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Qin X, Ning W, Liu H, Liu X, Luo W, Xia N. Stepping forward: T-cell redirecting bispecific antibodies in cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2361-2377. [PMID: 38828136 PMCID: PMC11143529 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
T cell-redirecting bispecific antibodies are specifically designed to bind to tumor-associated antigens, thereby engaging with CD3 on the T cell receptor. This linkage between tumor cells and T cells actively triggers T cell activation and initiates targeted killing of the identified tumor cells. These antibodies have emerged as one of the most promising avenues within tumor immunotherapy. However, despite success in treating hematological malignancies, significant advancements in solid tumors have yet to be explored. In this review, we aim to address the critical challenges associated with T cell-redirecting bispecific antibodies and explore novel strategies to overcome these obstacles, with the ultimate goal of expanding the application of this therapy to include solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry–Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wenjing Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry–Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Han Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry–Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry–Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wenxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry–Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry–Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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2
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Pandey RK, Mehrotra S. Engineering high affinity antigen-binders: Beyond conventional antibodies. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 140:37-57. [PMID: 38762275 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
For decades, antibodies have remained the archetypal binding proteins that can be rapidly produced with high affinity and specificity against virtually any target. A conventional antibody is still considered the prototype of a binding molecule. It is therefore not surprising that antibodies are routinely used in basic scientific and biomedical research, analytical workflows, molecular diagnostics etc. and represent the fastest growing sector in the field of biotechnology. However, several limitations associated with conventional antibodies, including stringent requirement of animal immunizations, mammalian cells for expression, issues on stability and aggregation, bulkier size and the overall time and cost of production has propelled evolution of concepts along alternative antigen binders. Rapidly evolving protein engineering approaches and high throughput screening platforms have further complemented the development of myriads of classes of non-conventional protein binders including antibody derived as well as non-antibody based molecular scaffolds. These non-canonical binders are finding use across disciplines of which diagnostics and therapeutics are the most noteworthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kumar Pandey
- Research and Development-Protein Biology, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bangalore, India
| | - Sanjana Mehrotra
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
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3
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McCue AC, Demarest SJ, Froning KJ, Hickey MJ, Antonysamy S, Kuhlman B. Engineering a tumor-selective prodrug T-cell engager bispecific antibody for safer immunotherapy. MAbs 2024; 16:2373325. [PMID: 38962811 PMCID: PMC11225918 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2373325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
T-cell engaging (TCE) bispecific antibodies are potent drugs that trigger the immune system to eliminate cancer cells, but administration can be accompanied by toxic side effects that limit dosing. TCEs function by binding to cell surface receptors on T cells, frequently CD3, with one arm of the bispecific antibody while the other arm binds to cell surface antigens on cancer cells. On-target, off-tumor toxicity can arise when the target antigen is also present on healthy cells. The toxicity of TCEs may be ameliorated through the use of pro-drug forms of the TCE, which are not fully functional until recruited to the tumor microenvironment. This can be accomplished by masking the anti-CD3 arm of the TCE with an autoinhibitory motif that is released by tumor-enriched proteases. Here, we solve the crystal structure of the antigen-binding fragment of a novel anti-CD3 antibody, E10, in complex with its epitope from CD3 and use this information to engineer a masked form of the antibody that can activate by the tumor-enriched protease matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2). We demonstrate with binding experiments and in vitro T-cell activation and killing assays that our designed prodrug TCE is capable of tumor-selective T-cell activity that is dependent upon MMP-2. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a similar masking strategy can be used to create a pro-drug form of the frequently used anti-CD3 antibody SP34. This study showcases an approach to developing immune-modulating therapeutics that prioritizes safety and has the potential to advance cancer immunotherapy treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia C. McCue
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Karen J. Froning
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael J. Hickey
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Brian Kuhlman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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4
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Keri D, Walker M, Singh I, Nishikawa K, Garces F. Next generation of multispecific antibody engineering. Antib Ther 2024; 7:37-52. [PMID: 38235376 PMCID: PMC10791046 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Multispecific antibodies recognize two or more epitopes located on the same or distinct targets. This added capability through protein design allows these man-made molecules to address unmet medical needs that are no longer possible with single targeting such as with monoclonal antibodies or cytokines alone. However, the approach to the development of these multispecific molecules has been met with numerous road bumps, which suggests that a new workflow for multispecific molecules is required. The investigation of the molecular basis that mediates the successful assembly of the building blocks into non-native quaternary structures will lead to the writing of a playbook for multispecifics. This is a must do if we are to design workflows that we can control and in turn predict success. Here, we reflect on the current state-of-the-art of therapeutic biologics and look at the building blocks, in terms of proteins, and tools that can be used to build the foundations of such a next-generation workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keri
- Department of Protein Therapeutics, Research, Gilead Research, 324 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Matt Walker
- Department of Protein Therapeutics, Research, Gilead Research, 324 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Isha Singh
- Department of Protein Therapeutics, Research, Gilead Research, 324 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Kyle Nishikawa
- Department of Protein Therapeutics, Research, Gilead Research, 324 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Fernando Garces
- Department of Protein Therapeutics, Research, Gilead Research, 324 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
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5
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Guo X, Wu Y, Xue Y, Xie N, Shen G. Revolutionizing cancer immunotherapy: unleashing the potential of bispecific antibodies for targeted treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1291836. [PMID: 38106416 PMCID: PMC10722299 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progressions in immunotherapy have transformed cancer treatment, providing a promising strategy that activates the immune system of the patient to find and eliminate cancerous cells. Bispecific antibodies, which engage two separate antigens or one antigen with two distinct epitopes, are of tremendous concern in immunotherapy. The bi-targeting idea enabled by bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) is especially attractive from a medical standpoint since most diseases are complex, involving several receptors, ligands, and signaling pathways. Several research look into the processes in which BsAbs identify different cancer targets such angiogenesis, reproduction, metastasis, and immune regulation. By rerouting cells or altering other pathways, the bispecific proteins perform effector activities in addition to those of natural antibodies. This opens up a wide range of clinical applications and helps patients with resistant tumors respond better to medication. Yet, further study is necessary to identify the best conditions where to use these medications for treating tumor, their appropriate combination partners, and methods to reduce toxicity. In this review, we provide insights into the BsAb format classification based on their composition and symmetry, as well as the delivery mode, focus on the action mechanism of the molecule, and discuss the challenges and future perspectives in BsAb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Guo
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Xue
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Xie
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Guobo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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6
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Sun Y, Yu X, Wang X, Yuan K, Wang G, Hu L, Zhang G, Pei W, Wang L, Sun C, Yang P. Bispecific antibodies in cancer therapy: Target selection and regulatory requirements. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3583-3597. [PMID: 37719370 PMCID: PMC10501874 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the development of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) has been rapid, with many new structures and target combinations being created. The boom in bsAbs has led to the successive issuance of industry guidance for their development in the US and China. However, there is a high degree of similarity in target selection, which could affect the development of diversity in bsAbs. This review presents a classification of various bsAbs for cancer therapy based on structure and target selection and examines the advantages of bsAbs over monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Through database research, we have identified the preferences of available bsAbs combinations, suggesting rational target selection options and warning of potential wastage of medical resources. We have also compared the US and Chinese guidelines for bsAbs in order to provide a reference for their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanze Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xinmiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Gefei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lingrong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Guoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wenli Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chengliang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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7
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Kühl L, Schäfer AK, Kraft S, Aschmoneit N, Kontermann RE, Seifert O. eIg-based bispecific T-cell engagers targeting EGFR: Format matters. MAbs 2023; 15:2183540. [PMID: 36864566 PMCID: PMC9988351 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2183540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies are molecules with versatile modes of action and applications for therapy. They are commonly developed as T-cell engagers (TCE), which simultaneously target an antigen expressed by tumor cells and CD3 expressed by T-cells, thereby inducing T-cell-mediated target cell killing. There is growing evidence that the molecular composition and valency for the target antigen influence the activity of TCEs. Here, the eIg platform technology was used to generate a set of bispecific TCEs targeting epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) and CD3. These molecules either included or lacked an Fc region and exhibited one binding site for CD3 and either one or two binding sites for EGFR (1 + 1 or 2 + 1 formats) utilizing different molecular arrangements of the binding sites. In total, 11 different TCE formats were analyzed for binding to target cells and T cells, T cell-mediated killing of tumor cells, and for the activation of T cells (release of cytokines and proliferation of T-cells). Bivalent binding to EGFR strongly increased binding and T cell-mediated killing. However, the molecular composition and position of the CD3-binding arm also affected target cell killing, cytokine release, and T-cell proliferation. Our findings support that screening of a panel of formats is beneficial to identify the most potent bispecific TCE, and that format matters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Kühl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Annelie K Schäfer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kraft
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadine Aschmoneit
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology (SRCSB), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology (SRCSB), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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8
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Benedetti F, Stadlmayr G, Stadlbauer K, Rüker F, Wozniak-Knopp G. Selection of High-Affinity Heterodimeric Antigen-Binding Fc Fragments from a Large Yeast Display Library. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2681:131-159. [PMID: 37405647 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3279-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-binding Fc (Fcab™) fragments, where a novel antigen binding site is introduced by the mutagenesis of the C-terminal loops of the CH3 domain, function as parts of bispecific IgG-like symmetrical antibodies when they replace their wild-type Fc. Their homodimeric structure typically leads to bivalent antigen binding. In particular, biological situations monovalent engagement, however, would be preferred, either for avoiding agonistic effects leading to safety issues, or the attractive option of combining a single chain (i.e., one half) of an Fcab fragment reactive with different antigens in one antibody. We present the strategies for construction and selection of yeast libraries displaying heterodimeric Fcab fragments and discuss the effects of altered thermostability of the basic Fc scaffold and novel library designs that lead to isolation of highly affine antigen binding clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Benedetti
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Stadlmayr
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Stadlbauer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Rüker
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gordana Wozniak-Knopp
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
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9
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Zhang C, Dalby PA. Assessing and Engineering Antibody Stability Using Experimental and Computational Methods. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2552:165-197. [PMID: 36346592 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2609-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Engineering increased stability into antibodies can improve their developability. While a range of properties need to be optimized, thermal stability and aggregation are two key factors that affect the antibody yield, purity, and specificity throughout the development and manufacturing pipeline. Therefore, an ideal goal would be to apply protein engineering methods early-on, such as in parallel to affinity maturation, to screen out potential drug molecules with the desired conformational and colloidal stability. This chapter introduces our methods to computationally characterize an antibody Fab fragment, propose stabilizing variants, and then experimentally verify these predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Anthony Dalby
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
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10
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Madsen AV, Kristensen P, Buell AK, Goletz S. Generation of robust bispecific antibodies through fusion of single-domain antibodies on IgG scaffolds: a comprehensive comparison of formats. MAbs 2023; 15:2189432. [PMID: 36939220 PMCID: PMC10038023 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2189432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) enable dual binding of different antigens with potential synergistic targeting effects and innovative therapeutic possibilities. The formation of bsAbs is, however, often dependent on complex engineering strategies with a high risk of antibody chain mispairing leading to contamination of the final product with incorrectly assembled antibody species. This study demonstrates formation of bsAbs in a generic and conceptually easy manner through fusion of single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) onto IgG scaffolds through flexible 10 amino acid linkers to form high-quality bsAbs with both binding functionalities intact and minimal product-related impurities. SdAbs are attractive fusion partners due to their small and monomeric nature combined with antigen-binding capabilities comparable to conventional human antibodies. By systematically comparing a comprehensive panel of symmetric αPD-L1×αHER2 antibodies, including reversely mirrored antigen specificities, we investigate how the molecular geometry affects production, stability, antigen binding and CD16a binding. SdAb fusion of the heavy chain was generally preferred over light chain fusion for promoting good expression and high biophysical stability as well as maintaining efficient binding to both antigens. We find that N-terminal sdAb fusion might sterically hinder antigen-binding to the Fv region of the IgG scaffold, whereas C-terminal fusion might disturb antigen-binding to the fused sdAb. Our work demonstrates a toolbox of complementary methods for in-depth analysis of key features, such as in-solution dual antigen binding, thermal stability, and aggregation propensity, to ensure high bsAb quality. These techniques can be executed at high-throughput and/or with very low material consumption and thus represent valuable tools for bsAb screening and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas V Madsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Alexander K Buell
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Steffen Goletz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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11
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SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Effectiveness Is Influenced by Non-Epitope Mutation/Binding-Induced Denaturation of the Epitope 3D Architecture. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121437. [PMID: 36558771 PMCID: PMC9787365 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The public health threat from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to intensify with emerging variants of concern (VOC) aiming to render COVID-19 vaccines/infection-induced antibodies redundant. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is responsible for receptor binding and infection of host cells making it a legitimate antibody target. Antibodies mostly target epitopes in the receptor binding domain (RBD). Mutations occurring within epitopes influence antibody specificity and function by altering their 3D architecture. However, the mechanisms by which non-epitope mutations in the RBD influence antibody specificity and function remain a mystery. We used Protein Data Bank (PDB) deposited 3D structures for the original, Beta, Delta, BA.1, and BA.2 RBD proteins in complex with either neutralizing antibodies or Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) to elucidate the structural and mechanistic basis for neutralizing antibody evasion driven by non-epitope amino acid substitutions in the RBD. Since the mechanism behind the extensively reported functional discrepancies between the same antibody when used individually and when used in an antibody cocktail is lacking, we explored the structural basis for this inconsistency. Finally, since SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are viral mutagens, we deciphered determinants for antibody-pressured amino acid substitutions. On the one hand, we show that non-epitope mutations in the RBD domain of SARS-CoV-2 VOC influence the formation of hydrogen bonds in the paratope-epitope interface by repositioning RBD amino-acid sidechains (AASCs). This increases the distance between complementary donor/acceptor atoms on paratope and epitope AASCs leading to weaker or the complete prevention of the formation of hydrogen bonds in the paratope-epitope interface. On the other hand, we show that SARS-CoV-2 VOC employ the same strategy to simultaneously search for complementary donor/acceptor atoms on ACE2 AASCs to form new interactions, potentially favoring increased viral transmission. Additionally, we illustrate that converting the spike protein to an RBD, a deletion mutation, also repositions epitope AASCs and that AASC interactions in the paratope-epitope interface vary when an antibody is used individually versus when utilized as a cocktail with other antibodies. Finally, we show that the process of substituting immunogenic RBD amino acids begins with the repositioning of their AASCs induced by immune/antibody pressure. We show that donor/acceptor atoms from any amino acid can determine cross-reactivity instead, provided they possess and present spatially pairing donor/acceptor atoms. By studying structural alignments for PDB deposited antibody-RBD 3D structures and relating them to published binding and neutralization profiles of the same antibodies, we demonstrate that minor structural alterations such as epitope AASC repositioning have a major impact on antibody effectiveness and, hence, should receive adequate attention given that protein structure dictates protein function.
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12
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Kowalik A, Majerek M, Mrowiec K, Solich J, Faron-Górecka A, Woźnicka O, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Łukasiewicz S. Dopamine D2 and Serotonin 5-HT1A Dimeric Receptor-Binding Monomeric Antibody scFv as a Potential Ligand for Carrying Drugs Targeting Selected Areas of the Brain. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060749. [PMID: 35740874 PMCID: PMC9221303 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy uses multiple ways of ensuring that the drug will be delivered to the desired site. One of these ways is an encapsulation of the drug and functionalization of the surface. Among the many molecules that can perform such a task, the present work focused on the antibodies of single-chain variable fragments (scFvs format). We studied scFv, which specifically recognizes the dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptor heteromers. The scFvD2–5-HT1A protein was analyzed biochemically and biologically, and the obtained results indicated that the antibody is properly folded and non-toxic and can be described as low-immunogenic. It is not only able to bind to the D2–5-HT1A receptor heteromer, but it also influences the cAMP signaling pathway and—when surfaced on nanogold particles—it can cross the blood–brain barrier in in vitro models. When administered to mice, it decreased locomotor activity, matching the effect induced by clozapine. Thus, we are strongly convinced that scFvD2–5-HT1A, which was a subject of the present investigation, is a promising targeting ligand with the potential for the functionalization of nanocarriers targeting selected areas of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kowalik
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.); (K.M.); (M.D.-W.)
| | - Mateusz Majerek
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.); (K.M.); (M.D.-W.)
| | - Krzysztof Mrowiec
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.); (K.M.); (M.D.-W.)
| | - Joanna Solich
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Science, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (A.F.-G.)
| | - Agata Faron-Górecka
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Science, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (A.F.-G.)
| | - Olga Woźnicka
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.); (K.M.); (M.D.-W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Science, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (A.F.-G.)
| | - Sylwia Łukasiewicz
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.); (K.M.); (M.D.-W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-012-664-6134; Fax: +48-012-664-6902
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13
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Froning KJ, Sereno A, Huang F, Demarest SJ. Generalizable design parameters for soluble T cell receptor-based T cell engagers. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004281. [PMID: 35260435 PMCID: PMC8905924 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
While most biological and cellular immunotherapies recognize extracellular targets, T cell receptor (TCR) therapeutics are unique in their ability to recognize the much larger pool of intracellular antigens found on virus-infected or cancerous cells. Recombinant T cell receptor (rTCR)-based therapeutics are gaining momentum both preclinically and clinically highlighted by recent positive phase III human clinical trial results for a TCR/CD3 bifunctional protein in uveal melanoma. Unlike antibody-based T cell engagers whose molecular formats have been widely and extensively evaluated, little data exist describing the putative activities of varied bifunctional formats using rTCRs. Here we generate rTCR/anti-CD3 bifunctionals directed toward NY-ESO-1 or MAGE-A3 with a variety of molecular formats. We show that inducing strong redirected lysis activity against tumors displaying either NY-ESO-1 or MAGE-A3 is highly restricted to small, tandem binding formats with an rTCR/antiCD3 Fab demonstrating the highest potency, rTCR/anti-CD3 single chain variable domain fragment showing similar but consistently weaker potency, and IgG-like or IgG-Fc-containing molecules demonstrating poor activity. We believe this is a universal trait of rTCR bifunctionals, given the canonical TCR/human leukocyte antigen structural paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Froning
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Arlene Sereno
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Flora Huang
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Stephen J Demarest
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California, USA
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14
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Zhao J, Jiang L, Yang H, Deng L, Meng X, Ding J, Yang S, Zhao L, Xu W, Wang X, Zhu Z, Huang H. A strategy for the efficient construction of anti-PD1-based bispecific antibodies with desired IgG-like properties. MAbs 2022; 14:2044435. [PMID: 35239451 PMCID: PMC8896178 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2044435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting PD1/PDL1 with blocking antibodies for cancer therapy has shown promising benefits in the clinic, but only approximately 20-30% of patients develop durable clinical responses to the treatment. Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) that combine PD1/PDL1 blockade with the modulation of another immune checkpoint target may have greater potential to enhance immune checkpoint blockade therapy. In this study, we identified an anti-PD1 monoclonal antibody, 609A, whose heavy chain can pair with a variety of light chains from different antibodies while maintaining its PD1 binding/blocking activity. Taking advantage of this property and using a linear F(ab')2 format, we successfully produced a series of tetravalent IgG-like BsAbs that simultaneously target PD1 and other immune checkpoint targets, including PDL1 and CTLA4. The BsAbs exhibited superior bioactivities in vitro and in vivo compared to their respective parental mAbs. Importantly, the BsAbs demonstrated the desired IgG-like physicochemical properties in terms of high-level expression, ease of purification to homogeneity, good stability and in vivo pharmacokinetics. In summary, we describe a novel and flexible plug-and-play platform to engineer IgG-like BsAbs with excellent development potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangfeng Jiang
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Haodong Yang
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Deng
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Meng
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Sixing Yang
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Zhao
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenping Zhu
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Haomin Huang
- Research and development, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. A 3SBio Inc. Company, Shanghai, China
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15
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Non-Antibody-Based Binders for the Enrichment of Proteins for Analysis by Mass Spectrometry. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121791. [PMID: 34944435 PMCID: PMC8698613 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is often a need to isolate proteins from body fluids, such as plasma or serum, prior to further analysis with (targeted) mass spectrometry. Although immunoglobulin or antibody-based binders have been successful in this regard, they possess certain disadvantages, which stimulated the development and validation of alternative, non-antibody-based binders. These binders are based on different protein scaffolds and are often selected and optimized using phage or other display technologies. This review focuses on several non-antibody-based binders in the context of enriching proteins for subsequent liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis and compares them to antibodies. In addition, we give a brief introduction to approaches for the immobilization of binders. The combination of non-antibody-based binders and targeted mass spectrometry is promising in areas, like regulated bioanalysis of therapeutic proteins or the quantification of biomarkers. However, the rather limited commercial availability of these binders presents a bottleneck that needs to be addressed.
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16
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Poussin M, Sereno A, Wu X, Huang F, Manro J, Cao S, Carpenito C, Glasebrook A, Powell Jr DJ, Demarest SJ. Dichotomous impact of affinity on the function of T cell engaging bispecific antibodies. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e002444. [PMID: 34253637 PMCID: PMC8276301 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bispecific T cell engagers represent the majority of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) entering the clinic to treat metastatic cancer. The ability to apply these agents safely and efficaciously in the clinic, particularly for solid tumors, has been challenging. Many preclinical studies have evaluated parameters related to the activity of T cell engaging BsAbs, but many questions remain. MAIN BODY This study investigates the impact of affinity of T cell engaging BsAbs with regards to potency, efficacy, and induction of immunomodulatory receptors/ligands using HER-2/CD3 BsAbs as a model system. We show that an IgG BsAb can be as efficacious as a smaller BsAb format both in vitro and in vivo. We uncover a dichotomous relationship between tumor-associated antigen (TAA) affinity and CD3 affinity requirements for cells that express high versus low levels of TAA. HER-2 affinity directly correlated with the CD3 engager lysis potency of HER-2/CD3 BsAbs when HER-2 receptor numbers are high (~200 K/cell), while the CD3 affinity did not impact potency until its binding affinity was extremely low (<600 nM). When HER-2 receptor numbers were lower (~20 K/cell), both HER-2 and CD3 affinity impacted potency. The high affinity anti-HER-2/low CD3 affinity BsAb also demonstrated lower cytokine induction levels in vivo and a dosing paradigm atypical of extremely high potency T cell engaging BsAbs reaching peak efficacy at doses >3 mg/kg. This data confirms that low CD3 affinity provides an opportunity for improved safety and dosing for T cell engaging BsAbs. T cell redirection also led to upregulation of Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and 4-1BB, but not CTLA-4 on T cells, and to Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) upregulation on HER-2HI SKOV3 tumor cells, but not on HER-2LO OVCAR3 tumor cells. Using this information, we combined anti-PD-1 or anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibodies with the HER-2/CD3 BsAb in vivo and demonstrated significantly increased efficacy against HER-2HI SKOV3 tumors via both combinations. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these studies provide an informational dive into the optimization process of CD3 engaging BsAbs for solid tumors indicating that a reduced affinity for CD3 may enable a better therapeutic index with a greater selectivity for the target tumor and a reduced cytokine release syndrome. These studies also provide an additional argument for combining T cell checkpoint inhibition and co-stimulation to achieve optimal efficacy. BACKGROUND
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Poussin
- Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arlene Sereno
- Eli Lilly and Company Biotechnology Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Xiufeng Wu
- Eli Lilly and Company Biotechnology Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Flora Huang
- Eli Lilly and Company Biotechnology Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jason Manro
- Eli Lilly and Company Biotechnology Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Shanshan Cao
- Eli Lilly and Company Biotechnology Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Carmine Carpenito
- Eli Lilly and Company Biotechnology Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Stelexis, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Glasebrook
- Eli Lilly and Company Biotechnology Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Toralgen, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Daniel J Powell Jr
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen J Demarest
- Eli Lilly and Company Biotechnology Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Tentarix, San Diego, California, USA
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17
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Yu L, Huang N, Ge L, Sun H, Fu Y, Liu C, Wang J. Structural design of tetravalent T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies: improve developability by engineering disulfide bonds. J Biol Eng 2021; 15:18. [PMID: 34187511 PMCID: PMC8243740 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-021-00272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the advances in protein engineering and manufacture, over the last 30 years, antibody-based immunotherapeutic has become a powerful strategy to treat diseases. The T-cell engaging bispecific antibody (BsAb) by combining the Fab binding domain of tumor antigens and Fab or single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) binding domain of CD3 molecules, could redirect cytotoxic T cells to kill tumor cells. The IgG-scFv format of BsAb is a dual bivalent and asymmetrical design, which adds the benefit of potent cytotoxicity and less complicated for manufacture but limits the stability and production. Here, we engineered a series of interchain disulfide bonds in the Fab region of IgG-svFv BsAbs and evaluated its biophysical and biological properties. We found that simultaneously replaced the position of VH44-VL100 and CH1126-CL121 residues with cysteine, to form two additional disulfide bonds, could markedly increase monomeric BsAb formation and yield. The thermostability and stability against aggregation and degradation also performed better than BsAbs without extra disulfide bonds introduction. Besides, the affinity of engineered BsAbs was maintained, and the h8B-BsAb antibody had a slight enhancement in an inhibitory effect on target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, 400044, Chongqing, China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Huang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, 402460, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Technology Research Center for Medical Animal Resources Development and Application, 402460, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, 402460, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Technology Research Center for Medical Animal Resources Development and Application, 402460, Chongqing, China
| | - Heng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, 400044, Chongqing, China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuna Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, 400044, Chongqing, China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, China
| | - Chundong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, 400044, Chongqing, China.
- Qiuzhen College, Huzhou University, No.1 Xueshi Road, Wuxing District, 313000, Huzhou, China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, 400044, Chongqing, China.
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, China.
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18
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Bogen JP, Carrara SC, Fiebig D, Grzeschik J, Hock B, Kolmar H. Design of a Trispecific Checkpoint Inhibitor and Natural Killer Cell Engager Based on a 2 + 1 Common Light Chain Antibody Architecture. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669496. [PMID: 34040611 PMCID: PMC8141644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cell engagers gained enormous interest in recent years due to their potent anti-tumor activity and favorable safety profile. Simultaneously, chicken-derived antibodies entered clinical studies paving the way for avian-derived therapeutics. In this study, we describe the affinity maturation of a common light chain (cLC)-based, chicken-derived antibody targeting EGFR, followed by utilization of the same light chain for the isolation of CD16a- and PD-L1-specific monoclonal antibodies. The resulting binders target their respective antigen with single-digit nanomolar affinity while blocking the ligand binding of all three respective receptors. Following library-based humanization, bispecific and trispecific variants in a standard 1 + 1 or a 2 + 1 common light chain format were generated, simultaneously targeting EGFR, CD16a, and PD-L1. The trispecific antibody mediated an elevated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in comparison to the EGFR×CD16a bispecific variant by effectively bridging EGFR/PD-L1 double-positive cancer cells with CD16a-positive effector cells. These findings represent, to our knowledge, the first detailed report on the generation of a trispecific 2 + 1 antibodies exhibiting a common light chain and illustrate synergistic effects of trispecific antigen binding. Overall, this generic procedure paves the way for the engineering of tri- and oligospecific therapeutic antibodies derived from avian immunizations.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibody Specificity
- B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- B7-H1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chickens
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Drug Design
- Epitopes
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/immunology
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P. Bogen
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefania C. Carrara
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - David Fiebig
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julius Grzeschik
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Björn Hock
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Ferring International Center S.A., Saint-Prex, Switzerland
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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19
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Ma J, Mo Y, Tang M, Shen J, Qi Y, Zhao W, Huang Y, Xu Y, Qian C. Bispecific Antibodies: From Research to Clinical Application. Front Immunol 2021; 12:626616. [PMID: 34025638 PMCID: PMC8131538 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.626616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are antibodies with two binding sites directed at two different antigens or two different epitopes on the same antigen. The clinical therapeutic effects of BsAbs are superior to those of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), with broad applications for tumor immunotherapy as well as for the treatment of other diseases. Recently, with progress in antibody or protein engineering and recombinant DNA technology, various platforms for generating different types of BsAbs based on novel strategies, for various uses, have been established. More than 30 mature commercial technology platforms have been used to create and develop BsAbs based on the heterologous recombination of heavy chains and matching of light chains. The detailed mechanisms of clinical/therapeutic action have been demonstrated with these different types of BsAbs. Three kinds of BsAbs have received market approval, and more than 110 types of BsAbs are at various stages of clinical trials. In this paper, we elaborate on the classic platforms, mechanisms, and applications of BsAbs. We hope that this review can stimulate new ideas for the development of BsAbs and improve current clinical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabing Ma
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yicheng Mo
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Menglin Tang
- IND Center, Chongqing Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Junjie Shen
- IND Center, Chongqing Precision Biotech Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Yanan Qi
- IND Center, Chongqing Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Wenxu Zhao
- IND Center, Chongqing Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Huang
- IND Center, Chongqing Precision Biotech Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Yanmin Xu
- IND Center, Chongqing Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
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20
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Development of a Tetravalent T-Cell Engaging Bispecific Antibody Against Glypican-3 for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Immunother 2021; 44:106-113. [PMID: 33239522 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancer therapies benefit from accelerated development of biotechnology, and many immunotherapeutic strategies spring up including vaccines, the immune checkpoint blockade, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and bispecific antibodies (BsAbs). Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a member of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan family of proteins and is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell membranes. Here, the authors describe a new tetravalent BsAb h8B-BsAb targeting GPC3 and CD3 antigens and studied its antitumor activities against HCC. h8B-BsAb was designed based on immunoglobulin G with a fragment variable fused to the light chain, whose biophysical stabilities including degradation resistance and thermostability were improved by introducing disulfide bonds. In vitro activity of h8B-BsAb showed potent T-cell recruitment and activation for HCC cell lysis by the presence of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but no specific killing in GPC3-negative cells. In HCC xenograft mouse studies, h8B-BsAb induced robust regression of tumors. In summary, we engineered a highly stable and efficacious BsAb as a potential candidate for HCC treatment.
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21
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Chen W, Mou KY, Solomon P, Aggarwal R, Leung KK, Wells JA. Large remodeling of the Myc-induced cell surface proteome in B cells and prostate cells creates new opportunities for immunotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2018861118. [PMID: 33483421 PMCID: PMC7848737 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018861118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC is a powerful transcription factor overexpressed in many human cancers including B cell and prostate cancers. Antibody therapeutics are exciting opportunities to attack cancers but require knowledge of surface proteins that change due to oncogene expression. To identify how MYC overexpression remodels the cell surface proteome in a cell autologous fashion and in different cell types, we investigated the impact of MYC overexpression on 800 surface proteins in three isogenic model cell lines either of B cell or prostate cell origin engineered to have high or low MYC levels. We found that MYC overexpression resulted in dramatic remodeling (both up- and down-regulation) of the cell surfaceome in a cell type-dependent fashion. We found systematic and large increases in distinct sets of >80 transporters including nucleoside transporters and nutrient transporters making cells more sensitive to toxic nucleoside analogs like cytarabine, commonly used for treating hematological cancers. Paradoxically, MYC overexpression also increased expression of surface proteins driving cell turnover such as TNFRSF10B, also known as death receptor 5, and immune cell attacking signals such as the natural killer cell activating ligand NCR3LG1, also known as B7-H6. We generated recombinant antibodies to these two targets and verified their up-regulation in MYC overexpression cell lines and showed they were sensitive to bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs). Our studies demonstrate how MYC overexpression leads to dramatic bidirectional remodeling of the surfaceome in a cell type-dependent but functionally convergent fashion and identify surface targets or combinations thereof as possible candidates for cytotoxic metabolite or immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | - Kurt Yun Mou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529
| | - Paige Solomon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Rahul Aggarwal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Kevin K Leung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
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22
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Shrestha B, Schaefer A, Chavez EC, Kopp AJ, Jacobs TM, Moench TR, Lai SK. Engineering tetravalent IgGs with enhanced agglutination potencies for trapping vigorously motile sperm in mucin matrix. Acta Biomater 2020; 117:226-234. [PMID: 32937206 PMCID: PMC8778962 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent antibodies such as sIgA can crosslink motile entities such as sperm and bacteria, creating agglomerates that are too large to permeate the dense mucin matrix in mucus, a process commonly referred to as immune exclusion. Unfortunately, sIgA remains challenging to produce in large quantities, and easily aggregates, which prevented their use in clinical applications. To develop sIgA-like tetravalent antibodies that are stable and can be easily produced in large quantities, we designed two IgGs possessing 4 identical Fab domains, with the Fabs arranged either in serial or in the diametrically opposite orientation. As a proof-of-concept, we engineered these tetravalent IgG constructs to bind a ubiquitous sperm antigen using a Fab previously isolated from an immune infertile woman. Both constructs possess at least 4-fold greater agglutination potency and induced much more rapid sperm agglutination than the parent IgG, while exhibiting comparable production yields and identical thermostability as the parent IgG. These tetravalent IgGs offer promise for non-hormonal contraception and underscores the multimerization of IgG as a promising strategy to enhance antibody effector functions based on immune exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Alison Schaefer
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Elizabeth C Chavez
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Alexander J Kopp
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Timothy M Jacobs
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | | | - Samuel K Lai
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Mucommune, LLC., Durham, NC 27709, United States.
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Sawant MS, Streu CN, Wu L, Tessier PM. Toward Drug-Like Multispecific Antibodies by Design. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7496. [PMID: 33053650 PMCID: PMC7589779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of antibody therapeutics is strongly influenced by their multifunctional nature that couples antigen recognition mediated by their variable regions with effector functions and half-life extension mediated by a subset of their constant regions. Nevertheless, the monospecific IgG format is not optimal for many therapeutic applications, and this has led to the design of a vast number of unique multispecific antibody formats that enable targeting of multiple antigens or multiple epitopes on the same antigen. Despite the diversity of these formats, a common challenge in generating multispecific antibodies is that they display suboptimal physical and chemical properties relative to conventional IgGs and are more difficult to develop into therapeutics. Here we review advances in the design and engineering of multispecific antibodies with drug-like properties, including favorable stability, solubility, viscosity, specificity and pharmacokinetic properties. We also highlight emerging experimental and computational methods for improving the next generation of multispecific antibodies, as well as their constituent antibody fragments, with natural IgG-like properties. Finally, we identify several outstanding challenges that need to be addressed to increase the success of multispecific antibodies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali S. Sawant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.S.S.); (C.N.S.)
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Craig N. Streu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.S.S.); (C.N.S.)
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, Albion College, Albion, MI 49224, USA
| | - Lina Wu
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter M. Tessier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.S.S.); (C.N.S.)
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Abstract
Bispecific therapeutics target two distinct antigens simultaneously and provide novel functionalities that are not attainable with single monospecific molecules or combinations of them. The unique potential of bispecific therapeutics is driving extensive efforts to discover synergistic dual targets, design molecular formats to integrate bispecific elements, and accelerate successful clinical translation. In particular, the past decade has witnessed a boom in the design and development of bispecific antibody formats with more than 100 collections to date. Despite the remarkable progress that has been made to expand the number of formats, qualitative fine-tuning of bispecific formats is needed to achieve optimal dual-target engagement based on understanding of the spatiotemporal interdependence of the two physically linked binding specificities and the complex target biology associated with bispecific approaches. This review provides insights into the design parameters - including affinity, valency, and geometry - that need to be considered at an early stage of development in order to take the best advantage of bispecific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung In Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Yongso-ro 45, Nam-gu, Busan, South Korea.
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25
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Froning K, Maguire J, Sereno A, Huang F, Chang S, Weichert K, Frommelt AJ, Dong J, Wu X, Austin H, Conner EM, Fitchett JR, Heng AR, Balasubramaniam D, Hilgers MT, Kuhlman B, Demarest SJ. Computational stabilization of T cell receptors allows pairing with antibodies to form bispecifics. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2330. [PMID: 32393818 PMCID: PMC7214467 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant T cell receptors (TCRs) can be used to redirect naïve T cells to eliminate virally infected or cancerous cells; however, they are plagued by low stability and uneven expression. Here, we use molecular modeling to identify mutations in the TCR constant domains (Cα/Cβ) that increase the unfolding temperature of Cα/Cβ by 20 °C, improve the expression of four separate α/β TCRs by 3- to 10-fold, and improve the assembly and stability of TCRs with poor intrinsic stability. The stabilizing mutations rescue the expression of TCRs destabilized through variable domain mutation. The improved stability and folding of the TCRs reduces glycosylation, perhaps through conformational stabilization that restricts access to N-linked glycosylation enzymes. The Cα/Cβ mutations enables antibody-like expression and assembly of well-behaved bispecific molecules that combine an anti-CD3 antibody with the stabilized TCR. These TCR/CD3 bispecifics can redirect T cells to kill tumor cells with target HLA/peptide on their surfaces in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Froning
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jack Maguire
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Arlene Sereno
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Flora Huang
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Shawn Chang
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Kenneth Weichert
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Anton J Frommelt
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jessica Dong
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Xiufeng Wu
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Heather Austin
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Elaine M Conner
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jonathan R Fitchett
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Aik Roy Heng
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | - Mark T Hilgers
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Brian Kuhlman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Stephen J Demarest
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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26
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Xiao Q, Xu C. Research progress on chemiluminescence immunoassay combined with novel technologies. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Goulet DR, Atkins WM. Considerations for the Design of Antibody-Based Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:74-103. [PMID: 31173761 PMCID: PMC6891151 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based proteins have become an important class of biologic therapeutics, due in large part to the stability, specificity, and adaptability of the antibody framework. Indeed, antibodies not only have the inherent ability to bind both antigens and endogenous immune receptors but also have proven extremely amenable to protein engineering. Thus, several derivatives of the monoclonal antibody format, including bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and antibody fragments, have demonstrated efficacy for treating human disease, particularly in the fields of immunology and oncology. Reviewed here are considerations for the design of antibody-based therapeutics, including immunological context, therapeutic mechanisms, and engineering strategies. First, characteristics of antibodies are introduced, with emphasis on structural domains, functionally important receptors, isotypic and allotypic differences, and modifications such as glycosylation. Then, aspects of therapeutic antibody design are discussed, including identification of antigen-specific variable regions, choice of expression system, use of multispecific formats, and design of antibody derivatives based on fragmentation, oligomerization, or conjugation to other functional moieties. Finally, strategies to enhance antibody function through protein engineering are reviewed while highlighting the impact of fundamental biophysical properties on protein developability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195.
| | - William M Atkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Chiu ML, Goulet DR, Teplyakov A, Gilliland GL. Antibody Structure and Function: The Basis for Engineering Therapeutics. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040055. [PMID: 31816964 PMCID: PMC6963682 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and antibody-derived macromolecules have established themselves as the mainstay in protein-based therapeutic molecules (biologics). Our knowledge of the structure–function relationships of antibodies provides a platform for protein engineering that has been exploited to generate a wide range of biologics for a host of therapeutic indications. In this review, our basic understanding of the antibody structure is described along with how that knowledge has leveraged the engineering of antibody and antibody-related therapeutics having the appropriate antigen affinity, effector function, and biophysical properties. The platforms examined include the development of antibodies, antibody fragments, bispecific antibody, and antibody fusion products, whose efficacy and manufacturability can be improved via humanization, affinity modulation, and stability enhancement. We also review the design and selection of binding arms, and avidity modulation. Different strategies of preparing bispecific and multispecific molecules for an array of therapeutic applications are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Chiu
- Drug Product Development Science, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Dennis R. Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, P.O. Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA;
| | - Alexey Teplyakov
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
| | - Gary L. Gilliland
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
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29
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van der Schoot JMS, Fennemann FL, Valente M, Dolen Y, Hagemans IM, Becker AMD, Le Gall CM, van Dalen D, Cevirgel A, van Bruggen JAC, Engelfriet M, Caval T, Bentlage AEH, Fransen MF, Nederend M, Leusen JHW, Heck AJR, Vidarsson G, Figdor CG, Verdoes M, Scheeren FA. Functional diversification of hybridoma-produced antibodies by CRISPR/HDR genomic engineering. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw1822. [PMID: 31489367 PMCID: PMC6713500 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hybridoma technology is instrumental for the development of novel antibody therapeutics and diagnostics. Recent preclinical and clinical studies highlight the importance of antibody isotype for therapeutic efficacy. However, since the sequence encoding the constant domains is fixed, tuning antibody function in hybridomas has been restricted. Here, we demonstrate a versatile CRISPR/HDR platform to rapidly engineer the constant immunoglobulin domains to obtain recombinant hybridomas, which secrete antibodies in the preferred format, species, and isotype. Using this platform, we obtained recombinant hybridomas secreting Fab' fragments, isotype-switched chimeric antibodies, and Fc-silent mutants. These antibody products are stable, retain their antigen specificity, and display their intrinsic Fc-effector functions in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we can site-specifically attach cargo to these antibody products via chemoenzymatic modification. We believe that this versatile platform facilitates antibody engineering for the entire scientific community, empowering preclinical antibody research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan M. S. van der Schoot
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Felix L. Fennemann
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Michael Valente
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Yusuf Dolen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Iris M. Hagemans
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anouk M. D. Becker
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Camille M. Le Gall
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Duco van Dalen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alper Cevirgel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jaco A. C. van Bruggen
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Melanie Engelfriet
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tomislav Caval
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arthur E. H. Bentlage
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, Amsterdam 1066 CX, Netherlands
| | - Marieke F. Fransen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maaike Nederend
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, Amsterdam 1066 CX, Netherlands
| | - Carl G. Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ferenc A. Scheeren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
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30
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Huckaby JT, Parker CL, Jacobs TM, Schaefer A, Wadsworth D, Nguyen A, Wang A, Newby J, Lai SK. Engineering Polymer-Binding Bispecific Antibodies for Enhanced Pretargeted Delivery of Nanoparticles to Mucus-Covered Epithelium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5604-5608. [PMID: 30811861 PMCID: PMC7259474 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mucus represents a major barrier to sustained and targeted drug delivery to mucosal epithelium. Ideal drug carriers should not only rapidly diffuse across mucus, but also bind the epithelium. Unfortunately, ligand-conjugated particles often exhibit poor penetration across mucus. In this work, we explored a two-step "pretargeting" approach through engineering a bispecific antibody that binds both cell-surface ICAM-1 and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the surface of nanoparticles, thereby effectively decoupling cell targeting from particle design and formulation. When tested in a mucus-coated Caco-2 culture model that mimics the physiological process of mucus clearance, pretargeting increased the amount of PEGylated particles binding to cells by around 2-fold or more compared to either non-targeted or actively targeted PEGylated particles. Pretargeting also markedly enhanced particle retention in mouse intestinal tissues. Our work underscores pretargeting as a promising strategy to improve the delivery of therapeutics to mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T. Huckaby
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Christina L. Parker
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tim M. Jacobs
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alison Schaefer
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Daniel Wadsworth
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alexander Nguyen
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Anting Wang
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jay Newby
- Department of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G1, CA
| | - Samuel K. Lai
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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31
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Huckaby JT, Parker CL, Jacobs TM, Schaefer A, Wadsworth D, Nguyen A, Wang A, Newby J, Lai SK. Engineering Polymer‐Binding Bispecific Antibodies for Enhanced Pretargeted Delivery of Nanoparticles to Mucus‐Covered Epithelium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin T. Huckaby
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Christina L. Parker
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Tim M. Jacobs
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Alison Schaefer
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Daniel Wadsworth
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Alexander Nguyen
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Anting Wang
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Jay Newby
- Department of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G1 Canada
| | - Samuel K. Lai
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
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32
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Zhang F, Liu B, Zhang Y, Wang J, Lu Y, Deng J, Wang S. Application of CdTe/CdS/ZnS quantum dot in immunoassay for aflatoxin B1 and molecular modeling of antibody recognition. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1047:139-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have moved from being an academic curiosity with therapeutic promise to reality, with two molecules being currently commercialized (Hemlibra® and Blincyto®) and many more in clinical trials. The success of bispecific antibodies is mainly due to the continuously growing number of mechanisms of actions (MOA) they enable that are not accessible to monoclonal antibodies. One of the earliest MOA of bispecific antibodies and currently the one with the largest number of clinical trials is the redirecting of the cytotoxic activity of T-cells for oncology applications, now extending its use in infective diseases. The use of bispecific antibodies for crossing the blood-brain barrier is another important application because of its potential to advance the therapeutic options for neurological diseases. Another noteworthy application due to its growing trend is enabling a more tissue-specific delivery or activity of antibodies. The different molecular solutions to the initial hurdles that limited the development of bispecific antibodies have led to the current diverse set of bispecific or multispecific antibody formats that can be grouped into three main categories: IgG-like formats, antibody fragment-based formats, or appended IgG formats. The expanded applications of bispecific antibodies come at the price of additional challenges for clinical development. The rising complexity in their structure may increase the risk of immunogenicity and the multiple antigen specificity complicates the selection of relevant species for safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Husain
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Diego Ellerman
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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34
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Cooke HA, Arndt J, Quan C, Shapiro RI, Wen D, Foley S, Vecchi MM, Preyer M. EFab domain substitution as a solution to the light-chain pairing problem of bispecific antibodies. MAbs 2018; 10:1248-1259. [PMID: 30215570 PMCID: PMC6284599 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1519631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibody therapeutics can expand the functionality of a conventional monoclonal antibody drug because they can bind multiple antigens. However, their great potential is counterbalanced by the challenges faced in their production. The classic asymmetric bispecific containing an Fc requires the expression of four unique chains – two light chains and two heavy chains; each light chain must pair with its correct heavy chain, which then must heterodimerize to form the full bispecific. The light-chain pairing problem has several solutions, some of which require engineering and optimization for each bispecific pair. Here, we introduce a technology called EFab Domain Substitution, which replaces the Cϵ2 of IgE for one of the CL/CH1 domains into one arm of an asymmetric bispecific to encourage the correct pairing of the light chains. EFab Domain Substitution provides very robust correct pairing while maintaining antibody function and is effective for many variable domains. We report its effect on the biophysical properties of an antibody and the crystal structure of the EFab domain substituted into the adalimumab Fab (PDB ID 6CR1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Cooke
- a Department of Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences , Biogen , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Joe Arndt
- a Department of Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences , Biogen , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Chao Quan
- a Department of Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences , Biogen , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Renée I Shapiro
- a Department of Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences , Biogen , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Dingyi Wen
- a Department of Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences , Biogen , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Susan Foley
- a Department of Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences , Biogen , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Malgorzata M Vecchi
- a Department of Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences , Biogen , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Martin Preyer
- a Department of Biotherapeutic and Medicinal Sciences , Biogen , Cambridge , MA , USA
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35
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Wu X, Demarest SJ. Building blocks for bispecific and trispecific antibodies. Methods 2018; 154:3-9. [PMID: 30172007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), which target two antigens or epitopes, incorporate the specificities and properties of two distinct monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) into a single molecule. As such, BsAbs can elicit synergistic activities and provide the capacity for enhanced therapeutic efficacy and/or safety compared to what can be achieved with conventional monospecific IgGs. There are many building block formats to generate BsAbs and Trispecific antibodies (TsAbs) based on combining the antigen recognition domains of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). This review describes the many and varied antibody-based building blocks used to achieve multivalency and multispecificity. These diverse building blocks provide opportunities to tailor the design of BsAbs and TsAbs to match the desired applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Wu
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10290 Campus Point Dr., San Diego, CA 92121, United States.
| | - Stephen J Demarest
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10290 Campus Point Dr., San Diego, CA 92121, United States
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Pan H, Liu J, Deng W, Xing J, Li Q, Wang Z. Site-specific PEGylation of an anti-CEA/CD3 bispecific antibody improves its antitumor efficacy. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:3189-3201. [PMID: 29881272 PMCID: PMC5985803 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s164542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bispecific antibodies that engage immune cells to kill cancer cells are actively pursued in cancer immunotherapy. Different types of bispecific antibodies, including single-chain fragments, Fab fragments, nanobodies, and immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs), have been studied. However, the low molecular weight of bispecific antibodies with single-chain or Fab fragments generally leads to their rapid clearance in vivo, which limits the therapeutic potential of these bispecific antibodies. Materials and methods In this study, we used a site-specific PEGylation strategy to modify the bispecific single-domain antibody-linked Fab (S-Fab), which was designed by linking an anticarcinoembryonic antigen (anti-CEA) nanobody with an anti-CD3 Fab. Results The half-life (t1/2) of PEGylated S-Fab (polyethylene glycol-S-Fab) was increased 12-fold in vivo with a slightly decreased tumor cell cytotoxicity in vitro as well as more potent tumor growth inhibition in vivo compared to S-Fab. Conclusion This study demonstrated that PEGylation is an effective approach to enhance the antitumor efficacy of bispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentong Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieyu Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Chen ZJ, Zhang X, Wang BF, Rao MF, Wang H, Lei HT, Liu H, Zhang Y, Sun YM, Xu ZL. Production of Antigen-Binding Fragment against O, O-Diethyl Organophosphorus Pesticides and Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Antibody Recognition. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051381. [PMID: 29734787 PMCID: PMC5983703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoassay for pesticides is an emerging analytical method since it is rapid, efficient, sensitive, and inexpensive. In this study, a recombinant antigen-binding fragment (Fab) against a broad set of O,O-diethyl organophosphorus pesticides (DOPs) was produced and characterized. The κ chain and Fd fragment were amplified via PCR and inserted into the vector pComb3XSS and the soluble Fab on phagemid pComb3XSS was induced by isopropyl β-d-thiogalactoside in E. coli TOP 10F’. SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, and indirect competitive ELISA results indicated that Fab maintained the good characteristics of the parental mAb. To better understand antibody recognition, the three-dimensional (3D) model of Fab was built via homologous modeling and the interaction between Fab and DOPs was studied via molecular docking and dynamics simulations. The model clearly explained the interaction manner of Fab and DOPs, and showed that the Arg-L96 and Arg-H52 were mainly responsible for antibody binding. This work provided a foundation for further mutagenesis of Fab to improve its characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jian Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Bing-Feng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Mei-Fang Rao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Hong-Tao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Hui Liu
- Guangdong Institute of Product Quality Supervision and Inspection, Foshan 528300, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Product Quality Supervision and Inspection, Foshan 528300, China.
| | - Yuan-Ming Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Zhen-Lin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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38
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Wu X, Yuan R, Bacica M, Demarest SJ. Generation of orthogonal Fab-based trispecific antibody formats. Protein Eng Des Sel 2018; 31:249-256. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Wu
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10290 Campus Point Dr., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Richard Yuan
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10290 Campus Point Dr., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Bacica
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10290 Campus Point Dr., San Diego, CA, USA
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Wang Z, Li Y, Liang W, Zheng J, Li S, Hu C, Chen A. A Highly Sensitive Detection System based on Proximity-dependent Hybridization with Computer-aided Affinity Maturation of a scFv Antibody. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3837. [PMID: 29497069 PMCID: PMC5832849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a critical health problem worldwide, and HBV preS1 is an important biomarker for monitoring HBV infection. Previously, we found that a murine monoclonal antibody, mAb-D8, targets the preS1 (aa91-107) fragment of HBV. To improve its performance, we prepared the single-chain variable region of mAb-D8 (scFvD8) and constructed the three-dimensional structure of the scFvD8-preS1 (aa91-107) complex by computer modelling. The affinity of scFvD8 was markedly increased by the introduction of mutations L96Tyr to Ser and H98Asp to Ser. Furthermore, a highly sensitive immunosensor was designed based on a proximity-dependent hybridization strategy in which the preS1 antigen competitively reacts with an antibody labelled with DNA, resulting in decreased proximity-dependent hybridization and increased electrochemical signal from the Fc fragment, which can be used for the quantisation of preS1. The results showed a wide detection range from 1 pM to 50 pM with a detection limit of 0.1 pM. The sensitivity and specificity of this immunosensor in clinical serum samples were 100% and 96%, respectively. This study provides a novel system based on proximity-dependent hybridization and the scFv antibody fragment for the rapid quantisation of antigens of interest with a high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medical Laboratory, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Laboratory, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Wenbin Liang
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medical Laboratory, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Junsong Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Laboratory, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Shuhui Li
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medical Laboratory, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Chuanmin Hu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medical Laboratory, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - An Chen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medical Laboratory, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, PR China.
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40
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Verdino P, Atwell S, Demarest SJ. Emerging trends in bispecific antibody and scaffold protein therapeutics. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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41
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Abstract
Harnessing the power of the human immune system to treat cancer is the essence of immunotherapy. Monoclonal antibodies engage the innate immune system to destroy targeted cells. For the last 30years, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity have been the main mechanisms of anti-tumor action of unconjugated antibody drugs. Efforts to exploit the potentials of other immune cells, in particular T cells, culminated in the recent approval of two T cell engaging bispecific antibody (T-BsAb) drugs, thereby stimulating new efforts to accelerate similar platforms through preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we have compiled the worldwide effort in exploring T cell engaging bispecific antibodies. Our special emphasis is on the lessons learned, with the hope to derive insights in this fast evolving field with tremendous clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - N V Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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42
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Du J, Cao Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Fu G, Zhang Y, Lu L, Luo X, Kim CH, Schultz PG, Wang F. Engineering Bifunctional Antibodies with Constant Region Fusion Architectures. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:18607-18615. [PMID: 29186655 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report a method to generate bifunctional antibodies by grafting full-length proteins into constant region loops of a full-length antibody or an antigen-binding fragment (Fab). The fusion proteins retain the antigen binding activity of the parent antibody but have an additional activity associated with the protein insert. The engineered antibodies have excellent in vitro activity, physiochemical properties, and stability. Among these, a Her2 × CD3 bispecific antibody (BsAb) was constructed by inserting an anti-Her2 single-chain variable fragment (ScFv) into an anti-CD3 Fab. This bispecific antibody efficiently induces targeted cell lysis in the presence of effector cells at as low as sub-picomolar concentrations in vitro. Moreover, the Her2 × CD3 BsAb shows potent in vivo antitumor activity in mouse Her22+ and Her21+ xenograft models. These results demonstrate that insertion of a full-length protein into non-CDR loops of antibodies provides a feasible approach to generate multifunctional antibodies for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Du
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yong Zhang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Guangsen Fu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lucy Lu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Xiaozhou Luo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chan Hyuk Kim
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Peter G Schultz
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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43
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Brinkmann U, Kontermann RE. The making of bispecific antibodies. MAbs 2017; 9:182-212. [PMID: 28071970 PMCID: PMC5297537 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1268307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 598] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades we have seen a phenomenal evolution of bispecific antibodies for therapeutic applications. The 'zoo' of bispecific antibodies is populated by many different species, comprising around 100 different formats, including small molecules composed solely of the antigen-binding sites of two antibodies, molecules with an IgG structure, and large complex molecules composed of different antigen-binding moieties often combined with dimerization modules. The application of sophisticated molecular design and genetic engineering has solved many of the technical problems associated with the formation of bispecific antibodies such as stability, solubility and other parameters that confer drug properties. These parameters may be summarized under the term 'developability'. In addition, different 'target product profiles', i.e., desired features of the bispecific antibody to be generated, mandates the need for access to a diverse panel of formats. These may vary in size, arrangement, valencies, flexibility and geometry of their binding modules, as well as in their distribution and pharmacokinetic properties. There is not 'one best format' for generating bispecific antibodies, and no single format is suitable for all, or even most of, the desired applications. Instead, the bispecific formats collectively serve as a valuable source of diversity that can be applied to the development of therapeutics for various indications. Here, a comprehensive overview of the different bispecific antibody formats is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Im Nonnenwald, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Roland E. Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring, Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstraße, Stuttgart, Germany
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44
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Froning KJ, Leaver-Fay A, Wu X, Phan S, Gao L, Huang F, Pustilnik A, Bacica M, Houlihan K, Chai Q, Fitchett JR, Hendle J, Kuhlman B, Demarest SJ. Computational design of a specific heavy chain/κ light chain interface for expressing fully IgG bispecific antibodies. Protein Sci 2017; 26:2021-2038. [PMID: 28726352 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The use of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) to treat human diseases is on the rise. Increasingly complex and powerful therapeutic mechanisms made possible by BsAbs are spurring innovation of novel BsAb formats and methods for their production. The long-lived in vivo pharmacokinetics, optimal biophysical properties and potential effector functions of natural IgG monoclonal (and monospecific) antibodies has resulted in a push to generate fully IgG BsAb formats with the same quaternary structure as monoclonal IgGs. The production of fully IgG BsAbs is challenging because of the highly heterogeneous pairing of heavy chains (HCs) and light chains (LCs) when produced in mammalian cells with two IgG HCs and two LCs. A solution to the HC heterodimerization aspect of IgG BsAb production was first discovered two decades ago; however, addressing the LC mispairing issue has remained intractable until recently. Here, we use computational and rational engineering to develop novel designs to the HC/LC pairing issue, and particularly for κ LCs. Crystal structures of these designs highlight the interactions that provide HC/LC specificity. We produce and characterize multiple fully IgG BsAbs using these novel designs. We demonstrate the importance of specificity engineering in both the variable and constant domains to achieve robust HC/LC specificity within all the BsAbs. These solutions facilitate the production of fully IgG BsAbs for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Froning
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - A Leaver-Fay
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - X Wu
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - S Phan
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - L Gao
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - F Huang
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - A Pustilnik
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - M Bacica
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - K Houlihan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Q Chai
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - J R Fitchett
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - J Hendle
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - B Kuhlman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - S J Demarest
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
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45
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Gong S, Ren F, Wu D, Wu X, Wu C. Fabs-in-tandem immunoglobulin is a novel and versatile bispecific design for engaging multiple therapeutic targets. MAbs 2017; 9:1118-1128. [PMID: 28692328 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1345401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the development of bispecific antibody (bsAb) has become a major trend in the biopharmaceutical industry. By simultaneously engaging 2 molcular targets, bsAbs show unique mechanisms of action that could lead to clinical benefits unattainable by conventional monoclonal antibodies. Various bsAb generation formats have been described, and several are being investigated in clinical development. However, some bsAb constructs have proven to be problematic due to their unfavorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, as well as poor manufacturing efficiencies. We describe here a new bispecific design, Fabs-in-tandem immunoglobulin (FIT-Ig), in which 2 antigen-binding fragments are fused directly in a crisscross orientation without any mutations or use of peptide linkers. This unique design provides a symmetric IgG-like bispecific molecule with correct association of 2 sets of VH/VL pairs. We show that FIT-Ig molecules exhibit favorable drug-like properties, in vitro and in vivo functions, as well as manufacturing efficiency for commercial development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fang Ren
- a EpimAb Biotherapeutics , Shanghai , China
| | - Danqing Wu
- a EpimAb Biotherapeutics , Shanghai , China
| | - Xuan Wu
- a EpimAb Biotherapeutics , Shanghai , China
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46
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Knapp B, Dunbar J, Alcala M, Deane CM. Variable Regions of Antibodies and T-Cell Receptors May Not Be Sufficient in Molecular Simulations Investigating Binding. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:3097-3105. [PMID: 28617587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies and T-cell receptors are important proteins of the immune system that share similar structures. Both contain variable and constant regions. Insight into the dynamics of their binding can be provided by computational simulations. For these simulations the constant regions are often removed to save runtime as binding occurs in the variable regions. Here we present the first study to investigate the effect of removing the constant regions from antibodies and T-cell receptors on such simulations. We performed simulations of an antibody/antigen and T-cell receptor/MHC system with and without constant regions using 10 replicas of 100 ns of each of the four setups. We found that simulations without constant regions show significantly different behavior compared to simulations with constant regions. If the constant regions are not included in the simulations alterations in the binding interface hydrogen bonds and even partial unbinding can occur. These results indicate that constant regions should be included in antibody and T-cell receptor simulations for reliable conclusions to be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Knapp
- Department of Statistics, Protein Informatics Group, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3BD, U.K.,Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, International University of Catalonia , 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - James Dunbar
- Department of Statistics, Protein Informatics Group, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3BD, U.K.,Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Marta Alcala
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, International University of Catalonia , 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Charlotte M Deane
- Department of Statistics, Protein Informatics Group, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3BD, U.K
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47
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Ha JH, Kim JE, Kim YS. Immunoglobulin Fc Heterodimer Platform Technology: From Design to Applications in Therapeutic Antibodies and Proteins. Front Immunol 2016; 7:394. [PMID: 27766096 PMCID: PMC5052280 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The monospecific and bivalent characteristics of naturally occurring immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies depend on homodimerization of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) regions of two identical heavy chains (HCs) and the subsequent assembly of two identical light chains (LCs) via disulfide linkages between each HC and LC. Immunoglobulin Fc heterodimers have been engineered through modifications to the CH3 domain interface, with different mutations on each domain such that the engineered Fc fragments, carrying the CH3 variant pair, preferentially form heterodimers rather than homodimers. Many research groups have adopted different strategies to generate Fc heterodimers, with the goal of high heterodimerization yield, while retaining biophysical and biological properties of the wild-type Fc. Based on their ability to enforce heterodimerization between the two different HCs, the established Fc heterodimers have been extensively exploited as a scaffold to generate bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) in full-length IgG and IgG-like formats. These have many of the favorable properties of natural IgG antibodies, such as high stability, long serum half-life, low immunogenicity, and immune effector functions. As of July 2016, more than seven heterodimeric Fc-based IgG-format bsAbs are being evaluated in clinical trials. In addition to bsAbs, heterodimeric Fc technology is very promising for the generation of Fc-fused proteins and peptides, as well as cytokines (immunocytokines), which can present the fusion partners in the natural monomeric or heterodimeric form rather than the artificial homodimeric form with wild-type Fc. Here, we present relevant concepts and strategies for the generation of heterodimeric Fc proteins, and their application in the development of bsAbs in diverse formats for optimal biological activity. In addition, we describe wild-type Fc-fused monomeric and heterodimeric proteins, along with the difficulties associated with their preparations, and discuss the use of heterodimeric Fc as an alternative scaffold of wild-type Fc for naturally monomeric or heterodimeric proteins, to create Fc-fusion proteins with novel therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hee Ha
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University , Suwon , Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University , Suwon , Korea
| | - Yong-Sung Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea; Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
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48
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Chiu ML, Gilliland GL. Engineering antibody therapeutics. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 38:163-73. [PMID: 27525816 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The successful introduction of antibody-based protein therapeutics into the arsenal of treatments for patients has within a few decades fostered intense innovation in the production and engineering of antibodies. Reviewed here are the methods currently used to produce antibodies along with how our knowledge of the structural and functional characterization of immunoglobulins has resulted in the engineering of antibodies to produce protein therapeutics with unique properties, both biological and biophysical, that are leading to novel therapeutic approaches. Antibody engineering includes the introduction of the antibody combining site (variable regions) into a host of architectures including bi and multi-specific formats that further impact the therapeutic properties leading to further advantages and successes in patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Chiu
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Gary L Gilliland
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
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49
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Klein C, Schaefer W, Regula JT. The use of CrossMAb technology for the generation of bi- and multispecific antibodies. MAbs 2016; 8:1010-20. [PMID: 27285945 PMCID: PMC4968094 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1197457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The major challenge in the generation of bispecific IgG antibodies is enforcement of the correct heavy and light chain association. The correct association of generic light chains can be enabled using immunoglobulin domain crossover, known as CrossMAb technology, which can be combined with approaches enabling correct heavy chain association such as knobs-into-holes (KiH) technology or electrostatic steering. Since its development, this technology has proven to be very versatile, allowing the generation of various bispecific antibody formats, not only heterodimeric/asymmetric bivalent 1+1 CrossMAbs, but also tri- (2+1), tetravalent (2+2) bispecific and multispecific antibodies. Numerous CrossMAbs have been evaluated in preclinical studies, and, so far, 4 different tailor-made bispecific antibodies based on the CrossMAb technology have entered clinical studies. Here, we review the properties and activities of bispecific CrossMAbs and give an overview of the variety of CrossMAb-enabled antibody formats that differ from heterodimeric 1+1 bispecific IgG antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klein
- a Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Wagistrasse , Schlieren , Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Schaefer
- b Roche Innovation Center Munich , Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Nonnenwald , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Jörg T Regula
- b Roche Innovation Center Munich , Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Nonnenwald , Penzberg , Germany
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Steinmetz A, Vallée F, Beil C, Lange C, Baurin N, Beninga J, Capdevila C, Corvey C, Dupuy A, Ferrari P, Rak A, Wonerow P, Kruip J, Mikol V, Rao E. CODV-Ig, a universal bispecific tetravalent and multifunctional immunoglobulin format for medical applications. MAbs 2016; 8:867-78. [PMID: 26984268 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1162932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific immunoglobulins (Igs) typically contain at least two distinct variable domains (Fv) that bind to two different target proteins. They are conceived to facilitate clinical development of biotherapeutic agents for diseases where improved clinical outcome is obtained or expected by combination therapy compared to treatment by single agents. Almost all existing formats are linear in their concept and differ widely in drug-like and manufacture-related properties. To overcome their major limitations, we designed cross-over dual variable Ig-like proteins (CODV-Ig). Their design is akin to the design of circularly closed repeat architectures. Indeed, initial results showed that the traditional approach of utilizing (G4S)x linkers for biotherapeutics design does not identify functional CODV-Igs. Therefore, we applied an unprecedented molecular modeling strategy for linker design that consistently results in CODV-Igs with excellent biochemical and biophysical properties. CODV architecture results in a circular self-contained structure functioning as a self-supporting truss that maintains the parental antibody affinities for both antigens without positional effects. The format is universally suitable for therapeutic applications targeting both circulating and membrane-localized proteins. Due to the full functionality of the Fc domains, serum half-life extension as well as antibody- or complement-dependent cytotoxicity may support biological efficiency of CODV-Igs. We show that judicious choice in combination of epitopes and paratope orientations of bispecific biotherapeutics is anticipated to be critical for clinical outcome. Uniting the major advantages of alternative bispecific biotherapeutics, CODV-Igs are applicable in a wide range of disease areas for fast-track multi-parametric drug optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Steinmetz
- c Sanofi R&D, LGCR, Center de Recherche Vitry-sur-Seine , Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex , France
| | - François Vallée
- c Sanofi R&D, LGCR, Center de Recherche Vitry-sur-Seine , Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex , France
| | - Christian Beil
- a Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Global Biotherapeutics, Industriepark Hoechst , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Christian Lange
- a Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Global Biotherapeutics, Industriepark Hoechst , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Nicolas Baurin
- c Sanofi R&D, LGCR, Center de Recherche Vitry-sur-Seine , Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex , France
| | - Jochen Beninga
- a Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Global Biotherapeutics, Industriepark Hoechst , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Cécile Capdevila
- b Sanofi R&D, Global Biotherapeutics, Center de Recherche Vitry-sur-Seine , Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex , France
| | - Carsten Corvey
- a Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Global Biotherapeutics, Industriepark Hoechst , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Alain Dupuy
- c Sanofi R&D, LGCR, Center de Recherche Vitry-sur-Seine , Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex , France
| | - Paul Ferrari
- b Sanofi R&D, Global Biotherapeutics, Center de Recherche Vitry-sur-Seine , Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex , France
| | - Alexey Rak
- c Sanofi R&D, LGCR, Center de Recherche Vitry-sur-Seine , Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex , France
| | - Peter Wonerow
- a Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Global Biotherapeutics, Industriepark Hoechst , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Jochen Kruip
- a Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Global Biotherapeutics, Industriepark Hoechst , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Vincent Mikol
- c Sanofi R&D, LGCR, Center de Recherche Vitry-sur-Seine , Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex , France
| | - Ercole Rao
- a Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Global Biotherapeutics, Industriepark Hoechst , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
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