ones, suggesting that participants relied on their existing representations of social targets when making memory judgments rather than incorporating inconsistent information into memory. Further, there was a memory advantage for prediction-inconsistent outcomes, but only when participants subjectively rated these outcomes as unexpected. Overall, these findings extend understanding of future thinking and suggest a reliable memory advantage for outcomes that are consistent with predictions.
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McCurdy MP, Sklenar AM, Frankenstein AN, Leshikar ED. Fewer generation constraints increase the generation effect for item and source memory through enhanced relational processing. Memory 2020; 28:598-616. [PMID: 32292105 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2020.1749283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Memory is often better for information that is self-generated versus read (i.e. the generation effect). Theoretical work attributes the generation effect to two mechanisms: enhanced item-specific and relational processing (i.e. the two-factor theory). Recent work has demonstrated that the generation effect increases when generation tasks place lower, relative to higher, constraints on what participants can self-generate. This study examined whether the effects of generation constraint on memory might be attributable to either mechanism of the two-factor theory. Across three experiments, participants encoded word pairs in two generation conditions (lower- and higher-constraint) and a read control task, followed by a memory test for item memory and two context memory details (source and font color). The results of these experiments support the idea that lower-constraint generation increases the generation effect via enhanced relational processing, as measured through both recognition and cued recall tasks. Results further showed that lower-constraint generation improves context memory for conceptual context (source), but not perceptual context (color), suggesting that this enhanced relational processing may extend to conceptually related details of an item. Overall, these results provide more evidence that fewer generation constraints increase the generation effect and implicate enhanced relational processing as a mechanism for this improvement.
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21
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Pereira DR, Sampaio A, Pinheiro AP. Is internal source memory recognition modulated by emotional encoding contexts? PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 85:958-979. [PMID: 32060700 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of emotion on memory has been mainly examined by manipulating the emotional valence and/or arousal of critical items. Few studies probed how emotional information presented during the encoding of critical neutral items modulates memory recognition, particularly when considering source memory features. In this study, we specified the role of emotional encoding contexts in internal source memory performance (discrimination between encoding tasks) using a mixed (Experiment 1) and a blocked design (Experiment 2). During the study phase, participants were required to evaluate a set of neutral words, using either a self-referential or a semantic (common judgment) encoding strategy. Prior and concomitantly with each word, negative, neutral or positive pictures were presented in the background. The beneficial effect of self-referential encoding was observed for both item and internal source memory in both experiments. Remarkably, item and internal source memory recognition was not modulated by emotion, even though a secondary analysis indicated that the consistent exposure to negative (vs. positive) information led to worse source memory performance. These findings suggest that internal source memory of neutral items is not always affected by changing or repetitive emotional encoding contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana R Pereira
- Psychological Neuroscience Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Adriana Sampaio
- Psychological Neuroscience Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana P Pinheiro
- Psychological Neuroscience Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. .,Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1649-013, Lisbon, Portugal.
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22
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Nardini CL, Leynes PA. Encoding focus does not affect recollection of action memories: Event related potential (ERP) and modeling evidence. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 147:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Carson N, Rosenbaum RS, Moscovitch M, Murphy KJ. Self-referential processing improves memory for narrative information in healthy aging and amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. Neuropsychologia 2019; 134:107179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Hou M, Grilli MD, Glisky EL. Self-Reference enhances memory for multi-element events judged likely to happen in young and older adults. Memory 2019; 27:1451-1461. [PMID: 31578926 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1674336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether the strategy of self-reference can benefit memory for multi-element events, a kind of relational memory that is relatively less studied but highly relevant to daily life. Young and older adults imagined different person-object-location events with reference to themselves and two famous others (i.e., George Clooney and Oprah Winfrey), rated the likelihood that each event would happen, and then completed incidental memory tests on different pairs of elements within the event. We found that self-reference enhanced memory for object-location and person-object pairs in both age groups. Such self-reference effects were observed consistently only for events rated as likely to happen. There was also an overall memory advantage for the higher-likelihood events, which did not differ between young and older adults. Further, the self-reference effects were not correlated with memory functioning in either age group. Retrieval of within-event associations showed a significant level of dependency, which did not differ as a function of reference condition or likelihood category. These findings highlight the ways in which self-reference and prior knowledge improve relational memory, and suggest that the advantage of self-reference is not attributable to increased dependence of elements within complex events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Hou
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ , USA
| | - Matthew D Grilli
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ , USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ , USA
| | - Elizabeth L Glisky
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ , USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ , USA
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25
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Leach RC, McCurdy MP, Trumbo MC, Matzen LE, Leshikar ED. Differential Age Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Associative Memory. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 74:1163-1173. [PMID: 29401230 PMCID: PMC6748776 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Older adults experience associative memory deficits relative to younger adults (Old & Naveh-Benjamin, 2008). The aim of this study was to test the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on face-name associative memory in older and younger adults. METHOD Experimenters applied active (1.5 mA) or sham (0.1 mA) stimulation with the anode placed over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during a face-name encoding task, and measured both cued recall and recognition performance. Participants completed memory tests immediately after stimulation and after a 24-h delay to examine both immediate and delayed stimulation effects on memory. RESULTS Results showed improved face-name associative memory performance for both recall and recognition measures, but only for younger adults, whereas there was no difference between active and sham stimulation for older adults. For younger adults, stimulation-induced memory improvements persisted after a 24-h delay, suggesting delayed effects of tDCS after a consolidation period. DISCUSSION Although effective in younger adults, these results suggest that older adults may be resistant to this intervention, at least under the stimulation parameters used in the current study. This finding is inconsistent with a commonly seen trend, where tDCS effects on cognition are larger in older than younger adults.
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26
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Pereira DR, Sampaio A, Pinheiro AP. Differential Effects of Valence and Encoding Strategy on Internal Source Memory and Judgments of Source: Exploring the Production and the Self-Reference Effect. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1326. [PMID: 31249542 PMCID: PMC6582403 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Item memory studies show that emotional stimuli are associated with improved memory performance compared to neutral ones. However, emotion-related effects on source memory are less consistent. The current study probed how emotional valence and specific encoding conditions influence internal source memory performance and judgments of source (JOSs). In two independent experiments, participants were required to read silently/aloud (Experiment 1) or to perform self-reference/common judgments (Experiment 2) on a list of negative/neutral/positive words. They also performed immediate JOSs ratings for each word. The study phase was followed by a test phase in which participants performed old-new judgments. In Experiment 1, the production effect was replicated for item memory, but the effects of valence on item and source memory were not significant. In Experiment 2, self-referential processing effects on item and source memory differed as a function of valence. In both experiments, JOSs ratings were sensitive to valence and encoding conditions, although they were not predictive of objective memory performance. These findings demonstrate that the effects of valence on internal source memory and JOSs are modulated by encoding strategy. Thus, the way information is encoded can shed light on how emotion might enhance, impair or exert no influence on source memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana R Pereira
- Psychological Neuroscience Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Adriana Sampaio
- Psychological Neuroscience Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana P Pinheiro
- Psychological Neuroscience Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Voice, Affect, and Speech Neuroscience Lab, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the subjective experience of recollection is diminished in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to neurotypical individuals. The neurocognitive basis of this difference in how past events are re-experienced has been debated and various theoretical accounts have been proposed to date. Although each existing theory may capture particular features of memory in ASD, recent research questions whether any of these explanations are alone sufficient or indeed fully supported. This review first briefly considers the cognitive neuroscience of how episodic recollection operates in the neurotypical population, informing predictions about the encoding and retrieval mechanisms that might function atypically in ASD. We then review existing research on recollection in ASD, which has often not distinguished between different theoretical explanations. Recent evidence suggests a distinct difficulty engaging recollective retrieval processes, specifically the ability to consciously reconstruct and monitor a past experience, which is likely underpinned by altered functional interactions between neurocognitive systems rather than brain region-specific or process-specific dysfunction. This integrative approach serves to highlight how memory research in ASD may enhance our understanding of memory processes and networks in the typical brain. We make suggestions for future research that are important for further specifying the neurocognitive basis of episodic recollection in ASD and linking such difficulties to social developmental and educational outcomes.
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28
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Neural mechanisms underlying subsequent memory for personal beliefs:An fMRI study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 18:216-231. [PMID: 29427182 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many fMRI studies have examined the neural mechanisms supporting emotional memory for stimuli that generate emotion rather automatically (e.g., a picture of a dangerous animal or of appetizing food). However, far fewer studies have examined how memory is influenced by emotion related to social and political issues (e.g., a proposal for large changes in taxation policy), which clearly vary across individuals. In order to investigate the neural substrates of affective and mnemonic processes associated with personal opinions, we employed an fMRI task wherein participants rated the intensity of agreement/disagreement to sociopolitical belief statements paired with neural face pictures. Following the rating phase, participants performed an associative recognition test in which they distinguished identical versus recombined face-statement pairs. The study yielded three main findings: behaviorally, the intensity of agreement ratings was linked to greater subjective emotional arousal as well as enhanced high-confidence subsequent memory. Neurally, statements that elicited strong (vs. weak) agreement or disagreement were associated with greater activation of the amygdala. Finally, a subsequent memory analysis showed that the behavioral memory advantage for statements generating stronger ratings was dependent on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Together, these results both underscore consistencies in neural systems supporting emotional arousal and suggest a modulation of arousal-related encoding mechanisms when emotion is contingent on referencing personal beliefs.
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29
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James T, Rajah MN, Duarte A. Multielement Episodic Encoding in Young and Older Adults. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:837-854. [PMID: 30794059 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Previous research on age-related associative memory deficits has generally focused on memory for single associations. However, our real-world experiences contain a multitude of details that must be effectively integrated and encoded into coherent representations to facilitate subsequent retrieval of the event as a whole. How aging interferes with the processes necessary for multielement encoding is still unknown. We investigated this issue in the current fMRI study. While undergoing scanning, young and older adults were presented with an occupation and an object and were asked to judge how likely the two were to interact, either in general or within the context of a given scene. After scanning, participants completed recognition tasks for the occupation-object pairs and the sources/contexts with which the pairs were studied. Using multivariate behavioral partial least squares analyses, we identified a set of regions including anterior pFC and medial-temporal lobes whose activity was beneficial to subsequent memory for the pairs and sources in young adults but detrimental in older adults. An additional behavioral partial least squares analysis found that, although both groups recruited anterior pFC areas to support context memory performance, only in the young did this activity appear to reflect integration of the occupation, object, and scene features. This was also consistent with behavioral results, which found that young adults showed greater conditional dependence between pair and context memory compared with older adults. Together, these findings suggest that binding and/or retrieving multiple details as an integrated whole becomes increasingly difficult with age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Natasha Rajah
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada.,McGill University
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30
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Yin X, Ma Y, Xu X, Yang H. The effect of self-referencing on memory for different kinds of source information. Memory 2018; 27:519-527. [PMID: 30295154 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1532009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Yin
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibo Ma
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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31
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Self-Reference Effect and Self-Reference Recollection Effect for Trait Adjectives in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2018; 24:821-832. [PMID: 30064540 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617718000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The self-reference effect (SRE), enhanced memory for self-related information, has been studied in healthy young and older adults but has had little investigation in people with age-related memory disorders, such as amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Self-referential encoding may help to improve episodic memory in aMCI. Additionally, self-referential processing has been shown to benefit recollection, the vivid re-experiencing of past events, a phenomenon that has been termed the self-reference recollection effect (SRRE; Conway & Dewhurst, 1995). Furthermore, it remains unclear whether the valence of stimuli influences the appearance of the SRE and SRRE. METHODS The current study investigated the SRE and SRRE for trait adjective words in 20 individuals with aMCI and 30 healthy older adult controls. Ninety trait adjective words were allocated to self-reference, semantic, or structural encoding conditions; memory was later tested using a recognition test. RESULTS While healthy older adults showed a SRE, individuals with aMCI did not benefit from self-referential encoding over and above that of semantic encoding (an effect of "deep encoding"). A similar pattern was apparent for the SRRE; healthy controls showed enhanced recollection for words encoded in the self-reference condition, while the aMCI group did not show specific benefit to recollection for self-referenced over semantically encoded items. No effects of valence were found. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that while memory for trait adjective words can be improved in aMCI with deep encoding strategies (whether self-reference or semantic), self-referencing does not provide an additional benefit. (JINS, 2018, 24, 821-832).
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Jackson JD, Luu C, Vigderman A, Leshikar ED, St Jacques PL, Gutchess A. Reduction of the Self-Reference Effect in Younger and Older Adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 12:257-270. [PMID: 31263517 DOI: 10.1037/pne0000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Relating information to the self improves memory. However, this self-reference effect (SRE) is typically studied through explicit self-judgments on individual trials. The current study assessed whether a self-referential mode of thought, induced through a writing task, also induced an SRE on a later task. The study also tested the effects of aging on the SRE, given that a long-lasting mnemonic strategy may be especially relevant for this group. Ninety-two younger adults and 60 older adults were assigned to different writing conditions and then completed an unrelated SRE task. Across younger and older adults, the classic SRE effect was observed in the narrative writing condition, reduced in the semantic self-reference condition, and further reduced in the episodic self-reference condition. These results support the induction of a self-referential mode of thought, but this mode does not enhance memory. The classic SRE effect can be reduced after thinking about the self by reflecting on autobiographical memories. Results argue for a single shared self-referential mechanism that can be accessed through self-focused writing or the classic SRE task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Jackson
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Cindy Luu
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | | | - Eric D Leshikar
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois - Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Angela Gutchess
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
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Cai ZJ. The limbic-reticular coupling theory of memory processing in the brain and its greater compatibility over other theories. Dement Neuropsychol 2018; 12:105-113. [PMID: 29988336 PMCID: PMC6022992 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-020002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The limbic-reticular coupling theory suggests that the hippocampus and amygdala regulate such descending limbic structures as the mammillary bodies, septum, hypothalamus and epithalamus to regulate the ascending noradrenergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic and cholinergic systems, performing declarative memory consolidation and recall. Recent studies have revealed that, less sensitive to familiarity, the hippocampus functions via the fornix, mammillary bodies and hypothalamus for memory recall. Lesions to the thalamic nuclei were complicated with damage to adjacent fornix, stria medullaris and habenula, simultaneously destroying two kinds of structures respectively for familiarity and recall. Furthermore, the orbitofrontal cortex was shown to be clinically irrelevant for memory recall. Electrophysiologically, the hippocampus regulates the raphe nuclei in complex ways, and the hippocampal theta wave activates the dopaminergic cells in ventral tegmental area and cholinergic neurons in basal forebrain, while cholinergic-modulated theta-gamma coupling mediates cortical recall. These concurrent advances support the limbic-reticular coupling theory for elucidation of memory recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jian Cai
- CaiFortune Consulting, República Popular da China
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34
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Wong S, Irish M, Hornberger M. Behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia: A unique window into the disrupted self: Reply to Genon & Salmon. Cortex 2018; 104:130-132. [PMID: 29555353 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Wong
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Brain & Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Muireann Irish
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Brain & Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Hornberger
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Sydney, Australia; Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Dementia and Complexity in Later Life, NHS Norfolk and Suffolk Foundation Trust, UK
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35
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The contribution of different prefrontal cortex regions to recollection and familiarity: a review of fMRI data. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:240-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Hou M, Grilli MD, Glisky EL. Self-reference enhances relational memory in young and older adults. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2017; 26:105-120. [PMID: 29179612 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2017.1409333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the influence of self-reference on two kinds of relational memory, internal source memory and associative memory, in young and older adults. Participants encoded object-location word pairs using the strategies of imagination and sentence generation, either with reference to themselves or to a famous other (i.e., George Clooney or Oprah Winfrey). Both young and older adults showed memory benefits in the self-reference conditions compared to other-reference conditions on both tests, and the self-referential effects in older adults were not limited by low memory or executive functioning. These results suggest that self-reference can benefit relational memory in older adults relatively independently of basic memory and executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Hou
- a Department of Psychology , University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ , USA
| | - Matthew D Grilli
- a Department of Psychology , University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ , USA.,b McKnight Brain Institute , University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ , USA
| | - Elizabeth L Glisky
- a Department of Psychology , University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ , USA.,b McKnight Brain Institute , University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ , USA
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37
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Leshikar ED, Leach RC, McCurdy MP, Trumbo MC, Sklenar AM, Frankenstein AN, Matzen LE. Transcranial direct current stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during encoding improves recall but not recognition memory. Neuropsychologia 2017; 106:390-397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Mao X, Wang Y, Wu Y, Guo C. Self-Referential Information Alleviates Retrieval Inhibition of Directed Forgetting Effects-An ERP Evidence of Source Memory. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:187. [PMID: 29066962 PMCID: PMC5641308 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed forgetting (DF) assists in preventing outdated information from interfering with cognitive processing. Previous studies pointed that self-referential items alleviated DF effects due to the elaboration of encoding processes. However, the retrieval mechanism of this phenomenon remains unknown. Based on the dual-process framework of recognition, the retrieval of self-referential information was involved in familiarity and recollection. Using source memory tasks combined with event-related potential (ERP) recording, our research investigated the retrieval processes of alleviative DF effects elicited by self-referential information. The FN400 (frontal negativity at 400 ms) is a frontal potential at 300–500 ms related to familiarity and the late positive complex (LPC) is a later parietal potential at 500–800 ms related to recollection. The FN400 effects of source memory suggested that familiarity processes were promoted by self-referential effects without the modulation of to-be-forgotten (TBF) instruction. The ERP results of DF effects were involved with LPCs of source memory, which indexed retrieval processing of recollection. The other-referential source memory of TBF instruction caused the absence of LPC effects, while the self-referential source memory of TBF instruction still elicited the significant LPC effects. Therefore, our neural findings suggested that self-referential processing improved both familiarity and recollection. Furthermore, the self-referential processing advantage which was caused by the autobiographical retrieval alleviated retrieval inhibition of DF, supporting that the self-referential source memory alleviated DF effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Mao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Wu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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39
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Schöne B, Wessels M, Gruber T. Experiences in Virtual Reality: a Window to Autobiographical Memory. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-017-9648-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Yamawaki R, Nakamura K, Aso T, Shigemune Y, Fukuyama H, Tsukiura T. Remembering my friends: Medial prefrontal and hippocampal contributions to the self-reference effect on face memories in a social context. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:4256-4269. [PMID: 28548263 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Memories associated with the self are remembered more accurately than those associated with others. The memory enhancement related to the self is known as the self-reference effect (SRE). However, little is known regarding the neural mechanisms underlying the SRE in a social context modulated by social relationships. In the present fMRI study, we investigated encoding-related activation of face memories encoded with the self-referential process in a social context that was manipulated by imagining a person-to-person relationship. Healthy young adults participated in the present study. During encoding, participants encoded unfamiliar target faces by imagining a future friendship with themselves (Self), their friends (Friend), or strangers (Other). During retrieval, participants were presented with target and distracter faces one by one, and they judged whether each face had been previously learned. In the behavioral results, target faces encoded in the Self condition were remembered more accurately than those encoded in the Other condition. fMRI results demonstrated that encoding-related activation in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was significantly greater in the Self condition than in the Friend or Other conditions. In addition, the generalized psycho-physiological interaction (gPPI) analysis showed that functional connectivity between activation in the hippocampus and the cortical midline structures (CMSs), including the mPFC and precuneus, was significant in the Self but not in the Other condition. These findings suggest that the SRE in a social context could be involved in the interaction between the CMS regions, which are related to the self-referential process, and the hippocampus related to the memory process. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4256-4269, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Yamawaki
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Faculty of Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Rehabilitation Unit, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Nakamura
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Aso
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yayoi Shigemune
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hidenao Fukuyama
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Intelligent Robotics Institute, Human Brain Research Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Takashi Tsukiura
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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41
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Cooper RA, Plaisted-Grant KC, Baron-Cohen S, Simons JS. Reality Monitoring and Metamemory in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 46:2186-2198. [PMID: 26899724 PMCID: PMC4860197 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies of reality monitoring (RM) often implicate medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in distinguishing internal and external information, a region linked to autism-related deficits in social and self-referential information processing, executive function, and memory. This study used two RM conditions (self-other; perceived-imagined) to investigate RM and metamemory in adults with autism. The autism group showed a deficit in RM, which did not differ across source conditions, and both groups exhibited a self-encoding benefit on recognition and source memory. Metamemory for perceived-imagined information, but not for self-other information, was significantly lower in the autism group. Therefore, reality monitoring and metamemory, sensitive to mPFC function, appear impaired in autism, highlighting a difficulty in remembering and monitoring internal and external details of past events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose A Cooper
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Kate C Plaisted-Grant
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jon S Simons
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
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42
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Durbin KA, Mitchell KJ, Johnson MK. Source memory that encoding was self-referential: the influence of stimulus characteristics. Memory 2017; 25:1191-1200. [PMID: 28276984 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2017.1282517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research suggest that encoding information with respect to the self improves memory (self-reference effect, SRE) for items (item SRE). The current study focused on how processing information in reference to the self affects source memory for whether an item was self-referentially processed (a source SRE). Participants self-referentially or non-self-referentially encoded words (Experiment 1) or pictures (Experiment 2) that varied in valence (positive, negative, neutral). Relative to non-self-referential processing, self-referential processing enhanced item recognition for all stimulus types (an item SRE), but it only enhanced source memory for positive words (a source SRE). In fact, source memory for negative and neutral pictures was worse for items processed self-referentially than non-self-referentially. Together, the results suggest that item SRE and source SRE (e.g., remembering an item was encoded self-referentially) are not necessarily the same across stimulus types (e.g., words, pictures; positive, negative). While an item SRE may depend on the overall likelihood the item generates any association, the enhancing effects of self-referential processing on source memory for self-referential encoding may depend on how embedded a stimulus becomes in one's self-schema, and that depends, in part, on the stimulus' valence and format. Self-relevance ratings during encoding provide converging evidence for this interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Durbin
- a Department of Psychology , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Karen J Mitchell
- b Department of Psychology , West Chester University of Pennsylvania , West Chester , PA , USA
| | - Marcia K Johnson
- c Department of Psychology , Yale University , New Haven , CT , USA
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43
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Quevedo K, Ng R, Scott H, Kodavaganti S, Smyda G, Diwadkar V, Phillips M. Ventral Striatum Functional Connectivity during Rewards and Losses and Symptomatology in Depressed Patients. Biol Psychol 2017; 123:62-73. [PMID: 27876651 PMCID: PMC5737904 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ventral striatum (VS) and striatal network supports goal motivated behavior. Identifying how depressed patients differ in their striatal network during the processing of emotionally salient events is a step towards uncovering biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment. METHODS 38 depressed and 30 healthy adults completed a task that examined brain activation to the anticipation and receipt of monetary rewards and losses. Data were collected using a 3T Siemens Trio scanner. Functional connectivity differences were examined with seeds in the Left or Right VS. FC estimates were regressed on specific symptoms. RESULTS Depressed patients displayed higher functional connectivity between the VS and midline cortical areas during loss versus reward trials. Anhedonia and depressed mood were associated to fairly similar striatal circuits but suicidality was associated to a unique VS-midline structures coupling, while depression severity was linked to higher VS to caudate and precuneus connectivity during loss versus reward trials. CONCLUSIONS Depression is characterized by excessive VS coupling to cognitive control and associative networks during losses versus rewards. High VS to midline cortical structures coupling may index suicidality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Quevedo
- University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, MN, USA.
| | - Rowena Ng
- University of Minnesota, Institute of Child Development, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Hannah Scott
- University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, MN, USA.
| | | | - Garry Smyda
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Public Health, PA, USA.
| | - Vaibhav Diwadkar
- Dept. of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Suite 5B, Tolan Park Medical Building, 3901 Chrysler Service Drive, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Mary Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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44
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Similarity to the self influences cortical recruitment during impression formation. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 16:302-14. [PMID: 26558615 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-015-0390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prior work has shown that whether or not someone is similar to the self influences person memory--a type of self-reference effect for others. In this study, we were interested in understanding the neural regions supporting the generation of impressions and subsequent memory for targets who vary in similarity to the self. Participants underwent fMRI scanning while forming positive or negative impressions of face-behavior pairs. We tested participants' memory for their generated impressions and then back-sorted the impression trials (encoding) into different levels of self-similarity (high, medium, low) using a self-similarity posttest that came after recognition. Extending prior behavioral work, our data confirmed our hypothesis that memory would be highest for self-similar others and lowest for self-dissimilar others. Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activity increased with self-similarity (high > medium > low) to targets, regardless of later memory for them. An analysis of regions supporting impression memory revealed a double dissociation within medial temporal lobe regions: for similar others, amygdala recruitment supported memory, whereas for dissimilar others, hippocampal activation supported memory. These results suggest that self-similarity influences evaluation and memory for targets but also affects the underlying neural resources engaged when thinking about others who vary in self-similarity.
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45
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Wong S, Irish M, Leshikar ED, Duarte A, Bertoux M, Savage G, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Hornberger M. The self-reference effect in dementia: Differential involvement of cortical midline structures in Alzheimer's disease and behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia. Cortex 2016; 91:169-185. [PMID: 27771044 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Encoding information in reference to the self enhances subsequent memory for the source of this information. In healthy adults, self-referential processing has been proposed to be mediated by the cortical midline structures (CMS), with functional differentiation between anterior-ventral, anterior-dorsal and posterior regions. While both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) patients show source memory impairment, it remains unclear whether they show a typical memory advantage for self-referenced materials. We also sought to identify the neural correlates of this so-called 'self-reference effect' (SRE) in these patient groups. The SRE paradigm was tested in AD (n = 16) and bvFTD (n = 22) patients and age-matched healthy controls (n = 17). In this task, participants studied pictures of common objects paired with one of two background scenes (sources) under self-reference or other-reference encoding instructions, followed by an item and source recognition memory test. Voxel-based morphometry was used to investigate correlations between SRE measures and regions of grey matter atrophy in the CMS. The behavioural results indicated that self-referential encoding did not ameliorate the significant source memory impairments in AD and bvFTD patients. Furthermore, the reduced benefit of self-referential relative to other-referential encoding was not related to general episodic memory deficits. Our imaging findings revealed that reductions in the SRE were associated with atrophy in the anterior-dorsal CMS across both patient groups, with additional involvement of the posterior CMS in AD and anterior-ventral CMS in bvFTD. These findings suggest that although the SRE is comparably reduced in AD and bvFTD, this arises due to impairments in different subcomponents of self-referential processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Wong
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia; Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Muireann Irish
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eric D Leshikar
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Audrey Duarte
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maxime Bertoux
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Greg Savage
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia; Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - John R Hodges
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Hornberger
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia; Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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Allan K, Morson S, Dixon S, Martin D, Cunningham SJ. Simulation-based mentalizing generates a "proxy" self-reference effect in memory. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2016; 70:1074-1084. [PMID: 27457683 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1209532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The self-reference effect (SRE) in memory is thought to depend on specialized mechanisms that enhance memory for self-relevant information. We investigated whether these mechanisms can be engaged "by proxy" when we simulate other people, by asking participants to interact with two virtual partners: one similar and one dissimilar to self. Participants viewed pairs of objects and picked one for themselves, for their similar partner, or their dissimilar partner. A surprise memory test followed that required participants to identify which object of each pair was chosen, and for whom. Finally, participants were shown both partners' object pairs again, and asked to indicate their personal preference. Four key findings were observed. Overlap between participants' own choice and those made for their partner was significantly higher for the similar than the dissimilar partner, revealing participants' use of their own preferences to simulate the similar partner. Recollection of chosen objects was significantly higher for self than for both partners and, critically, was significantly higher for similar than dissimilar partners. Source confusion between self and the similar partner was also higher. These findings suggest that self-reference by proxy enhances memory for non-self-relevant material, and we consider the theoretical implications for functional interpretation of the SRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Allan
- a School of Psychology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine , University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Suzannah Morson
- a School of Psychology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine , University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Susan Dixon
- a School of Psychology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine , University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Douglas Martin
- a School of Psychology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine , University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Sheila J Cunningham
- b Psychology Division, School of Social and Health Sciences , Abertay University , Dundee , UK
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Perrone-Bertolotti M, Cerles M, Ramdeen KT, Boudiaf N, Pichat C, Hot P, Baciu M. The Self-Pleasantness Judgment Modulates the Encoding Performance and the Default Mode Network Activity. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:121. [PMID: 27047364 PMCID: PMC4796013 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we evaluated the effect of self-relevance on cerebral activity and behavioral performance during an incidental encoding task. Recent findings suggest that pleasantness judgments reliably induce self-oriented (internal) thoughts and increase default mode network (DMN) activity. We hypothesized that this increase in DMN activity would relate to increased memory recognition for pleasantly-judged stimuli (which depend on internally-oriented attention) but decreased recognition for unpleasantly-judged items (which depend on externally-oriented attention). To test this hypothesis, brain activity was recorded from 21 healthy participants while they performed a pleasantness judgment requiring them to rate visual stimuli as pleasant or unpleasant. One hour later, participants performed a surprise memory recognition test outside of the scanner. Thus, we were able to evaluate the effects of pleasant and unpleasant judgments on cerebral activity and incidental encoding. The behavioral results showed that memory recognition was better for items rated as pleasant than items rated as unpleasant. The whole brain analysis indicated that successful encoding (SE) activates the inferior frontal and lateral temporal cortices, whereas unsuccessful encoding (UE) recruits two key medial posterior DMN regions, the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and precuneus (PCU). A region of interest (ROI) analysis including classic DMN areas, revealed significantly greater involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in pleasant compared to unpleasant judgments, suggesting this region’s involvement in self-referential (i.e., internal) processing. This area may be responsible for the greater recognition performance seen for pleasant stimuli. Furthermore, a significant interaction between the encoding performance (successful vs. unsuccessful) and pleasantness was observed for the PCC, PCU and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Overall, our results suggest the involvement of medial frontal and parietal DMN regions during the evaluation of self-referential pleasantness. We discuss these results in terms of the introspective referential of pleasantness judgments and the differential brain modulation based on internally- vs. externally-oriented attention during encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Perrone-Bertolotti
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), University Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France; Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5105Grenoble, France
| | - Melanie Cerles
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), University Grenoble Alpes Grenoble, France
| | - Kylee T Ramdeen
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), University Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France; Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), University Savoie Mont BlancChambéry, France; School of Psychology, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Naila Boudiaf
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), University Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France; Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5105Grenoble, France
| | - Cedric Pichat
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), University Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France; Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5105Grenoble, France
| | - Pascal Hot
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5105Grenoble, France; Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), University Savoie Mont BlancChambéry, France
| | - Monica Baciu
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), University Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France; Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5105Grenoble, France
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Maillet D, Rajah MN. Assessing the Neural Correlates of Task-unrelated Thoughts during Episodic Encoding and Their Association with Subsequent Memory in Young and Older Adults. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 28:826-41. [PMID: 26845110 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that young adults frequently exhibit task-unrelated thoughts (TUTs) such as mind-wandering during episodic encoding tasks and that TUTs negatively impact subsequent memory. In the current study, we assessed age-related differences in the frequency and neural correlates of TUTs during a source memory encoding task, as well as age-related differences in the relationship between the neural correlates of TUTs and subsequent source forgetting effects (i.e., source misses). We found no age-related differences in frequency of TUTs during fMRI scanning. Moreover, TUT frequency at encoding was positively correlated with source misses at retrieval across age groups. In both age groups, brain regions including bilateral middle/superior frontal gyri and precuneus were activated to a greater extent during encoding for subsequent source misses versus source hits and during TUTs versus on-task episodes. Overall, our results reveal that, during a source memory encoding task in an fMRI environment, young and older adults exhibit a similar frequency of TUTs and that experiencing TUTs at encoding is associated with decreased retrieval performance. In addition, in both age groups, experiencing TUTs at encoding is associated with increased activation in some of the same regions that exhibit subsequent source forgetting effects.
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Bergström ZM, Vogelsang DA, Benoit RG, Simons JS. Reflections of Oneself: Neurocognitive Evidence for Dissociable Forms of Self-Referential Recollection. Cereb Cortex 2015; 25:2648-57. [PMID: 24700584 PMCID: PMC4537426 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Research links the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) with a number of social cognitive processes that involve reflecting on oneself and other people. Here, we investigated how mPFC might support the ability to recollect information about oneself and others relating to previous experiences. Participants judged whether they had previously related stimuli conceptually to themselves or someone else, or whether they or another agent had performed actions. We uncovered a functional distinction between dorsal and ventral mPFC subregions based on information retrieved from episodic long-term memory. The dorsal mPFC was generally activated when participants attempted to retrieve social information about themselves and others, regardless of whether this information concerned the conceptual or agentic self or other. In contrast, a role was discerned for ventral mPFC during conceptual but not agentic self-referential recollection, indicating specific involvement in retrieving memories related to self-concept rather than bodily self. A subsequent recognition test for new items that had been presented during the recollection task found that conceptual and agentic recollection attempts resulted in differential incidental encoding of new information. Thus, we reveal converging fMRI and behavioral evidence for distinct neurocognitive forms of self-referential recollection, highlighting that conceptual and bodily aspects of self-reflection can be dissociated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara M. Bergström
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK,School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NP, UK
| | - David A. Vogelsang
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Roland G. Benoit
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jon S. Simons
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
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Yaoi K, Osaka M, Osaka N. Neural correlates of the self-reference effect: evidence from evaluation and recognition processes. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:383. [PMID: 26167149 PMCID: PMC4481146 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-reference effect (SRE) is defined as better recall or recognition performance when the memorized materials refer to the self. Recently, a number of neuroimaging studies using self-referential and other-referential tasks have reported that self- and other-referential judgments basically show greater activation in common brain regions, specifically in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) when compared with nonmentalizing judgments, but that a ventral-to-dorsal gradient in MPFC emerges from a direct comparison between self- and other-judgments. However, most of these previous studies could not provide an adequate explanation for the neural basis of SRE because they did not directly compare brain activation for recognition/recall of the words referenced to the self with another person. Here, we used an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that measured brain activity during processing of references to the self and another, and for recognition of self and other referenced words. Results from the fMRI evaluation task indicated greater activation in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) in the self-referential condition. While in the recognition task, VMPFC, posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and bilateral angular gyrus (AG) showed greater activation when participants correctly recognized self-referenced words versus other-referenced words. These data provide evidence that the self-referenced words evoked greater activation in the self-related region (VMPFC) and memory-related regions (PCC and AG) relative to another person in the retrieval phase, and that the words remained as a stronger memory trace that supports recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yaoi
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mariko Osaka
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Osaka
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
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