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Ahmadi A, Pascoe M, Larimian M, Zarifian T, Massoodi A, Pirfirouzjaei F, Amadeh Z, Malmir Z. Phonological development in first language Laki-speaking children aged 3 to 5 years: A pilot study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2024; 26:493-504. [PMID: 37550987 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2023.2214712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To date there are no studies of speech sound acquisition in Laki, a language spoken in western regions of Iran. Thus, we set out a pilot study to investigate the speech development of 56 first language Laki-speaking children (aged 3-5 years). METHOD Single words were elicited through a picture naming test specifically developed for this study. After recording and transcribing of speech samples, percentage of consonants correct (PCC), percentage of vowels correct (PVC), and proportion of whole word proximity (PWP) were documented in four age groups (36-41, 42-47, 48-53, and 54-59 months) and both genders. Children's phonetic inventories and consonant and vowel accuracy were also described. RESULT All the sounds were considered as emerging by 53 months of age. For speech sound accuracy, all the speech sounds except /ɢ, z, ŋ, ʒ/ were mastered by 5 years. The effect of age on PCC values was significant. Also, age groups showed significant differences for PWP but were not significant for PVC. Boys and girls did not differ for PCC, PVC, and PWP values. CONCLUSION From a theoretical perspective, findings contribute to theories about phonological acquisition in general and will enable crosslinguistic comparisons. From an applied standpoint, language-specific characteristics are identified, which are much needed for clinical practice with Laki-speaking children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Ahmadi
- Department of Speech Therapy, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Mobility Impairment Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Michelle Pascoe
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marjan Larimian
- Mobility Impairment Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Talieh Zarifian
- Department of Speech Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armon Massoodi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Amadeh
- Mobility Impairment Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Zahra Malmir
- School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran
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de Simoni SN, Morares DADO, Pagliarin KC, Keske-Soares M. Content validity of the Profiles of Early Expressive Phonological Skills-Brazilian Portuguese (PEEPS-BP) - Expanded List. Codas 2024; 36:e20220083. [PMID: 38324878 PMCID: PMC10939398 DOI: 10.1590/2317-1782/20232022083pt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To carry out the cross-cultural adaptation of the Instrument Profiles of Early Expressive Phonological Skills- Brazilian Portuguese (PEEPS-BP) - Expanded list, performing content validation. METHODS Cross-cultural, quantitative and cross- sectional adaptation study, considering psychometric criteria. A study was carried out on the list of 423 words from the Communicative Development Inventory - MacArthur - Words and Sentences, adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. The method was divided into four steps. The list was judged by expert judges (JE) and non-specialist judges (JNE), considering as a criterion the familiarity of the word for a child aged between 24 and 36 months, and the representativeness of the word with toy/object, contemplating Steps 1 and 2. The child judges analyzed, in a data collection situation, the familiarity and representativeness of the stimulus-words, presented in Step 3. Afterwards, the pilot study - Step 4, was carried out with the selected stimulus-words. In the statistical analysis by expert and non-specialist judges, the Fleiss' Kappa and Gwet Concordance index was used. In the analysis of the responses of the child judges and in the Pilot Study, the analysis was made in relation to the type of response of the child, specifically scoring the spontaneous naming of the toy/object, scoring qualitatively. RESULTS The result of Steps 1 and 2, and the agreement of the statistical tests for the Familiarity and Representativeness criteria was 45.7% for JE and 76.4% for JNE, and a result of 100% for the agreement of Representativeness. A total of 122 words were analyzed, resulting from previously established criteria, totaling 34 words (exclusion of one word by the researchers), totaling 33 stimulus-words. In Stage 3, of the 33 stimulus-words applied, nine presented spontaneous naming scores below expectations, being retested for Step 4, the Pilot Study. The result of the Pilot Study showed that of the nine retested stimulus-words, four of them still had a score below, being excluded from the study. Therefore, with the application of the Pilot Study, the expanded list of PEEPS-BP resulted in 29 words. CONCLUSION The PEEPS-BP - Expanded List showed satisfactory evidence of content validity for the cross-cultural adaptation of the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Nicolini de Simoni
- Departamento de Fonoaudiologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM - Santa Maria (RS), Brasil.
| | | | - Karina Carlesso Pagliarin
- Departamento de Fonoaudiologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM - Santa Maria (RS), Brasil.
| | - Márcia Keske-Soares
- Departamento de Fonoaudiologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM - Santa Maria (RS), Brasil.
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Grønbæk JK, Laustsen AF, Toescu S, Pizer B, Mallucci C, Aquilina K, Molinari E, Hjort MA, Gumbeleviciene L, Hauser P, Pálmafy B, van Baarsen K, Hoving E, Zipfel J, Ehrstedt C, Grillner P, Callesen MT, Frič R, Wibroe M, Nysom K, Schmiegelow K, Sehested A, Mathiasen R, Juhler M. Left-handedness should not be overrated as a risk factor for postoperative speech impairment in children after posterior fossa tumour surgery: a prospective European multicentre study. Childs Nerv Syst 2022; 38:1479-1485. [PMID: 35759029 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-022-05567-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cerebellar mutism syndrome (CMS) is a severe neurological complication of posterior fossa tumour surgery in children, and postoperative speech impairment (POSI) is the main component. Left-handedness was previously suggested as a strong risk factor for POSI. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between handedness and the risk of POSI. METHODS We prospectively included children (aged < 18 years) undergoing surgery for posterior fossa tumours in 26 European centres. Handedness was assessed pre-operatively and postoperative speech status was categorised as either POSI (mutism or reduced speech) or habitual speech, based on the postoperative clinical assessment. Logistic regression was used in the risk factor analysis of POSI as a dichotomous outcome. RESULTS Of the 500 children included, 37 (7%) were excluded from the present analysis due to enrolment at a reoperation; another 213 (43%) due to missing data about surgery (n = 37) and/or handedness (n = 146) and/or postoperative speech status (n = 53). Out of the remaining 250 (50%) patients, 20 (8%) were left-handed and 230 (92%) were right-handed. POSI was observed equally frequently regardless of handedness (5/20 [25%] in left-handed, 61/230 [27%] in right-handed, OR: 1.08 [95% CI: 0.40-3.44], p = 0.882), also when adjusted for tumour histology, location and age. CONCLUSION We found no difference in the risk of POSI associated with handedness. Our data do not support the hypothesis that handedness should be of clinical relevance in the risk assessment of CMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kjær Grønbæk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen E, Denmark. .,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen E, Denmark.
| | - Aske Foldbjerg Laustsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen E, Denmark.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen E, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Toescu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.,Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford St, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Barry Pizer
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Conor Mallucci
- Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, E Prescot Rd, Liverpool, L14 5AB, UK
| | - Kristian Aquilina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Emanuela Molinari
- Department of Neurology, The Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Magnus Aasved Hjort
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, St Olavs Hospital, 7006, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lingvita Gumbeleviciene
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kauno Klinikos, Eiveniu 2, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Peter Hauser
- 2nd Dept of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 7-9, 1094, Budapest, Hungary.,Velkey László Child's Health Center, BAZ County Central Hospital and University Teaching Hospital, Szentpéteri kapu 72-76, 3526, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Beatrix Pálmafy
- National Institute of Neuroscience, Amerikai út 57, 1145, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kirsten van Baarsen
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Hoving
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julian Zipfel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pediatric Neurosurgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christoffer Ehrstedt
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Children's Hospital, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Grillner
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Astrid Lindgren's Children's Hospital, 6 Karolinska vägen, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Thude Callesen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Haematology, H.C. Andersen Children's Hospital, Kløvervænget 23C, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Radek Frič
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Wibroe
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen E, Denmark
| | - Karsten Nysom
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen E, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen E, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid Sehested
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen E, Denmark
| | - René Mathiasen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen E, Denmark
| | - Marianne Juhler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen E, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens, Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
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To CKS, McLeod S, Sam KL, Law T. Predicting Which Children Will Normalize Without Intervention for Speech Sound Disorders. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2022; 65:1724-1741. [PMID: 35381182 DOI: 10.1044/2022_jslhr-21-00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The speech of some children does not follow a typical normalization trajectory, and they develop speech sound disorders (SSD). This study investigated predictive correlates of speech sound normalization in children who were at risk of SSD. METHOD A prospective population cohort study of 845 Cantonese-speaking preschoolers was conducted over 2.5 years to examine (a) children who resolved nonadult realizations of consonants (normalized) and (b) those who had persisting speech sound difficulties (did not normalize). From these 845, a sample of 82 participants characterized as having SSD (1.25 SDs below the mean in a standardized speech assessment, with a delay in initial consonant acquisition or with one or more atypical errors) was followed for 2 years at 6-month intervals or until the completion of their initial consonant inventory. Data from 43 children who did not receive speech-language pathology services were analyzed with survival analysis to model time to normalization while controlling for covariates. The target event (outcome) was the completion of their initial consonant inventory. RESULTS Under the no-intervention condition, the estimated median time to normalization was 6.59 years of age. Children who were more likely to normalize or normalized in a shorter time were stimulable to all errors and more intelligible as rated by caregivers using the Intelligibility in Context Scale. Those who showed atypical error patterns did not necessarily take longer to normalize. Similarly, expressive language ability was not significantly associated with speech normalization. CONCLUSIONS Stimulability and intelligibility were more useful prognostic factors of speech normalization when compared to (a)typicality of error patterns and expressive language ability. Children with low intelligibility and poor stimulability should be prioritized for speech-language pathology services given that their speech errors are less likely to resolve naturally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharynne McLeod
- Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ka Lam Sam
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Thomas Law
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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DeVeney SL, Peterkin K. Facing a Clinical Challenge: Limited Empirical Support for Toddler Speech Sound Production Intervention Approaches. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 2022; 53:659-674. [PMID: 35353550 DOI: 10.1044/2022_lshss-21-00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Speech sound production intervention in early childhood is relatively rare despite empirical and theoretical support for providing this type of targeted therapy for toddlers. Challenges perpetuate the present clinical condition including those related to treatment decision making (e.g., intervention approach). METHOD Although there are numerous speech sound production treatment approaches appropriate for the pediatric population, a much smaller proportion are proposed to be appropriate for children under the age of 3 years. Of these, five approaches (i.e., core vocabulary, cycles, naturalist recast, stimulability, and psycholinguistic intervention) were selected for review because they can be used to treat functional speech sound disorders produced by toddlers and none required additional clinician training for implementation. RESULTS We found the empirical evidence supporting the use of these approaches with children under the age of 3 years scant to nonexistent. CONCLUSIONS Due to the lack of empirical evidence, early intervention speech-language pathologists must primarily rely on internal factors (e.g., clinician experience and client/caregiver perspectives) to support evidence-based intervention decisions in the absence of external empirical support. Clinical action steps such as careful documentation of approaches used/discontinued and associated individual client outcomes are necessary for evidence-based decision making until more robust empirical evidence is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shari L DeVeney
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska Omaha
| | - Kristina Peterkin
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska Omaha
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Waring R, Rickard Liow S, Dodd B, Eadie P. Differentiating phonological delay from phonological disorder: Executive function performance in preschoolers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2022; 57:288-302. [PMID: 35060663 DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conversational speech of most children can be understood by people outside the family by the time they reach 4 years. However, for some children, speech sound disorders (SSDs) persist into their early school years, and beyond, despite adequate hearing, oromotor function, and language learning opportunities. One explanation for children's SSDs are domain-general cognitive-linguistic deficits that impair the child's ability to correctly derive rules governing how speech sounds legally combine to form words in a specific language. AIMS To explore whether there are differences in performance on executive function tasks between children who make speech errors characteristic of phonological delay and those who make speech errors characteristic of phonological disorder. METHODS & PROCEDURES Twenty-six children aged from 3;6 to 5;2 (13 with phonological delay and 13 with phonological disorder), matched pairwise for age and sex (nine males), were assessed on tasks measuring cognitive flexibility (rule abstraction and cognitive shift) and phonological working memory. OUTCOME & RESULTS For the cognitive flexibility tasks, the performance of children with phonological delay was significantly better than that for children with phonological disorder, but there were no group differences for the phonological working memory task. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS Children with phonological disorders might benefit from intervention programmes that incorporate training in cognitive flexibility. WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT Children with phonological delay and phonological disorder comprise the two largest SSD subgroups that present to speech-language therapy clinics. Evidence suggests domain-general cognitive processes (e.g., phonological working memory, ability to revise faulty underlying representations, rule abstraction, and cognitive shift) influence phonological development. Differences between the two subgroups in the types of speech errors, linguistic abilities, developmental trajectories, and responses to intervention have been reported, yet little is known about the underlying cognitive-linguistic deficits. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE The results of this study suggest that children with phonological delay and phonological disorder have distinct patterns of performance on executive function tasks: Children with phonological disorder showed deficits in domain general rule-abstraction and cognitive shift when compared to children with phonological delay. WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL OR ACTUAL CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THIS WORK?: The findings draw attention to: (1) the importance of differential diagnosis of phonological delay and phonological disorder; (2) the role of domain-general cognitive processes in explaining why children make particular types of errors; and (3) the need to develop innovative and tailored intervention techniques that target specific underlying deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Waring
- Audiology and Speech Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan Rickard Liow
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barbara Dodd
- Audiology and Speech Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Patricia Eadie
- Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Strömbergsson S, Götze J, Edlund J, Nilsson Björkenstam K. Simulating Speech Error Patterns Across Languages and Different Datasets. LANGUAGE AND SPEECH 2022; 65:105-142. [PMID: 33637011 PMCID: PMC8886306 DOI: 10.1177/0023830920987268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Children's speech acquisition is influenced by universal and language-specific forces. Some speech error patterns (or phonological processes) in children's speech are observed in many languages, but the same error pattern may have different effects in different languages. We aimed to explore phonological effects of the same speech error patterns across different languages, target audiences and discourse modes, using a novel method for large-scale corpus investigation. As an additional aim, we investigated the face validity of five different phonological effect measures by relating them to subjective ratings of assumed effects on intelligibility, as provided by practicing speech-language pathologists. Six frequently attested speech error patterns were simulated in authentic corpus data: backing, fronting, stopping, /r/-weakening, cluster reduction and weak syllable deletion-each simulation resulting in a "misarticulated" version of the original corpus. Phonological effects were quantified using five separate metrics of phonological complexity and distance from expected target forms. Using Swedish child-speech data as a reference, phonological effects were compared between this reference and a) child speech in Norwegian and English, and b) data representing different modes of discourse (spoken/written) and target audiences (adults/children) in Swedish. Of the speech error patterns, backing-the one atypical pattern of those included-was found to cause the most detrimental effects, across languages as well as across modes and speaker ages. However, none of the measures reflects intuitive rankings as provided by clinicians regarding effects on intelligibility, thus corroborating earlier reports that phonological competence is not translatable into levels of intelligibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Strömbergsson
- Sofia Strömbergsson, SLP, Division of Speech and Language Pathology, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, F67, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, SE-141 86, Sweden.
| | - Jana Götze
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet (KI), Sweden
| | - Jens Edlund
- Department of Speech, Music and Hearing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
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Ceron MI, Simoni SND, Keske-Soares M. Phonological acquisition of Brazilian Portuguese: Ages of customary production, acquisition and mastery. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2022; 57:274-287. [PMID: 34957652 DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS: To describe typical phonological development of Brazilian Portuguese (BP)-speaking children, considering the following parameters: age of customary production, acquisition and mastery. METHODS & PROCEDURES Data were collected from 857 children aged between 3 years and 8 years 11 months with typical language and speech development. The sample was grouped into 6-month age bands. The data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Games-Howell post-hoc tests. OUTCOMES & RESULTS Stops (/p, b, t, d, k, g/), nasals (/m, n, ɲ/) and some fricatives (/f, v, s, z/) were mastered before the age of 3 years (age of mastery). The age of acquisition for phonemes /ʃ, ʒ/ was 3;6, though both were only mastered at 4;0 years. The liquid /l/ was acquired at 3;0 and mastered at age 3;6, while /x/ was acquired and mastered at age 3;6. The phoneme /ʎ/ was acquired at 7;0 and mastered at age 8;6. The tap /ɾ/ was acquired between the ages of 4;0 and 4;6, and mastered at 4;6. In coda position, /n, l/ were acquired at 3;0, while /s/ was mastered at 4;6 and /ɾ/ between 4;6 and 5;0 years. Clusters involving /ɾ/ were acquired at 6;0, while those with /l/ were acquired between the ages of 6;6 and 7;0. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS This study presented acquisition for consonants in BP and can be used as a reference for the assessment of developmental speech disorders. In this study, stops and nasals were acquired first, followed by fricatives and, lastly, liquids. This finding is corroborated by previous studies in BP and other languages. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS What is already known on the subject What this paper adds to existing knowledge What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?
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Affiliation(s)
- Marizete Ilha Ceron
- Human Communication Disorders, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Family Health Support Center of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Simone Nicolini De Simoni
- Human COMMUNICATION Disorders, UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Health House Hospital, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Márcia Keske-Soares
- Applied Linguistics, Catholica Pontifical University of Rio Grande do Sul
- Speech-Language Hearing Department, UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Nouraey P, Ayatollahi MA, Moghadas M. Late Language Emergence: A literature review. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2021; 21:e182-e190. [PMID: 34221464 PMCID: PMC8219342 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2021.21.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants usually say their first word at the age of 12 months; subsequently, within the next 6-12 months, they develop a vocabulary of approximately 50 words, along with the ability to make two-word combinations. However, late talkers (LTs) demonstrate delayed speech in the absence of hearing impairments, cognitive developmental issues or relevant birth history. The prevalence of late language emergence (LLE) in toddlers is reported to be 10-15%. Studies of LTs are both theoretically and clinically significant. Early diagnosis and clinical intervention may result in relatively stable speech capabilities by the early school years. The present article aimed to review both theoretical and empirical studies regarding LLE within the process of first language acquisition, as well as methods for the early diagnosis of delayed speech in children and the authors' own clinical and theoretical recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad A Ayatollahi
- Department of English Language, Faculty of Foreign Languages, Islamic Azad University, Sepidan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Moghadas
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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Másdóttir T, McLeod S, Crowe K. Icelandic Children's Acquisition of Consonants and Consonant Clusters. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2021; 64:1490-1502. [PMID: 33900802 DOI: 10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated Icelandic-speaking children's acquisition of singleton consonants and consonant clusters. Method Participants were 437 typically developing children aged 2;6-7;11 (years;months) acquiring Icelandic as their first language. Single-word speech samples of the 47 single consonants and 45 consonant clusters were collected using Málhljóðapróf ÞM (ÞM's Test of Speech Sound Disorders). Results Percentage of consonants correct for children aged 2;6-2;11 was 73.12 (SD = 13.33) and increased to 98.55 (SD = 3.24) for children aged 7;0-7;11. Overall, singleton consonants were more likely to be accurate than consonant clusters. The earliest consonants to be acquired were /m, n, p, t, j, h/ in word-initial position and /f, l/ within words. The last consonants to be acquired were /x, r, r̥, s, θ, n̥/, and consonant clusters in word-initial /sv-, stl-, str-, skr-, θr-/, within-word /-ðr-, -tl-/, and word-final /-kl̥, -xt/ contexts. Within-word phonemes were more often accurate than those in word-initial position, with word-final position the least accurate. Accuracy of production was significantly related to increasing age, but not sex. Conclusions This is the first comprehensive study of consonants and consonant cluster acquisition by typically developing Icelandic-speaking children. The findings align with trends for other Germanic languages; however, there are notable language-specific differences of clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathryn Crowe
- University of Iceland, Reykjavík
- Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia
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Brosseau-Lapré F, Schumaker J. Perception of Correctly and Incorrectly Produced Words in Children With and Without Phonological Speech Sound Disorders. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2020; 63:3961-3973. [PMID: 33197364 PMCID: PMC8608192 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the perception of correctly and incorrectly produced words in children with and without phonological speech sound disorder (SSD) with similar vocabulary and language skills. Method Thirty-six monolingual English-speaking children aged 4 and 5 years, half with SSD and half with typical speech and language skills, participated in this study. Participants completed standardized speech and language tests as well as a mispronunciation detection task targeting omissions and substitutions of the phonemes /k, s, ɹ/ in five word positions/shapes. Results The children with SSD obtained significantly lower perceptual accuracy than the children with typical development. There was no statistically significant effect for phoneme. Omissions were more likely to be detected by both groups of participants compared with substitutions, and children with SSD had greater difficulty identifying substitutions as incorrectly produced words. Conclusions Speech perception difficulties may be a distinguishing feature of children with phonological SSD and without concomitant language difficulties. Further research is needed to investigate specific speech contexts in which perception predicts accurate production in children with SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Schumaker
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Neam SY, Baker E, Hodges R, Munro N. Speech production abilities of 4- to 5-year-old children with and without a history of late talking: The tricky tyrannosaurus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2020; 22:184-195. [PMID: 31339378 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2019.1638968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Research on the speech production abilities of children with a history of late talking (HLT) is limited. We compared 4- to 5-year-old children with and without a HLT on a routine speech assessment and a single-word polysyllable assessment.Method: The two speech assessments were administered to 13 children with a HLT (4;4-5;9 years) and 11 children with a history of typical development (HTD) (4;1-5;10 years). Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.Result: The HLT group had significantly poorer speech accuracy than the HTD group on both the routine speech and polysyllable assessments. The HLT group also showed a significantly higher percentage occurrence of consonant omissions on both speech assessments compared to the HTD group. Descriptive analysis of participants' polysyllable productions indicated that the HLT group showed a higher percentage occurrence of a range of error types compared to the HTD group.Conclusion: By 4-5 years of age, children who were late to talk had speech production abilities that were significantly poorer than their peers who were not late to talk, suggesting continued underlying differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Yuen Neam
- Discipline of Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia
| | - Elise Baker
- Discipline of Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia
| | - Rosemary Hodges
- Discipline of Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia
| | - Natalie Munro
- Discipline of Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia
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Terband H, Namasivayam A, Maas E, van Brenk F, Mailend ML, Diepeveen S, van Lieshout P, Maassen B. Assessment of Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Review/Tutorial of Objective Measurement Techniques. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2019; 62:2999-3032. [PMID: 31465704 DOI: 10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-csmc7-19-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background With respect to the clinical criteria for diagnosing childhood apraxia of speech (commonly defined as a disorder of speech motor planning and/or programming), research has made important progress in recent years. Three segmental and suprasegmental speech characteristics-error inconsistency, lengthened and disrupted coarticulation, and inappropriate prosody-have gained wide acceptance in the literature for purposes of participant selection. However, little research has sought to empirically test the diagnostic validity of these features. One major obstacle to such empirical study is the fact that none of these features is stated in operationalized terms. Purpose This tutorial provides a structured overview of perceptual, acoustic, and articulatory measurement procedures that have been used or could be used to operationalize and assess these 3 core characteristics. Methodological details are reviewed for each procedure, along with a short overview of research results reported in the literature. Conclusion The 3 types of measurement procedures should be seen as complementary. Some characteristics are better suited to be described at the perceptual level (especially phonemic errors and prosody), others at the acoustic level (especially phonetic distortions, coarticulation, and prosody), and still others at the kinematic level (especially coarticulation, stability, and gestural coordination). The type of data collected determines, to a large extent, the interpretation that can be given regarding the underlying deficit. Comprehensive studies are needed that include more than 1 diagnostic feature and more than 1 type of measurement procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayo Terband
- Utrecht Institute of Linguistics-OTS, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Aravind Namasivayam
- Oral Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edwin Maas
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Frits van Brenk
- Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, University at Buffalo, NY
| | - Marja-Liisa Mailend
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Moss Rehabilitation Hospital, Elkins Park, PA
| | - Sanne Diepeveen
- HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal van Lieshout
- Oral Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ben Maassen
- Center for Language and Cognition, Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Phạm B, McLeod S. Vietnamese-Speaking Children's Acquisition of Consonants, Semivowels, Vowels, and Tones in Northern Viet Nam. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2019; 62:2645-2670. [PMID: 31322975 DOI: 10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-17-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate children's acquisition of Vietnamese speech sounds. Method Participants were 195 children aged 2;2-5;11 (years;months) living in Northern Viet Nam who spoke Vietnamese as their 1st language. Single-word samples were collected using the Vietnamese Speech Assessment (Phạm, Le, & McLeod, 2016) to measure accuracy of consonants, semivowels, vowels, and tones. Results Percentage of consonants correct for children aged 2;0-2;5 was 46.39 (SD = 7.95) and increased to 93.13 (SD = 6.13) for children aged 5;6-5;11. The most difficult consonants were /ɲ, s, z, x/. Percentage of semivowels correct for children aged 2;0-2;5 was 70.74 (SD = 14.38) and increased to 99.60 (SD = 1.55) for children aged 5;6-5;11. Percentage of vowels correct for children aged 2;0-2;5 was 91.93 (SD = 3.13) and increased to 98.11 (SD = 2.79) for children aged 5;6-5;11. Percentage of tones correct for children aged 2;0-2;5 was 91.05 (SD = 1.42) and increased to 96.65 (SD = 3.42) for children aged 5;6-5;11. Tones 1, 2, 5, and 6 were acquired by the youngest age group, whereas Tone 3 (creaky thanh ngã) and Tone 4 (dipping-rising thanh hỏi) did not achieve 90% accuracy by the oldest age group. Common phonological patterns (> 10%) were fronting, stopping, deaspiration, aspiration, and semivowel deletion for children aged 2;0-3;11 and were fronting and deaspiration for children aged 4;0-5;11. Conclusion This is the 1st comprehensive study of typically developing Northern Vietnamese children's speech acquisition and provides preliminary data to support the emerging speech-language pathology profession in Viet Nam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Phạm
- Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Special Education, Hanoi National University of Education, Viet Nam
| | - Sharynne McLeod
- Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia
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van Haaften L, Diepeveen S, van den Engel-Hoek L, Jonker M, de Swart B, Maassen B. The Psychometric Evaluation of a Speech Production Test Battery for Children: The Reliability and Validity of the Computer Articulation Instrument. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2019; 62:2141-2170. [PMID: 31246524 DOI: 10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-18-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The aims of this study were to assess the reliability and validity of the Computer Articulation Instrument (CAI), a speech production test battery assessing phonological and speech motor skills in 4 tasks: (1) picture naming, (2) nonword imitation, (3) word and nonword repetition, and (4) maximum repetition rate (MRR). Method Normative data were collected in 1,524 typically developing Dutch-speaking children (aged between 2;0 and 7;0 [years;months]). Parameters were extracted on segmental and syllabic accuracy (Tasks 1 and 2), consistency (Task 3), and syllables per second (Task 4). Interrater reliability and test-retest reliability were analyzed using subgroups of the normative sample and studied by estimating intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Construct validity was investigated by determining age-related changes of test results and factor analyses of the extracted speech measures. Results ICCs for interrater reliability ranged from sufficient to good, except for percentage of vowels correct of picture naming and nonword imitation and for the MRRs for bisyllabic and trisyllabic items. The ICCs for test-retest reliability were sufficient (picture naming, nonword imitation) to insufficient (word and nonword repetition, MRR) due to larger-than-expected normal development and learning effects. Continuous norms showed developmental patterns for all CAI parameters. The factor analyses revealed 5 meaningful factors: all picture-naming parameters, the segmental parameters of nonword imitation, the syllabic structure parameters of nonword imitation, (non)word repetition consistency, and all MRR parameters. Conclusion Its overall sufficient to good psychometric properties indicate that the CAI is a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of typical and delayed speech development in Dutch children in the ages of 2-7 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leenke van Haaften
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne Diepeveen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lenie van den Engel-Hoek
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne Jonker
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bert de Swart
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Maassen
- Center for Language and Cognition, Groningen University, the Netherlands
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Ilha Ceron M, Barichello Gubiani M, Rosa de Oliveira C, Keske-Soares M. Normative Features of Phoneme Acquisition in Brazilian Portuguese. Folia Phoniatr Logop 2019; 72:228-241. [PMID: 31185467 DOI: 10.1159/000499690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the influence of gender, age, and types of school (public or private) on phoneme production, and provide normative data on phonological acquisition in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). PATIENTS AND METHODS The sample consisted of 733 children (ages 3 years to 8 years and 11 months), all monolingual speakers of BP with typical phonological development. Participants were evaluated using the spontaneous naming task from the Phonological Assessment Tool (Instrumento de Avaliação Fonológica - INFONO). The children's speech production was audio-recorded, transcribed, and submitted to phonological analysis. RESULTS The effect of age was significant for all phonemes and syllable structures, especially when analyzed in combination with types of school and gender. Overall, phoneme production accuracy increased with age and varied depending on the types of school attended by the children, but did not differ between genders. CONCLUSION Age had a greater impact on phoneme production. The normative data on phonological acquisition highlighted the differences between the ages of mastery for different phonemes, with elements such as the /r/ sound and complex onsets being acquired much later in development than some of the other phonemes analyzed.
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McLeod S, Crowe K. Children's Consonant Acquisition in 27 Languages: A Cross-Linguistic Review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2018; 27:1546-1571. [PMID: 30177993 DOI: 10.1044/2018_ajslp-17-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to provide a cross-linguistic review of acquisition of consonant phonemes to inform speech-language pathologists' expectations of children's developmental capacity by (a) identifying characteristics of studies of consonant acquisition, (b) describing general principles of consonant acquisition, and (c) providing case studies for English, Japanese, Korean, and Spanish. METHOD A cross-linguistic review was undertaken of 60 articles describing 64 studies of consonant acquisition by 26,007 children from 31 countries in 27 languages: Afrikaans, Arabic, Cantonese, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Hungarian, Icelandic, Italian, Jamaican Creole, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Maltese, Mandarin (Putonghua), Portuguese, Setswana (Tswana), Slovenian, Spanish, Swahili, Turkish, and Xhosa. RESULTS Most studies were cross-sectional and examined single word production. Combining data from 27 languages, most of the world's consonants were acquired by 5;0 years;months old. By 5;0, children produced at least 93% of consonants correctly. Plosives, nasals, and nonpulmonic consonants (e.g., clicks) were acquired earlier than trills, flaps, fricatives, and affricates. Most labial, pharyngeal, and posterior lingual consonants were acquired earlier than consonants with anterior tongue placement. However, there was an interaction between place and manner where plosives and nasals produced with anterior tongue placement were acquired earlier than anterior trills, fricatives, and affricates. CONCLUSIONS Children across the world acquire consonants at a young age. Five-year-old children have acquired most consonants within their ambient language; however, individual variability should be considered. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6972857.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharynne McLeod
- Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathryn Crowe
- Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia
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Hodges R, Baker E, Munro N, McGregor KK. Responses made by late talkers and typically developing toddlers during speech assessments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2017; 19:587-600. [PMID: 27701903 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2016.1221452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Assessing toddlers' speech is challenging. We explored responses made by late talkers and their typically developing peers in structured speech sampling contexts and determined if late talker subgroups could be identified. METHOD Twenty-six late talkers and 26 age-matched typically developing toddlers participated in an expressive phonology assessment and an elicited non-word imitation test. We quantified the breadth of toddler responses used in a subset of monosyllabic stimuli from the toddler phonology assessment and in the non-word imitation test. Correlational and cluster analyses were conducted. RESULT There were six response types: no response, protoword response, different verbal response, correct phoneme, common and uncommon phonological errors. Toddlers' use of most of the response types correlated across the two sampling contexts. Use of the response types also correlated with several direct and parent-report assessments. There were significant group differences in the use of several response types in both sampling contexts. Five late talker subgroups were identified that presented with differing profiles of responses. CONCLUSION Toddlers respond in a variety of ways during structured speech sampling contexts. Responses made by late talkers offer insights about the nature of late talking and their heterogeneity. Implications for research and clinical management of late talkers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Hodges
- a Discipline of Speech Pathology, The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia and
| | - Elise Baker
- a Discipline of Speech Pathology, The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia and
| | - Natalie Munro
- a Discipline of Speech Pathology, The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia and
| | - Karla K McGregor
- a Discipline of Speech Pathology, The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia and
- b Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
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Schaefer B, Fox-Boyer A. The acquisition of initial consonant clusters in German-speaking 2-year-olds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2017; 19:476-489. [PMID: 27882773 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2016.1221450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore cluster acquisition in typically developing German-speaking 2-year-olds. METHOD Data from four cross-sectional studies (n = 145, aged 2;00-2;11) and one eight-month longitudinal study were analysed (n = 6, aged 2;01-2;04). Two different percentages of consonant clusters correct were calculated to allow a more detailed analysis. RESULT Findings showed that the majority of children produced clusters, although they could not be considered to be fully acquired. Correct production significantly correlated with age. Only /gl/ and /kl/ were shown to be phonetically and phonemically acquired (75% criterion) in the older age group. Three-element clusters were acquired at the same time as 2-element clusters and /∫/-clusters were acquired to the same or larger extent as non-/∫/ clusters when fronting/backing of /∫/ was accepted. Younger children produced more reductions than simplifications but this effect was less strong for the /∫/-clusters. Developmental realisation patterns varied depending on cluster type. Inter- and intra-individual developmental patterns could be observed which changed depending on the time of testing. CONCLUSION Findings on cluster acquisition in 2-year-old German-speaking children revealed language-specific differences but also similarities in comparison with results from other languages. All but two children produced clusters. However, individual variation between children was high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Schaefer
- a Department of Human Communication Sciences, University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK and
| | - Annette Fox-Boyer
- b Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, EUAS Rostock , Rostock , Germany
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Ceron MI, Gubiani MB, de Oliveira CR, Keske-Soares M. Factors Influencing Consonant Acquisition in Brazilian Portuguese-Speaking Children. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2017; 60:759-771. [PMID: 28306754 DOI: 10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-15-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to provide valid and reliable data on the acquisition of consonant sounds in speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. METHOD The sample comprised 733 typically developing monolingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese (ages 3;0-8;11 [years;months]). The presence of surface speech error patterns, the revised percentage consonants correct, and the age of sound acquisition were evaluated using phonological assessment software. The normative values for these variables were reported using means and standard deviations. RESULTS Age had a significant impact on phoneme production. Increasing age was generally associated with an increase in correct phoneme production, a reduction in error patterns, and an increase in scores on revised percentage consonants correct. Phonological error patterns persisted for a longer time in consonants and consonant clusters acquired later in development. The 2 youngest age groups differed from the remainder of the sample on the frequency of the following phonological patterns: cluster reduction, liquid gliding, fricative deletion-coda, and weak-syllable deletion. Performance was similar between groups starting at 5;0 years old. CONCLUSION This study confirmed that nasal and stop consonants are acquired first, followed by fricatives and, finally, liquids. We suggest that future studies replicate our investigation in larger samples and younger age groups.
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Claessen M, Beattie T, Roberts R, Leitao S, Whitworth A, Dodd B. Is two too early? Assessing toddlers’ phonology. SPEECH LANGUAGE AND HEARING 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/2050571x.2016.1222723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Schneider GB, Dias RF, Mezzomo CL. Análise dos traços distintivos e dos sistemas fonético e fonológico nas diferentes gravidades do desvio fonológico. REVISTA CEFAC 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-021620149413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Ambrose SE, Unflat Berry LM, Walker EA, Harrison M, Oleson J, Moeller MP. Speech sound production in 2-year-olds who are hard of hearing. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2014; 23:91-104. [PMID: 24686852 PMCID: PMC4035418 DOI: 10.1044/2014_ajslp-13-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to (a) compare the speech sound production abilities of 2-year-old children who are hard of hearing (HH) to children with normal hearing (NH), (b) identify sources of risk for individual children who are HH, and (c) determine whether speech sound production skills at age 2 were predictive of speech sound production skills at age 3. METHOD Seventy children with bilateral, mild-to-severe hearing loss who use hearing aids and 37 age- and socioeconomic status-matched children with NH participated. Children's speech sound production abilities were assessed at 2 and 3 years of age. RESULTS At age 2, the HH group demonstrated vowel production abilities on par with their NH peers but weaker consonant production abilities. Within the HH group, better outcomes were associated with hearing aid fittings by 6 months of age, hearing loss of less than 45 dB HL, stronger vocabulary scores, and being female. Positive relationships existed between children's speech sound production abilities at 2 and 3 years of age. CONCLUSION Assessment of early speech sound production abilities in combination with demographic, audiologic, and linguistic variables may be useful in identifying HH children who are at risk for delays in speech sound production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mary Pat Moeller
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Center for Childhood Deafness
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Berti LC, Roque LMR. Auditory perceptual performance of children in the identification of contrasts between stressed vowels. Codas 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s2317-17822013000600534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To assess the auditory perceptual performance of children in a task of identification of vowel contrasts, to classify which phonemes and vowel contrasts provide higher or lower degrees of difficulty, and to verify the influence of age in this performance. Methods: Data recordings of auditory perceptual performance of 66 children in a task of identification using the software Perception Evaluation Auditive & Visuelle (PERCEVAL) were selected from a database. The task consisted of presenting sound stimuli through headphones to children, who would then choose, from two pictures arranged on the computer screen, the one corresponding to the word they heard. The time between auditory inputs and the child's reaction was automatically computed in the software. Results: The perceptual accuracy was 88% and we found a positive correlation with the variable age. The time of response was significantly longer for incorrect answers as opposed to correct answers (p=0.00). Different degrees of similarity in auditory perception were observed, where front vowels were similar more often than back vowels. The tendency for errors was prevalent in the range of non-peripheral to peripheral vowels, which suggests that the latter may serve as a reference or perceptual anchor. Conclusion: The auditory perceptual ability concerning the identification of vowel contrasts is not yet established in the age group studied. The auditory perception of vowel contrasts occurs gradually and asymmetrically, as the order of acquisition in terms of production and perception was not always the same.
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Stoel-Gammon C, Williams AL. Early phonological development: creating an assessment test. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2013; 27:278-286. [PMID: 23489340 DOI: 10.3109/02699206.2013.766764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a new protocol for assessing the phonological systems of two-year-olds with typical development and older children with delays in vocabulary acquisition. The test (Profiles of Early Expressive Phonological Skills (PEEPS), Williams & Stoel-Gammon, in preparation ) differs from currently available assessments in that age of acquisition, based on lexical norms from the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Developmental Inventories, served as the primary criterion for creating a word list. Phonetic and semantic properties of the words were also considered in selecting items for the test. Productions of words using the PEEPS protocol have been gathered from a group of children with typical development and another group with cleft lip and/or palate. By 24 months of age, the children with typical development produced more than 90% of the target words and the children with atypical development produced 73% of the words. Regarding administration, the time needed for administering the protocol decreased with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Stoel-Gammon
- Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Watson MM, Terrell P. Longitudinal changes in phonological whole-word measures in 2-year-olds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2012; 14:351-362. [PMID: 22524289 DOI: 10.3109/17549507.2012.663936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to describe changes in whole-word productions in the speech of children as they aged from 24 to 36 months. Spontaneous language samples were obtained from 12 participants during parent-child interactions every 3 months, beginning with each participant's second birthday. Fifty different words from each sample were analysed to determine changes in a variety of whole-word measures including phonological mean length of utterance (PMLU) for target words and words produced, proportion of whole-word proximity (PWP), and proportion of words produced correctly (PWC). Significant changes in whole-word measures were evidenced by the participants over the course of the investigation, and those scores did not show stabilization by the age of 36 months.
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Scherer NJ, Williams L, Stoel-Gammon C, Kaiser A. Assessment of Single-Word Production for Children under Three Years of Age: Comparison of Children with and without Cleft Palate. Int J Otolaryngol 2012; 2012:724214. [PMID: 22611404 PMCID: PMC3351024 DOI: 10.1155/2012/724214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. This study reports comparative phonological assessment results for children with cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) to typically developing peers using an evaluation tool for early phonological skills. Methods. Children without clefts (NC = noncleft) and 24 children with CLP, ages of 18-36 months, were evaluated using the Profile of Early Expressive Phonological Skills (PEEPSs) [1]. Children interacted with toy manipulatives to elicit a representative sample of target English consonants and syllable structures that are typically acquired by children between 18 and 27 months of age. Results. Results revealed significant differences between the two groups with regard to measures of consonant inventory, place of articulation, manner of production, accuracy, and error patterns. Syllable structure did not indicate differences, with the exception of initial consonant clusters. Conclusions. findings provide support for PEEPS as a viable option for single-word assessment of children with CLP prior to 3 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J. Scherer
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Clinical and Rehabilitative Health Sciences, East Tennessee State University, P.O. Box 70282, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Lynn Williams
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Clinical and Rehabilitative Health Sciences, East Tennessee State University, P.O. Box 70282, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Center of Excellence in Early Childhood Learning and Development, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Carol Stoel-Gammon
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, 1417 NE 42nd Street, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Ann Kaiser
- Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University, 110 Magnolia Circle, Nashville, TN 37201, USA
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Costa VP, Backes FT, Pegoraro SP, Wiethan FM, Melo RM, Mota HB. Occurrence of the repair strategy of stopping: relationship with phonological disorder severity and affected phonemes. JORNAL DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE FONOAUDIOLOGIA 2012; 24:76-9. [PMID: 22460376 DOI: 10.1590/s2179-64912012000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the occurrence of the repair strategy of stopping in the different severities of phonological disorder, and to verify the phonemes most affected by this strategy. METHODS Participants were 33 children, 14 female and 19 male, aged between 4 and 8 years. All children used the repair strategy of stopping for at least one phoneme or allophone, with percentage equal to or greater than 40%. Data were selected from the first speech assessment, before starting intervention, and phonological disorder severity was determined by the Percentage of Consonants Correct-Revised. The number of children who used the repair strategy of stopping was accounted, analyzing the phonological disorder severity and the phonemes most affected by this strategy. Data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS The use of the repair strategy of stopping was more observed for the degrees moderate-severe and severe, with 42.86% of occurrence in each one. No difference was found in the comparison between the types of phonemes and allophones affected in the sample: /s/, /ƒ/, /f/ and /z/, /[see text]/, /v/, [tƒ]/ and [d[see text]]/, /[see text]/, and /n/. CONCLUSION The stopping repair strategy is more frequent in the most severe degrees of phonological disorder. This strategy is used similarly by children with phonological disorders, with regards to the affected phonemes.
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Dodd B, McIntosh B. Two-year-old phonology: impact of input, motor and cognitive abilities on development. JOURNAL OF CHILD LANGUAGE 2010; 37:1027-1046. [PMID: 19961658 DOI: 10.1017/s0305000909990171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has rarely compared the contributions of different underlying abilities to phonological acquisition. In this study, the auditory-visual speech perception, oro-motor and rule abstraction skills of 62 typically developing two-year olds were assessed and contrasted with the accuracy of their spoken phonology. Measures included auditory-visual speech perception, production of isolated and sequenced oro-motor movements, and verbal and non-verbal rule abstraction. Abilities in all three domains contributed to phonological acquisition. However, the use of atypical phonological rules was associated with lower levels of phonological accuracy and a linear regression indicated that this measure of rule abstraction had greater explanatory power than the measures of input processing and output skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Dodd
- Queensland University Centre for Clinical Research, Queensland, Australia.
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Ching TYC, Crowe K, Martin V, Day J, Mahler N, Youn S, Street L, Cook C, Orsini J. Language development and everyday functioning of children with hearing loss assessed at 3 years of age. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2010; 12:124-31. [PMID: 20420353 PMCID: PMC3094718 DOI: 10.3109/17549500903577022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports language ability and everyday functioning of 133 children with hearing impairment who were evaluated at 3 years of age, as part of the Longitudinal Outcomes of Children with Hearing Impairment (LOCHI) study. The language abilities of children were evaluated using the Preschool Language Scale (PLS-4), Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology (DEAP) and Child Development Inventory (CDI). Everyday functioning of children was evaluated by interviewing parents using the Parents' Evaluation of Aural/oral performance of Children (PEACH) questionnaire. There were significant correlations among language measures, and also between the standardized language measures and the PEACH. On average, children who had language deficits exhibited difficulties in everyday functioning. The evidence lends support to a systematic use of parents' observations to evaluate communicative functioning of children in real life. On average, children's language attainment decreased as hearing loss increased, more so for children of less highly educated parents. Factors that were not significantly associated with speech and language outcomes at 3 years were age of amplification and socioeconomic status. As multiple factors affect children's outcomes, it will be possible to examine their effects on outcomes of children when all data in the LOCHI study are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Y C Ching
- National Acoustic Laboratories, Australian Hearing, Australia The HEARing CRC, Australia.
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