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Albalawi SA, Albalawi RA, Albalawi AA, Alanazi RF, Almahlawi RM, Alhwity BS, Alatawi BD, Elsherbiny N, Alqifari SF, Abdel-Maksoud MS. The Possible Mechanisms of Cu and Zn in the Treatment and Prevention of HIV and COVID-19 Viral Infection. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1524-1538. [PMID: 37608131 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique properties and their potential therapeutic and prophylactic applications, heavy metals have attracted the interest of many researchers, especially during the outbreak of COVID-19. Indeed, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) have been widely used during viral infections. Zn has been reported to prevent excessive inflammatory response and cytokine storm, improve the response of the virus to Type I interferon (IFN-1), and enhance the production of IFN-a to counteract the antagonistic effect of SARS-CoV-2 virus protein on IFN. Additionally, Zn has been found to promote the proliferation and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, thereby improving immune function, inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in SARS- CoV-2 reducing the viral replication and stabilizing the cell membrane by preventing the proteolytic processing of viral polyprotein and proteases enzymes. Interestingly, Zn deficiency has been correlated with enhanced SARS-CoV-2 viral entry through interaction between the ACE2 receptor and viral spike protein. Along with zinc, Cu possesses strong virucidal capabilities and is known to be effective at neutralizing a variety of infectious viruses, including the poliovirus, influenza virus, HIV type 1, and other enveloped or nonenveloped, single- or double-stranded DNA and RNA viruses. Cu-related antiviral action has been linked to different pathways. First, it may result in permanent damage to the viral membrane, envelopes, and genetic material of viruses. Second, Cu produces reactive oxygen species to take advantage of the redox signaling mechanism to eradicate the virus. The present review focused on Zn and Cu in the treatment and prevention of viral infection. Moreover, the application of metals such as Cu and gold in nanotechnology for the development of antiviral therapies and vaccines has been also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatha A Albalawi
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raneem A Albalawi
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amaal A Albalawi
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad F Alanazi
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad M Almahlawi
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basma S Alhwity
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer D Alatawi
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehal Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saleh F Alqifari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Maksoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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Sindhughosa DA, Somia IKA, Merati KTP, Suryana K. Adjunct Therapy of Zinc Supplementation Increases Immunological Response in HIV-Infected Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Open AIDS J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/18746136-v16-e2204120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction:
Malnutrition greatly accelerates the impairment of immune function among HIV-infected patients. Zinc deficiency is often found in people living with HIV/AIDS, affecting their immune function. Several studies have evaluated the effect of zinc in HIV-infected patients, including CD4+ T-cells. However, the results have varied. This review aimed to evaluate the effect of zinc supplementation in HIV patients, particularly its effect on CD4+ T-cells count.
Methods:
Relevant publications were obtained from PubMed database, Google Scholar, COCHRANE, and Science Direct. The primary outcome was CD4+ T-cells count, while the secondary outcomes were viral load and zinc levels. Year of publication, type of study, population, doses of zinc given, duration of zinc administration, sample size, age, and baseline CD4+ T-cells counts were also obtained and reported. Quantitative data from the publications were analyzed using a fixed-effect model or a random-effect model.
Results:
We evaluated 13 full-text articles on zinc supplementation in HIV-infected patients, involving 802 subjects for the experiment group and 742 subjects for the control group. Overall, zinc supplementation, whether as zinc supplementation-only or prepared as multiple micronutrient or multivitamin preparation, increases CD4+ T-cells counts by 33.14 cells/mm3 (p =0.02; 95% CI: 6.09 to 60.19), irrespective of age. Subgroup analysis revealed CD4+ T-cells counts also increase in patients who receive zinc supplementation-only preparation by 33.56 cells/mm3 (p = 0.04; 95% CI: 1.5 to 65.63). Zinc supplementation increases serum zinc levels with pooled mean difference of 15.41 µg/dl (p < 0.05; 95% CI: 12.77 to 18.06). However, the viral load did not significantly decrease with zinc supplementation, with a pooled mean difference of -4.02 copies/ml (p =0.7; 95% CI: -24.78 to 16.75), based on the random-effect model.
Conclusion:
Zinc supplementation in HIV-infected patients enhances immunological response, characterized by an increase in CD4+ T-cells counts. In addition, it increases zinc serum levels in HIV-infected patients, indicating the importance of zinc supplementation in this group of patients.
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González-Salitre L, Román-Gutiérrez A, Contreras-López E, Bautista-Ávila M, Rodríguez-Serrano G, González-Olivares L. Promising Use of Selenized Yeast to Develop New Enriched Food: Human Health Implications. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1934695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L González-Salitre
- Área Académica De Química, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado De Hidalgo. Ciudad Del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5, Colonia Carboneras, Hidalgo, México
| | - Ad Román-Gutiérrez
- Área Académica De Química, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado De Hidalgo. Ciudad Del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5, Colonia Carboneras, Hidalgo, México
| | - E Contreras-López
- Área Académica De Química, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado De Hidalgo. Ciudad Del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5, Colonia Carboneras, Hidalgo, México
| | - M Bautista-Ávila
- Área Académica De Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado De Hidalgo, Instituto De Ciencias De La Salud, Ex-Hacienda La Concepción, San Agustíın Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo, México
| | - Gm Rodríguez-Serrano
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, División De Ciencias Biológicas Y De La Salud, Departamento De Biotecnología, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Colonia Vicentina AP 09340, Ciudad De México, México
| | - Lg González-Olivares
- Área Académica De Química, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado De Hidalgo. Ciudad Del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5, Colonia Carboneras, Hidalgo, México
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Silva M, Montes CG, Canals A, Mackenna MJ, Wolff M. Role and effects of zinc supplementation in HIV-infected patients with immunovirological discordance: A randomized, double blind, case control study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244823. [PMID: 33481813 PMCID: PMC7822263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction It has been estimated that between 15% and 18% of patients who start antiretroviral therapy (ART) do not achieve a successful immune recovery despite complete virological suppression. In the literature this phenomenom is known as poor immune recovery or immunovirological discordance (IVD). Zinc has an immunomodulatory role associated with T lymphocytes and its supplementation could enhance immune recovery. Objective To determine if zinc supplementation on IVD patients prevents immune failure after 12 months of supplementation. Secondary objectives were to determine serum zinc levels in HIV patients with and without IVD and the frequency of hypozincemia in discordant patients. Method We reviewed the historical record of patients under care at Arriarán Foundation. Following inclusion criteria were defined: 1) age ≥ 18 years, 2) standard ART (three effective drugs) for at least 18 months, 3) virologically suppressed for 12 months, 3) persistence of CD4 count ≤200 cells/mm3 and/or increase ≤ 80 cells/mm3 after one year of viral undetectability. A control group was assigned paired 1:1 by sex, age (± 2 years) that did achieved an increase of CD4> 350 cells/ mm3. In both groups plasma zinc levels were determined. In a later phase, patients with IVD were randomized to receive zinc (15 mg daily) versus placebo. Patients were followed for 12 months with CD4 count, viral load and zinc levels determinations every 4–6 months. Results A total of 80 patients, 40 patients with IVD criteria and 40 controls were included. 92.5% were men, and age average was 47.5 years. The median baseline CD4 was 189 cells/mm3 (71–258) in the cases vs. 552.5 cells/ mm3 (317–400) in the control group with a median increase at the end of the study of 39 cell/mm3 and 19 cell/mm3 respectively. There was no difference in baseline plasma zinc levels between both groups (81.7 + 18.1 in cases versus 86.2 + 11.0 in controls). In the 40 patients with IVD, the median absolute increase in CD4 after annual zinc supplementation was 31.5 cells/mm3 in the treated group versus 50 cells/mm3 in the placebo group, this difference being statistically not significant (p = 0.382). Conclusions Patients with IVD have plasma zinc levels similar to those who achieve adequate immune recovery. Zinc supplementation in IVD patients showed a statistically non-significant difference in in CD4 levels between cases and controls. The results warrant a comparative study with a larger number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Silva
- Arriarán Foundation, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Infectious Diseases, San Borja-Arriarán Hospital, Santiago, Chile
- School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | - Carmen G. Montes
- Nutrition and Food, Mention in Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Canals
- Biostatistics, Public Health School, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Academic Direction, Santa Maria Clinic, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria J. Mackenna
- Nutrition and Food, Mention in Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Biostatistics, Public Health School, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Academic Direction, Santa Maria Clinic, Santiago, Chile
- Nutrition Department, Las Condes Clinic, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Wolff
- Arriarán Foundation, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Infectious Diseases, San Borja-Arriarán Hospital, Santiago, Chile
- School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Jafari A, Noormohammadi Z, Askari M, Daneshzad E. Zinc supplementation and immune factors in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:3023-3041. [PMID: 33356467 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1862048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of zinc supplementation on immune factors in randomized controlled trials. METHODS A comprehensive search was done in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane databases up to December 2020. We used standard and weighted mean differences and 95% confidence intervals for net changes in selected parameters of immune responses. Subgroup analysis was used to find heterogeneity. RESULT Overall, 35 RCTs comprising 1995 participants were eligible for this meta-analysis. There was a significant reduction of circulating CRP (WMD: -32.4; 95% CI: -44.45 to -19.62, p < 0.001), hs-CRP (WMD: -0.95; 95% CI: -1.01 to -0.89, p < 0.001), Neutrophil levels (SMD: -0.46; 95% CI: -0.90 to -0.01, p = 0.043), following zinc supplementation. CD4 level also increased significantly, (WMD: 1.79; 95% CI: 0.57 to 3, p = 0.004). Zinc supplementation had no significant effect on WBC (SMD: -0.66; 95% CI: -1.67 to 0.36, p = 0.204), lymphocyte (WMD: 1.86; 95% CI: -0.86 to 4.58, p = 0.181), monocyte levels (SMD: -0.16; 95% CI: -0.07 to 0.39, p = 0.167), CD3 (SMD: 0.37; 95% CI: -0.49 to 1.22, p = 0.399). CONCLUSION Zinc supplementation decreased the CRP, hs-CRP and TNF-α, IL-6, neutrophil and increased CD3 and CD4 level significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Jafari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nutritional Health Team (NHT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Noormohammadi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Daneshzad
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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