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Mannani N, El Boujamaai M, Sifou A, Bennani M, El Adlouni C, Abdennebi EH, Zinedine A. Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in dried fruits from Morocco: Monitoring, regulatory aspects, and exposure assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 145:105503. [PMID: 37778435 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the presence of Aflatoxins (AF) in 180 samples dried fruits and Ochratoxin A (OTA) in 210 samples dried fruits and grape juices collected in Morocco. Mycotoxins were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to fluorescence detection and immunoaffinity columns (IAC) cleanup. Contamination levels were compared with the maximum regulatory limits (MRL) recently adopted in the country, and mycotoxin exposure of adult consumers was assessed. Results showed that 13.8% of samples were contaminated with AF, with incidences of 23.3, 23.3, 20, 13.8, and 3.3%, in raisins, figs, nuts, peanuts and pistachio, respectively. There were 12 samples (6.6%) that exceeded the MRL of 2-12 ng/g set for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). While OTA was detected in 17.1% of samples, with incidences of 3.3, 3.3, 30, 30, and 53.3% in walnuts, pistachios, peanuts, raisins and figs, respectively, and a maximum value of 99.1 in dried raisins, that exceeded the MRL (10 ng/g) set for OTA. The co-occurrence of OTA and AF was observed in 4.7% of total samples. Dietary intake showed that the OTA exposure level was lower than safety guidelines set by The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) at 100 ng/kg b.w./week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nysrine Mannani
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Road of Ben Maachou, P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco.
| | - Mounir El Boujamaai
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Road of Ben Maachou, P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco
| | - Aicha Sifou
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Environment, Center of Materials, Mohammed V University, Faculty of Sciences, Avenue Ibn Battouta, P.O. Box 1014, Rabat, 10000, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Bennani
- Laboratory of Physico-Chemistry and Toxicology, Institut Pasteur (IPM), 1, Place Louis Pasteur, Casablanca, 20360, Morocco
| | - Chakib El Adlouni
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Road of Ben Maachou, P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco
| | - El Hassane Abdennebi
- Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary (IAV Hassan II), Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, P.O. Box 6202, Rabat-Institutes, 10101, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Zinedine
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Road of Ben Maachou, P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco
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Asghar MA, Ahmed F, Sultana R. Natural co-occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in liquorice roots. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37830140 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2253210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The natural co-occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in liquorice roots obtained from different herbal outlets of Karachi, Pakistan, was evaluated. A total of 60 samples were obtained during 2019‒2021 and analysed using HPLC with fluorescence detection. The method was validated according to the European Union (EU) regulation. The incidence of AFs was 52 in all tested samples (87%), with a contamination range of 1.2‒6.4 µg kg-1 and an average of 2.1 ± 0.3 µg kg-1. In all samples, the AFs contamination was below the maximum limit (ML) of 10 µg kg-1 for total AFs as set by the EU. The OTA contamination in all samples ranged 1.5‒60.3 µg kg-1, with a mean of 18.9 ± 0.8 µg kg-1. In 36 samples (60%) the OTA contamination was below the ML of 20 µg kg-1 as set by the EU. These results led to the recommendation to test liquorice root on mycotoxins, as it comes to food quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asif Asghar
- Food and Feed Safety Laboratory, Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Farman Ahmed
- Food and Feed Safety Laboratory, Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Razia Sultana
- Food and Feed Safety Laboratory, Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
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Ashraf W, Rehman A, Rabbani M, Shaukat W, Wang JS. Aflatoxins posing threat to food safety and security in Pakistan: Call for a one health approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 180:114006. [PMID: 37652127 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are among the most important mycotoxins due to their widespread occurrence and adverse impacts on humans and animals. These toxins and/or their metabolites cannot be destroyed with cooking or boiling methods. Therefore, consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated food may lead to impaired growth, compromised immunity, stomach and liver cancer, and acute toxicity. These adverse effects along with food wastage might have detrimental consequences on a country's economy. Several studies from Pakistan reported a high prevalence of aflatoxins in food and feed commodities (Range; milk = 0.6-99.4%, cereals, and grains = 0.38-41%, animal feed = 31-100%). Notably, Pakistan reported very high figures of impaired child growth-stunted 40.2%, wasted 17.7% and underweight 28.9%-that could be associated with the higher aflatoxin prevalence in food items. Importantly, high aflatoxins prevalence, i.e. 100%, 69% and 60.5%, in children has been reported in Pakistan. Food and feed are more prone to aflatoxin contamination due to Pakistan's hot and humid climate; however, limited awareness, inadequate policy framework, and weak implementation mechanisms are the major obstacles to effective control. This review will discuss aflatoxins prevalence, associated risk factors, adverse health effects, required regulatory regime, and effective control strategies adopting the One Health approach to ensure food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseela Ashraf
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, 54000, Pakistan; Department of Environmental Health Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Health Services Academy, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Masood Rabbani
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Shaukat
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N4N1, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Nguyen TD, Nguyen TNH, Ly TK, Nguyen QH, Le TT, Chu VH, Nguyen TD, Le DV. A high-performance method for quantitation of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2: Full validation for raisin, peanut matrices, and survey of related products at Ho Chi Minh City. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:6509-6521. [PMID: 37823137 PMCID: PMC10563701 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimization and validation for simultaneous quantitation of four aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in peanuts and raisins were performed on ultra-performance liquid chromatography in a combination of fluorescence detector, without derivatization. The advantages were short analysis time, simple sample handling, and reduced solvent consumption. Instrument detection limits of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 were 0.07, 0.01, 0.1, and 0.008 μg/kg, respectively, lower than those obtained by LCMSMS and HPLC-FLD with derivatization. Two solvent mixtures were chosen for two different matrices whose matrix effect was not negligible (2.81%-8.04% for peanuts and 5.63%-11.43% for raisins). The linear ranges were from 0.2 to 20 μg/L for AFB1 and AFG1 and from 0.05 to 5 μg/L for AFB2 and AFG2. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.025-0.1 and 0.075-0.3 μg/kg for peanuts and raisins, respectively. Recoveries at three other concentrations from 0.75 to 125 μg/kg of total aflatoxins were obtained between 76.5% and 99.8% (with RSD < 6%) following the SANTE 11312/2021. Validation parameters complied with the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025:2017. The extracts and the sample could be stabilized at 4°C and 20°C for 24 h and at -20°C for up to 21 days, respectively. Thus, the study can be used as a standard method for the analysis of Aflatoxins (AFs) in peanut and raisin matrices. Investigation of 350 peanut samples collected at Markets in the central districts of HCM city showed that 28.6% were contaminated with AFB1 from 0.31 up to 554 μg/kg; 13.4% contained AFB2, and 5.7% of AFG1 in the range of 0.4-53 μg/kg and 0.4-9.57 μg/kg, respectively; AFG2 (about 0.6%) was detected from 0.45 to 0.75 μg/kg. Meanwhile, 12.8% exceeded the total aflatoxins limit, and 13.4% exceeded the AFB1 limit. AFs were almost not found in the 350 raisin samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Duy Nguyen
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VietNam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST)HanoiVietnam
- Center of Analytical Services and Experimentation HCMcHo Chi MinhVietnam
| | | | - Tuan Kiet Ly
- Center of Analytical Services and Experimentation HCMcHo Chi MinhVietnam
| | - Quoc Hung Nguyen
- Center of Analytical Services and Experimentation HCMcHo Chi MinhVietnam
| | - Thanh Tho Le
- Center of Analytical Services and Experimentation HCMcHo Chi MinhVietnam
| | - Van Hai Chu
- Department of Science and Technology of Ho Chi Minh CityHo Chi MinhVietnam
| | - Tien Dat Nguyen
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, VASTHanoiVietnam
| | - Dinh Vu Le
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh CityHo Chi MinhVietnam
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González-Curbelo MÁ, Kabak B. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Dried Fruits Worldwide, with a Focus on Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:576. [PMID: 37756002 PMCID: PMC10537527 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dried fruits are popular and nutritious snacks consumed worldwide due to their long shelf life and concentrated nutrient content. However, fruits can be contaminated with various toxigenic fungal species during different stages, including cultivation, harvesting, processing, drying, and storage. Consequently, these products may contain high levels of mycotoxins. This risk is particularly pronounced in developed countries due to the impact of climate change. Several factors contribute to mycotoxin production, including the type of fruit, geographical location, climate conditions, harvest treatments, and storage management practices. The main mycotoxins in dried fruits are aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA), which can induce human health problems and economic losses. Mycotoxin contamination can vary significantly depending on the geographic origin of dried fruits (vine fruits, figs, dates, apricots, prunes, and mulberries). The aim of this review was to fill the knowledge gap by consolidating data from various regions to understand the global picture and identify regions with higher contamination risks. By consolidating research from various origins and stages of the supply chain, the review intends to shed light on potential contamination events during pre-harvest, drying, storage, and trading, while also highlighting the effects of storage conditions and climate change on mycotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad EAN, Calle 79 no 11-45, Bogotá 110221, Colombia
| | - Bulent Kabak
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Machinery and Manufacturing Technology Application and Research Center, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey
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Pushparaj K, Meyyazhagan A, Pappuswamy M, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Liu W, Balasubramanian B. Occurrence, identification, and decontamination of potential mycotoxins in fruits and fruit by‐products. FOOD FRONTIERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karthika Pushparaj
- Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women Coimbatore Tamil Nadu India
| | - Arun Meyyazhagan
- Department of Life Science CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Bengaluru Karnataka India
| | - Manikantan Pappuswamy
- Department of Life Science CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Bengaluru Karnataka India
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology – State Research Institute Warsaw Poland
| | - Wen‐Chao Liu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences Guangdong Ocean University Zhanjiang China
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Xia L, Rasheed H, Routledge MN, Wu H, Gong YY. Super-Sensitive LC-MS Analyses of Exposure Biomarkers for Multiple Mycotoxins in a Rural Pakistan Population. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030193. [PMID: 35324690 PMCID: PMC8950642 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High levels of mycotoxin contamination have been reported in various food commodities in Pakistan, however, there has been no exposure assessment study using multiple mycotoxins’ biomarkers. This study aimed to simultaneously assess the exposure to the five major mycotoxins: aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FB1), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN) in a Pakistani population using an integrated approach of human biomonitoring. Human urine samples (n = 292) were analyzed by a super-sensitive liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Rice and wheat were also collected and analyzed for mycotoxins by the LC-MS/MS method. Food consumption data were collected using a 24 h recall method. A high prevalence of urinary AFM1 (66%, mean ± SD 20.8 ± 41.3 pg/mL) and OTA (99%, 134.7 ± 312.0 pg/mL) were found, whilst urinary DON, FB1 and ZEN levels were low. The probable daily intake (PDI) derived from the urinary biomarkers revealed that 89% of the participants had exposure to OTA exceeding the established tolerable daily intake (TDI = 17 ng/kg bw/day). The average PDI of AFB1 for the studied population was 43 ng/kg bw/day, with rice as the main source of AFB1 exposure. In summary, exposure to AFB1 and OTA are of health concern and require further management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xia
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Hifza Rasheed
- Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Michael N. Routledge
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (M.N.R.); (H.W.)
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing, Jiangsu Education Department, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hang Wu
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (M.N.R.); (H.W.)
| | - Yun Yun Gong
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
- Correspondence:
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Mehri F, Esfahani M, Heshmati A, Jenabi E, Khazaei S. The prevalence of ochratoxin A in dried grapes and grape-derived products: a systematic review and meta-analysis. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1845739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Mehri
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Esfahani
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Heshmati
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Jenabi
- Autism Spectrum Disorders Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Salman Khazaei
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Mikušová P, Caboň M, Melichárková A, Urík M, Ritieni A, Slovák M. Genetic Diversity, Ochratoxin A and Fumonisin Profiles of Strains of Aspergillus Section Nigri Isolated from Dried Vine Fruits. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090592. [PMID: 32937759 PMCID: PMC7551007 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination in raisin samples purchased from Slovak markets and determined the diversity of black-spored aspergilli as potential OTA and fumonisin (FB1 and FB2) producers. The taxonomic identification was performed using sequences of the nuclear ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 region, the calmodulin and beta-tubulin genes. We obtained 239 isolates from eight fungal genera, of which 197 belonged to Aspergillus (82%) and 42 strains (18%) to other fungal genera. OTA contamination was evidenced in 75% of the samples and its level ranged from 0.8 to 10.6 µg/kg. The combination of all three markers used enabled unambiguous identification of A. carbonarius, A. luchuensis, A. niger, A. tubingensis and A. welwitschiae. The dominant coloniser, simultaneously having the highest within-species diversity isolated from our raisin samples, was A. tubingensis. Out of all analysed strains, only A. carbonarius was found to produce OTA, but in relatively high quantity (2477–4382 µg/kg). The production of FB1 and FB2 was evidenced in A. niger strains only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mikušová
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.C.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Miroslav Caboň
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.C.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Andrea Melichárková
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.C.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Martin Urík
- Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, SK-842 15 Bratislava 4, Slovakia;
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Staff of Unesco Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, 801 31 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Marek Slovák
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.C.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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A preliminary assessment of dietary exposure of ochratoxin A in Central Anatolia Region, Turkey. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:327-337. [PMID: 32621108 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine dietary exposure to ochratoxin A (OTA) in Turkish adults. In this study, 500 food samples (50 rice, 50 wheat bread, 50 pasta, 50 raisins, 50 dried figs, 50 pistachios, 50 hazelnuts, 50 almonds, 50 chilli, 25 coffee, and 25 cocoa) collected from Turkey were analysed with a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Moreover, a total of 370 analytical results (110 cereal-based snacks, 95 wine, 35 beer, and 130 chocolate) collected from our previous observations were also used in the evaluation of exposure estimates. OTA was found in 52% of cocoa, 42% of raisins, 40% of coffee, 34% of chilli, 14% of dried figs, 10% of pasta, 8% of pistachios, 6% of wheat bread, 4% of rice, and 4% of hazelnuts. The chronic dietary exposure to OTA for Turkish adults, using lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) concentrations, varied from 0.683 to 4.487 ng/kg body weight (b.w.) per week for mean estimate and from 3.976 to 5.760 ng/kg b.w. per week for the 95th percentile (P95) estimate. Cereals and cereal-based products made the largest contribution (75.3-85.7%) to OTA exposure. Both mean and P95 chronic exposure to OTA were greatly below the tolerable weekly intake of 120 ng/kg b.w. per week and thus not a health concern for Turkish adults.
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Heshmati A, Ghadimi S, Ranjbar A, Khaneghah AM. Changes in aflatoxins content during processing of pekmez as a traditional product of grape. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Khiari R, Zemni H, Mihoubi D. Raisin processing: physicochemical, nutritional and microbiological quality characteristics as affected by drying process. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2018.1517264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramla Khiari
- Higher School of Food Industries of Tunis (ESIAT) - 58 Avenue Alain Savary, 1003 Tunis El Khadra, University of Carthage, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Wind Energy Management and Waste Energy Recovery, Research and Technology Center of Energy (CRTEn) - B.P. N°95, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology of Plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria (CBBC) - B.P. 901, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Hassène Zemni
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology of Plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria (CBBC) - B.P. 901, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Daoued Mihoubi
- Laboratory of Wind Energy Management and Waste Energy Recovery, Research and Technology Center of Energy (CRTEn) - B.P. N°95, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
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Asghar MA, Ahmed A, Zahir E, Asghar MA, Iqbal J, Walker G. Incidence of aflatoxins contamination in dry fruits and edible nuts collected from Pakistan. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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