1
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Tabll AA, Shahein YE, Omran MM, Hussein NA, El-Shershaby A, Petrovic A, Glasnovic M, Smolic R, Smolic M. Monoclonal IgY antibodies: advancements and limitations for immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy applications. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2024; 12:25151355241264520. [PMID: 39071998 PMCID: PMC11273732 DOI: 10.1177/25151355241264520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to their high specificity and scalability, Monoclonal IgY antibodies have emerged as a valuable alternative to traditional polyclonal IgY antibodies. This abstract provides an overview of the production and purification methods of monoclonal IgY antibodies, highlights their advantages over polyclonal IgY antibodies, and discusses their recent applications. Monoclonal recombinant IgY antibodies, in contrast to polyclonal IgY antibodies, offer several benefits. such as derived from a single B-cell clone, monoclonal antibodies exhibit superior specificity, ensuring consistent and reliable results. Furthermore, it explores the suitability of monoclonal IgY antibodies for low- and middle-income countries, considering their cost-effectiveness and accessibility. We also discussed future directions and challenges in using polyclonal IgY and monoclonal IgY antibodies. In conclusion, monoclonal IgY antibodies offer substantial advantages over polyclonal IgY antibodies regarding specificity, scalability, and consistent performance. Their recent applications in diagnostics, therapeutics, and research highlight their versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A. Tabll
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Yasser E. Shahein
- Molecular Biology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Omran
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nahla A. Hussein
- Molecular Biology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Asmaa El-Shershaby
- Molecular Biology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ana Petrovic
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marija Glasnovic
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Robert Smolic
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Smolic
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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2
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McConnell SA, Casadevall A. Immunoglobulin constant regions provide stabilization to the paratope and enforce epitope specificity. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107397. [PMID: 38763332 PMCID: PMC11215335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Constant domains in antibody molecules at the level of the Fab (CH1 and CL) have long been considered to be simple scaffolding elements that physically separate the paratope-defining variable (V) region from the effector function-mediating constant (C) regions. However, due to recent findings that C domains of different isotypes can modulate the fine specificity encoded in the V region, elucidating the role of C domains in shaping the paratope and influencing specificity is a critical area of interest. To dissect the relative contributions of each C domain to this phenomenon, we generated antibody fragments with different C regions omitted, using a set of antibodies targeting capsular polysaccharides from the fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans. Antigen specificity mapping and functional activity measurements revealed that V region-only antibody fragments exhibited poly-specificity to antigenic variants and extended to recognition of self-antigens, while measurable hydrolytic activity of the capsule was greatly attenuated. To better understand the mechanistic origins of the remarkable loss of specificity that accompanies the removal of C domains from identical paratopes, we performed molecular dynamics simulations which revealed increased paratope plasticity in the scFv relative to the corresponding Fab. Together, our results provide insight into how the remarkable specificity of immunoglobulins is governed and maintained at the level of the Fab through the enforcement of structural restrictions on the paratope by CH1 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A McConnell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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3
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Guo D, De Sciscio ML, Chi-Fung Ng J, Fraternali F. Modelling the assembly and flexibility of antibody structures. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2024; 84:102757. [PMID: 38118364 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies are large protein assemblies capable of both specifically recognising antigens and engaging with other proteins and receptors to coordinate immune action. Traditionally, structural studies have been dedicated to antibody variable regions, but efforts to determine and model full-length antibody structures are emerging. Here we review the current knowledge on modelling the structures of antibody assemblies, focusing on their conformational flexibility and the challenge this poses to obtaining and evaluating structural models. Integrative modelling approaches, combining experiments (cryo-electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, etc.) and computational methods (molecular dynamics simulations, deep-learning based approaches, etc.), hold the promise to map the complex conformational landscape of full-length antibody structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjun Guo
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Laura De Sciscio
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Joseph Chi-Fung Ng
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Franca Fraternali
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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4
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Skóra T, Janssen M, Carlson A, Kondrat S. Crowding-Regulated Binding of Divalent Biomolecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:258401. [PMID: 37418731 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.258401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular crowding affects biophysical processes as diverse as diffusion, gene expression, cell growth, and senescence. Yet, there is no comprehensive understanding of how crowding affects reactions, particularly multivalent binding. Herein, we use scaled particle theory and develop a molecular simulation method to investigate the binding of monovalent to divalent biomolecules. We find that crowding can increase or reduce cooperativity-the extent to which the binding of a second molecule is enhanced after binding a first molecule-by orders of magnitude, depending on the sizes of the involved molecular complexes. Cooperativity generally increases when a divalent molecule swells and then shrinks upon binding two ligands. Our calculations also reveal that, in some cases, crowding enables binding that does not occur otherwise. As an immunological example, we consider immunoglobulin G-antigen binding and show that crowding enhances its cooperativity in bulk but reduces it when an immunoglobulin G binds antigens on a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Skóra
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Mathijs Janssen
- Department of Mathematics, Mechanics Division, University of Oslo, N-0851 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pb 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Andreas Carlson
- Department of Mathematics, Mechanics Division, University of Oslo, N-0851 Oslo, Norway
| | - Svyatoslav Kondrat
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
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5
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Crowley AR, Mehlenbacher MR, Sajadi MM, DeVico AL, Lewis GK, Ackerman ME. Evidence of variable human Fcγ receptor-Fc affinities across differentially-complexed IgG. MAbs 2023; 15:2231128. [PMID: 37405954 PMCID: PMC10324447 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2231128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated effector functions are widely considered to unfold according to an associative model of IgG-Fcγ receptor (FcγR) interactions. The associative model presupposes that Fc receptors cannot discriminate antigen-bound IgG from free IgG in solution and have equivalent affinities for each. Therefore, the clustering of Fcγ receptors (FcγR) in the cell membrane, cross-activation of intracellular signaling domains, and the formation of the immune synapse are all the result of avid interactions between the Fc region of IgG and FcγRs that collectively overcome the individually weak, transient interactions between binding partners. Antibody allostery, specifically conformational allostery, is a competing model in which antigen-bound antibody molecules undergo a physical rearrangement that causes them to stand out from the background of free IgG by virtue of greater FcγR affinity. Various evidence exists in support of this model of antibody allostery, but it remains controversial. We report observations from multiplexed, label-free kinetic experiments in which the affinity values of FcγR were characterized for covalently immobilized, captured, and antigen-bound IgG. Across the strategies tested, receptors had greater affinity for the antigen-bound mode of IgG presentation. This phenomenon was observed across multiple FcγRs and generalized to multiple antigens, antibody specificities, and subclasses. Furthermore, the thermodynamic signatures of FcγR binding to free or immune-complexed IgG in solution differed when measured by an orthogonal label-free method, but the failure to recapitulate the trend in overall affinity leaves open questions as to what additional factors may be at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Mohammad M. Sajadi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, USA
| | - Anthony L. DeVico
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - George K. Lewis
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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6
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Switching Heavy Chain Constant Domains Denatures the Paratope 3D Architecture of Influenza Monoclonal Antibodies. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010051. [PMID: 36678399 PMCID: PMC9865026 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several human monoclonal Abs for treating Influenza have been evaluated in clinical trials with limited success despite demonstrating superiority in preclinical animal models including mice. To conduct efficacy studies in mice, human monoclonal Abs are genetically engineered to contain mouse heavy chain constant domain to facilitate the engagement of Fc-receptors on mouse immune effector cells. Although studies have consistently reported discrepancies in Ab effectiveness following genetic engineering, the structural and mechanistic basis for these inconsistencies remain uncharacterized. Here, we use homology modeling to predict variable region (VR) analogous monoclonal Abs possessing human IgG1, mouse IgG1, and mouse IgG2a heavy chain constant domains. We then examine predicted 3D structures for variations in the spatial location and orientation of corresponding paratope amino acid residues. By structurally aligning crystal structures of Fabs in complex with hemagglutinin (HA), we show that corresponding paratope amino acid residues for VR-analogous human IgG1, mouse IgG1, and mouse IgG2a monoclonal Abs interact differentially with HA suggesting that their epitopes might not be identical. To demonstrate that variations in the paratope 3D fine architecture have implications for Ab specificity and effectiveness, we genetically engineered VR-analogous human IgG1, human IgG4, mouse IgG1, and mouse IgG2a monoclonal Abs and explored their specificity and effectiveness in protecting MDCK cells from infection by pandemic H1N1 and H3N2 Influenza viruses. We found that VR-analogous monoclonal Abs placed on mouse heavy chain constant domains were more efficacious at protecting MDCK cells from Influenza virus infection relative to those on human heavy chain constant domains. Interestingly, mouse but not human heavy chain constant domains increased target breadth in some monoclonal Abs. These data suggest that heavy chain constant domain sequences play a role in shaping Ab repertoires that go beyond class or sub-class differences in immune effector recruitment. This represents a facet of Ab biology that can potentially be exploited to improve the scope and utilization of current therapeutic or prophylactic candidates for influenza.
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7
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Ausserwöger H, Schneider MM, Herling TW, Arosio P, Invernizzi G, Knowles TPJ, Lorenzen N. Non-specificity as the sticky problem in therapeutic antibody development. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:844-861. [PMID: 37117703 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are highly potent therapeutic scaffolds with more than a hundred different products approved on the market. Successful development of antibody-based drugs requires a trade-off between high target specificity and target binding affinity. In order to better understand this problem, we here review non-specific interactions and explore their fundamental physicochemical origins. We discuss the role of surface patches - clusters of surface-exposed amino acid residues with similar physicochemical properties - as inducers of non-specific interactions. These patches collectively drive interactions including dipole-dipole, π-stacking and hydrophobic interactions to complementary moieties. We elucidate links between these supramolecular assembly processes and macroscopic development issues, such as decreased physical stability and poor in vivo half-life. Finally, we highlight challenges and opportunities for optimizing protein binding specificity and minimizing non-specificity for future generations of therapeutics.
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8
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Oostindie SC, Lazar GA, Schuurman J, Parren PWHI. Avidity in antibody effector functions and biotherapeutic drug design. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:715-735. [PMID: 35790857 PMCID: PMC9255845 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are the cardinal effector molecules of the immune system and are being leveraged with enormous success as biotherapeutic drugs. A key part of the adaptive immune response is the production of an epitope-diverse, polyclonal antibody mixture that is capable of neutralizing invading pathogens or disease-causing molecules through binding interference and by mediating humoral and cellular effector functions. Avidity - the accumulated binding strength derived from the affinities of multiple individual non-covalent interactions - is fundamental to virtually all aspects of antibody biology, including antibody-antigen binding, clonal selection and effector functions. The manipulation of antibody avidity has since emerged as an important design principle for enhancing or engineering novel properties in antibody biotherapeutics. In this Review, we describe the multiple levels of avidity interactions that trigger the overall efficacy and control of functional responses in both natural antibody biology and their therapeutic applications. Within this framework, we comprehensively review therapeutic antibody mechanisms of action, with particular emphasis on engineered optimizations and platforms. Overall, we describe how affinity and avidity tuning of engineered antibody formats are enabling a new wave of differentiated antibody drugs with tailored properties and novel functions, promising improved treatment options for a wide variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C Oostindie
- Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Greg A Lazar
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands. .,Sparring Bioconsult, Odijk, Netherlands. .,Lava Therapeutics, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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9
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Non-covalent Fc-Fab interactions significantly alter internal dynamics of an IgG1 antibody. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9321. [PMID: 35661134 PMCID: PMC9167292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fragment-antigen-binding arms (Fab1 and Fab2) in a canonical immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecule have identical sequences and hence are always expected to exhibit symmetric conformations and dynamics. Using long all atom molecular simulations of a human IgG1 crystal structure 1HZH, we demonstrate that the translational and rotational dynamics of Fab1 and Fab2 also strongly depend on their interactions with each other and with the fragment-crystallizable (Fc) region. We show that the Fab2 arm in the 1HZH structure is non-covalently bound to the Fc region via long-lived hydrogen bonds, involving its light chain and both heavy chains of the Fc region. These highly stable interactions stabilize non-trivial conformer states with constrained fluctuations. We observe subtle modifications in Fab1 dynamics in response to Fab2-Fc interactions that points to novel allosteric interactions between the Fab arms. These results yield novel insights into the inter- and intra-fragment motions of immunoglobulins which could help us better understand the relation between their structure and function.
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10
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Kosuge H, Nagatoishi S, Kiyoshi M, Ishii-Watabe A, Terao Y, Ide T, Tsumoto K. Biophysical Characterization of the Contribution of the Fab Region to the IgG-FcγRIIIa Interaction. Biochemistry 2022; 62:262-269. [PMID: 35605982 PMCID: PMC9850916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The cell-surface receptor FcγRIIIa is crucial to the efficacy of therapeutic antibodies as well as the immune response. The interaction of the Fc region of IgG molecules with FcγRIIIa has been characterized, but until recently, it was thought that the Fab regions were not involved in the interaction. To evaluate the influence of the Fab regions in a biophysical context, we carried out surface plasmon resonance analyses using recombinant FcγRIIIa ligands. A van't Hoff analysis revealed that compared to the interaction of the papain-digested Fc fragment with FcγRIIIa, the interaction of commercially available, full-length rituximab with FcγRIIIa had a more favorable binding enthalpy, a less favorable binding entropy, and a slower off rate. Similar results were obtained from analyses of IgG1 molecules and an IgG1-Fc fragment produced by Expi293 cells. For further validation, we also prepared a maltose-binding protein-linked IgG1-Fc fragment (MBP-Fc). The binding enthalpy of MBP-Fc was nearly equal to that of the IgG1-Fc fragment for the interaction with FcγRIIIa, indicating that such alternatives to the Fab domains as MBP do not positively contribute to the IgG-FcγRIIIa interactions. Our investigation strongly suggests that the Fab region directly interacts with FcγRIIIa, resulting in an increase in the binding enthalpy and a decrease in the dissociation rate, at the expense of favorable binding entropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Kosuge
- School
of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- The
Institute of Medical Science, The University
of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai,
Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan,Center
for Drug Design Research, National Institutes
of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki
City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan,
| | - Masato Kiyoshi
- Division
of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division
of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yosuke Terao
- Tosoh
Corporation, 2743-1, Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1123, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Ide
- Tosoh
Corporation, 2743-1, Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1123, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- School
of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan,The
Institute of Medical Science, The University
of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai,
Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan,Center
for Drug Design Research, National Institutes
of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki
City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan,
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11
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Quantitative Visualization of the Interaction between Complement Component C1 and Immunoglobulin G: The Effect of C H1 Domain Deletion. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042090. [PMID: 35216207 PMCID: PMC8876274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) adopts a modular multidomain structure that mediates antigen recognition and effector functions, such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity. IgG molecules are self-assembled into a hexameric ring on antigen-containing membranes, recruiting the complement component C1q. In order to provide deeper insights into the initial step of the complement pathway, we report a high-speed atomic force microscopy study for the quantitative visualization of the interaction between mouse IgG and the C1 complex composed of C1q, C1r, and C1s. The results showed that the C1q in the C1 complex is restricted regarding internal motion, and that it has a stronger binding affinity for on-membrane IgG2b assemblages than C1q alone, presumably because of the lower conformational entropy loss upon binding. Furthermore, we visualized a 1:1 stoichiometric interaction between C1/C1q and an IgG2a variant that lacks the entire CH1 domain in the absence of an antigen. In addition to the canonical C1q-binding site on Fc, their interactions are mediated through a secondary site on the CL domain that is cryptic in the presence of the CH1 domain. Our findings offer clues for novel-modality therapeutic antibodies.
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12
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Pérez de la Lastra JM, Baca-González V, González-Acosta S, Asensio-Calavia P, Otazo-Pérez A, Morales-delaNuez A. Antibodies targeting enzyme inhibition as potential tools for research and drug development. Biomol Concepts 2021; 12:215-232. [PMID: 35104929 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2021-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies have transformed biomedical research and are now being used for different experimental applications. Generally, the interaction of enzymes with their specific antibodies can lead to a reduction in their enzymatic activity. The effect of the antibody is dependent on its narrow i.e. the regions of the enzyme to which it is directed. The mechanism of this inhibition is rarely a direct combination of the antibodies with the catalytic site, but is rather due to steric hindrance, barring the substrate access to the active site. In several systems, however, the interaction with the antibody induces conformational changes on the enzyme that can either inhibit or enhance its catalytic activity. The extent of enzyme inhibition or enhancement is, therefore, a reflection of the nature and distribution of the various antigenic determinants on the enzyme molecule. Currently, the mode of action of many enzymes has been elucidated at the molecular level. We here review the molecular mechanisms and recent trends by which antibodies inhibit the catalytic activity of enzymes and provide examples of how specific antibodies can be useful for the neutralization of biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Pérez de la Lastra
- Biotechnology of macromolecules. Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Victoria Baca-González
- Biotechnology of macromolecules. Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela Doctorado y Estudios de Posgrado. Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). C/ Pedro Zerolo, s/n. 38200. San Cristóbal de La Laguna. S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Sergio González-Acosta
- Biotechnology of macromolecules. Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Patricia Asensio-Calavia
- Biotechnology of macromolecules. Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela Doctorado y Estudios de Posgrado. Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). C/ Pedro Zerolo, s/n. 38200. San Cristóbal de La Laguna. S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Andrea Otazo-Pérez
- Biotechnology of macromolecules. Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela Doctorado y Estudios de Posgrado. Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). C/ Pedro Zerolo, s/n. 38200. San Cristóbal de La Laguna. S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Antonio Morales-delaNuez
- Biotechnology of macromolecules. Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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13
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Dash R, Singh SK, Chirmule N, Rathore AS. Assessment of Functional Characterization and Comparability of Biotherapeutics: a Review. AAPS J 2021; 24:15. [PMID: 34931298 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) biosimilars is a complex process. The key to their successful development and commercialization is an in-depth understanding of the key product attributes that impact safety and efficacy and the strategies to control them. Functional assessment of mAb is a crucial part of the comparability of biopharmaceutical drugs. The development of a relevant and robust functional assay requires an interdisciplinary approach and sufficient flexibility to balance regulatory concerns as well as dynamics and variability during the manufacturing process. Although many advanced tools are available to study and compare the potency and bioactivity of the protein, most of these techniques suffer from major shortcomings that limit their routine use. These include the complexity of the task, establishment of the relevance of the chosen method with the mechanism of action (MOA) of the biosimilar, cost and extended time of analysis, and often the ambiguity in interpretation of the resulting data. To overcome or to address these challenges, the use of multiple orthogonal state-of-the-art techniques is a necessary prerequisite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozaleen Dash
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DBT Center of Excellence for Biopharmaceutical Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DBT Center of Excellence for Biopharmaceutical Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.,School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT-BHU, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DBT Center of Excellence for Biopharmaceutical Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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14
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Oliveira DSLD, Paredes V, Caixeta AV, Henriques NM, Wear MP, Albuquerque P, Felipe MSS, Casadevall A, Nicola AM. Hinge influences in murine IgG binding to Cryptococcus neoformans capsule. Immunology 2021; 165:110-121. [PMID: 34458991 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of studies on antibody structure led to the tenet that the V region binds antigens while the C region interacts with immune effectors. In some antibodies, however, the C region affects affinity and/or specificity for the antigen. One example is the 3E5 monoclonal murine IgG family, in which the mIgG3 isotype has different fine specificity to the Cryptococcus neoformans capsule polysaccharide than the other mIgG isotypes despite their identical variable sequences. Our group serendipitously found another pair of mIgG1/mIgG3 antibodies based on the 2H1 hybridoma to the C. neoformans capsule that recapitulated the differences observed with 3E5. In this work, we report the molecular basis of the constant domain effects on antigen binding using recombinant antibodies. As with 3E5, immunofluorescence experiments show a punctate pattern for 2H1-mIgG3 and an annular pattern for 2H1-mIgG1; these binding patterns have been associated with protective efficacy in murine cryptococcosis. Also as observed with 3E5, 2H1-mIgG3 bound on ELISA to both acetylated and non-acetylated capsular polysaccharide, whereas 2H1-mIgG1 only bound well to the acetylated form, consistent with differences in fine specificity. In engineering hybrid mIgG1/mIgG3 antibodies, we found that switching the 2H1-mIgG3 hinge for its mIgG1 counterpart changed the immunofluorescence pattern to annular, but a 2H1-mIgG1 antibody with an mIgG3 hinge still had an annular pattern. The hinge is thus necessary but not sufficient for these changes in binding to the antigen. This important role for the constant region in antigen binding could affect antibody biology and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maggie P Wear
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Maria Sueli Soares Felipe
- Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - André Moraes Nicola
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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15
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Sun Y, Estevez A, Schlothauer T, Wecksler AT. Antigen physiochemical properties allosterically effect the IgG Fc-region and Fc neonatal receptor affinity. MAbs 2021; 12:1802135. [PMID: 32795110 PMCID: PMC7531492 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1802135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is a key membrane protein that plays an integral role in serum immunoglobulin (IgG) recycling, which extends the half-life of antibody. In addition, FcRn is known to traffic antigen-bound immunoglobulins (Ag-IgGs), and to interact with immune complexes to facilitate the antigen cross-presentation of peptides derived from the immune complexes in antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Studies on the IgG-FcRn molecular interactions have primarily focused on the Fc region, and only recently have shown the potential impact of the antigen-binding fragment physiochemical properties on FcRn binding. However, the effect of the antigen physiochemical properties on IgG structure as it relates to Ag-IgG-FcRn binding is not well understood. Here we used an IgG-peptide antigen complex as a model system to investigate the structural effects of the antigen's physiochemical properties on the IgG structure, and the subsequent effects of Ag-IgG-FcRn interactions. We used hydroxyl radical footprinting-mass spectrometry to investigate the structural impact on an IgG upon antigen binding, and observed that the physicochemical properties of the antigen differentially induce conformational changes in the IgG FcRn binding region. The extent of these structural changes directly correlates to the magnitude of the affinity differences between the Ag-IgG complexes and FcRn. Moreover, the antigen's physicochemical properties differentially induce structural differences within the Ag-IgG-FcRn ternary complex. We also provide electron microscopy data that shows corroborating Fab-FcRn interactions, and confirms the hypothesis of potential 2:1 FcRn:IgG binding stoichiometry. These data demonstrate antigen-induced Fc structural rearrangements affect both the affinity toward FcRn and the trimeric antigen-IgG-FcRn complex, providing novel molecular insights in the first steps toward understanding interactions of FcRn-containing large(r)-sized immune complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alberto Estevez
- Structural Biology, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Penzberg, Germany.,Biological Technologies, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron T Wecksler
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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16
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Al Qaraghuli MM, Kubiak-Ossowska K, Ferro VA, Mulheran PA. Structural Analysis of Anti-Hapten Antibodies to Identify Long-Range Structural Movements Induced by Hapten Binding. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:633526. [PMID: 33869281 PMCID: PMC8044860 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.633526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are well known for their high specificity that has enabled them to be of significant use in both therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Antibodies can recognize different antigens, including proteins, carbohydrates, peptides, nucleic acids, lipids, and small molecular weight haptens that are abundantly available as hormones, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. Here we focus on a structural analysis of hapten-antibody couples and identify potential structural movements originating from the hapten binding by comparison with unbound antibody, utilizing 40 crystal structures from the Protein Data Bank. Our analysis reveals three binding surface trends; S1 where a pocket forms to accommodate the hapten, S2 where a pocket is removed when the hapten binds, and S3 where no pockets changes are found. S1 and S2 are expected for induced-fit binding, whereas S3 indicates that a pre-existing population of optimal binding antibody conformation exists. The structural analysis reveals four classifications of structural reorganization, some of which correlate to S2 but not to the other binding surface changes. These observations demonstrate the complexity of the antibody-antigen interaction, where structural changes can be restricted to the binding sites, or extend through the constant domains to propagate structural changes. This highlights the importance of structural analysis to ensure successful and compatible transformation of small antibody fragments at the early discovery stage into full antibodies during the subsequent development stages, where long-range structural changes are required for an Fc effector response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Al Qaraghuli
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,SiMologics Ltd., The Enterprise Hub, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Karina Kubiak-Ossowska
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie A Ferro
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Mulheran
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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17
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Rincon Pabon JP, Kochert BA, Liu YH, Richardson DD, Weis DD. Protein A does not induce allosteric structural changes in an IgG1 antibody during binding. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2355-2361. [PMID: 33640336 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Affinity chromatography is widely used for antibody purification in biopharmaceutical production. Although there is evidence suggesting that affinity chromatography might induce structural changes in antibodies, allosteric changes in structure have not been well-explored. Here, we used hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry (HX-MS) to reveal conformational changes in the NIST mAb upon binding with a protein A (ProA) matrix. HX-MS measurements of NIST mAb bound to in-solution and resin forms of ProA revealed regions of the CH2 and CH3 domains with increased protection from HX upon ProA binding, consistent with the known ProA binding region. In-solution ProA experiments revealed regions in the Fab with increased HX uptake when the ProA:mAb molar ratio was increased to 2:1, suggesting an allosterically induced increase in backbone flexibility. Such effects were not observed with lower ProA concentration (1:1 molar ratio) or when ProA resin was used, suggesting some kind of change in binding mode. Since all pharmaceutical processes use ProA bound to resin, our results rule out reversible allosteric effects on the NIST mAb during interaction with resin ProA. However, irreversible effects cannot be ruled out since the NIST mAb was previously exposed to ProA during its original purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Rincon Pabon
- Department of Chemistry and the Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Brent A Kochert
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Yan-Hui Liu
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Douglas D Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - David D Weis
- Department of Chemistry and the Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.
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18
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Sato N, Yogo R, Yanaka S, Martel A, Porcar L, Morishima K, Inoue R, Tominaga T, Arimori T, Takagi J, Sugiyama M, Kato K. A feasibility study of inverse contrast-matching small-angle neutron scattering method combined with size exclusion chromatography using antibody interactions as model systems. J Biochem 2021; 169:701-708. [PMID: 33585933 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and small- angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) are powerful techniques for the structural characterization of biomolecular complexes. In particular, SANS enables a selective observation of specific components in complexes by selective deuteration with contrast-matching techniques. In most cases, however, biomolecular interaction systems with heterogeneous oligomers often contain unfavorable aggregates and unbound species, hampering data interpretation. To overcome these problems, SAXS has been recently combined with size exclusion chromatography (SEC), which enables the isolation of the target complex in a multi-component system. By contrast, SEC-SANS is only at a preliminary stage. Hence, we herein perform a feasibility study of this method based on our newly developed inverse contrast-matching (iCM) SANS technique using antibody interactions as model systems. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) or its Fc fragment was mixed with 75% deuterated Fc-binding proteins, i.e. a mutated form of IgG-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes and a soluble form of Fcγ receptor IIIb, and subjected to SEC-SANS as well as SEC-SAXS as reference. We successfully observe SANS from the non-deuterated IgG or Fc formed in complex with these binding partners, which were unobservable in terms of SANS in D2O, hence demonstrating the potential utility of the SEC-iCM-SANS approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Sato
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010 Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Rina Yogo
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Saeko Yanaka
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Anne Martel
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Lionel Porcar
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Ken Morishima
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010 Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Rintaro Inoue
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010 Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Taiki Tominaga
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Takao Arimori
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sugiyama
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010 Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
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19
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Láng JA, Balogh ZC, Nyitrai MF, Juhász C, Gilicze AKB, Iliás A, Zólyomi Z, Bodor C, Rábai E. In vitro functional characterization of biosimilar therapeutic antibodies. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 37:41-50. [PMID: 34895654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The key factor in successful development and marketing of biosimilar antibodies is a deep understanding of their critical quality attributes and the ability to control them. Comprehensive functional characterization is therefore at the heart of the process and is a crucial part of regulatory requirements. Establishment of a scientifically sound molecule-specific functional in vitro assay panel requires diligent planning and high flexibility in order to respond to both regulatory requirements and the ever-changing demands relevant to the different stages of the development and production process. Relevance of the chosen assays to the in vivo mechanism of action is of key importance to the stepwise evidence-based demonstration of biosimilarity. Use of a sound interdisciplinary approach and orthogonal state-of-the-art techniques is also unavoidable for gaining in-depth understanding of the biosimilar candidate. The aim of the present review is to give a snapshot on the methodic landscape as depicted by the available literature discussing the in vitro techniques used for the functional characterization of approved biosimilar therapeutic antibodies. Emerging hot topics of the field and relevant structure-function relationships are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Anna Láng
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Zsófia Cselovszkiné Balogh
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary.
| | - Mónika Fizilné Nyitrai
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Cintia Juhász
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Anna Katalin Baráné Gilicze
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Attila Iliás
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Zsolt Zólyomi
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Csaba Bodor
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Rábai
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
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20
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Murin CD. Considerations of Antibody Geometric Constraints on NK Cell Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1635. [PMID: 32849559 PMCID: PMC7406664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well-established that antibody isotype, glycosylation, and epitope all play roles in the process of antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). For natural killer (NK) cells, these phenotypes are linked to cellular activation through interaction with the IgG receptor FcγRIIIa, a single pass transmembrane receptor that participates in cytoplasmic signaling complexes. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that there may be underlying spatial and geometric principles that guide proper assembly of an activation complex within the NK cell immune synapse. Further, synergy of antibody phenotypic properties as well as allosteric changes upon antigen binding may also play an as-of-yet unknown role in ADCC. Understanding these facets, however, remains hampered by difficulties associated with studying immune synapse dynamics using classical approaches. In this review, I will discuss relevant NK cell biology related to ADCC, including the structural biology of Fc gamma receptors, and how the dynamics of the NK cell immune synapse are being studied using innovative microscopy techniques. I will provide examples from the literature demonstrating the effects of spatial and geometric constraints on the T cell receptor complex and how this relates to intracellular signaling and the molecular nature of lymphocyte activation complexes, including those of NK cells. Finally, I will examine how the integration of high-throughput and "omics" technologies will influence basic NK cell biology research moving forward. Overall, the goal of this review is to lay a basis for understanding the development of drugs and therapeutic antibodies aimed at augmenting appropriate NK cell ADCC activity in patients being treated for a wide range of illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Murin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
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21
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Vankemmelbeke M, McIntosh RS, Chua JX, Kirk T, Daniels I, Patsalidou M, Moss R, Parsons T, Scott D, Harris G, Ramage JM, Spendlove I, Durrant LG. Engineering the Human Fc Region Enables Direct Cell Killing by Cancer Glycan-Targeting Antibodies without the Need for Immune Effector Cells or Complement. Cancer Res 2020; 80:3399-3412. [PMID: 32532823 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Murine IgG3 glycan-targeting mAb often induces direct cell killing in the absence of immune effector cells or complement via a proinflammatory mechanism resembling oncotic necrosis. This cancer cell killing is due to noncovalent association between Fc regions of neighboring antibodies, resulting in enhanced avidity. Human isotypes do not contain the residues underlying this cooperative binding mode; consequently, the direct cell killing of mouse IgG3 mAb is lost upon chimerization or humanization. Using the Lewisa/c/x -targeting 88mAb, we identified the murine IgG3 residues underlying the direct cell killing and increased avidity via a series of constant region shuffling and subdomain swapping approaches to create improved ("i") chimeric mAb with enhanced tumor killing in vitro and in vivo. Constant region shuffling identified a major CH3 and a minor CH2 contribution, which was further mapped to discontinuous regions among residues 286-306 and 339-378 that, when introduced in 88hIgG1, recapitulated the direct cell killing and avidity of 88mIgG3. Of greater interest was the creation of a sialyl-di-Lewisa-targeting i129G1 mAb via introduction of these selected residues into 129hIgG1, converting it into a direct cell killing mAb with enhanced avidity and significant in vivo tumor control. The human iG1 mAb, termed Avidimabs, retained effector functions, paving the way for the proinflammatory direct cell killing to promote antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity through relief of immunosuppression. Ultimately, Fc engineering of human glycan-targeting IgG1 mAb confers proinflammatory direct cell killing and enhanced avidity, an approach that could be used to improve the avidity of other mAb with therapeutic potential. SIGNIFICANCE: Fc engineering enhances avidity and direct cell killing of cancer-targeting anti-glycan antibodies to create superior clinical candidates for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Vankemmelbeke
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard S McIntosh
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jia Xin Chua
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Kirk
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Daniels
- Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marilena Patsalidou
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Moss
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Parsons
- Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Scott
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Harris
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Judith M Ramage
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Spendlove
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lindy G Durrant
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom. .,Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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22
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Yanaka S, Yogo R, Kato K. Biophysical characterization of dynamic structures of immunoglobulin G. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:637-645. [PMID: 32410186 PMCID: PMC7311591 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a major antibody and functions as a hub linking specific antigen binding and recruitment of effector molecules typified by Fcγ receptors (FcγRs). These activities are associated primarily with interactions involving its Fab and Fc sites, respectively. An IgG molecule is characterized by a multiple domain modular structure with conserved N-glycosylation in Fc. The molecule displays significant freedom in internal motion on various spatiotemporal scales. The consequent conformational flexibility and plasticity of IgG glycoproteins are functionally significant and potentially important factors for design and engineering of antibodies with enhanced functionality. In this article, experimental and computational approaches are outlined for characterizing the conformational dynamics of IgG molecules in solution. In particular, the importance of integration of these approaches is highlighted, as illustrated by dynamic intramolecular interactions between the pair of N-glycans and their proximal amino acid residues in Fc. These interactions can critically affect effector functions mediated by human IgG1 and FcγRIII. Further improvements in individual biophysical techniques and their integration will advance understanding of dynamic behaviors of antibodies in physiological and pathological conditions. Such understanding will provide opportunities for engineering antibodies through controlling allosteric networks in IgG molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Yanaka
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Rina Yogo
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan.
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan.
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23
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Chen Y, Pei Y, Luo J, Huang Z, Yu J, Meng X. Looking for the Optimal PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor in Cancer Treatment: A Comparison in Basic Structure, Function, and Clinical Practice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1088. [PMID: 32547566 PMCID: PMC7274131 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein-1/ligand 1 (PD-1/L1) targeted immune checkpoint inhibitors have become the focus of tumor treatment due to their promising efficacy. Currently, several PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have been approved for clinical practice with several more in clinical trials. Notably, based on available trial data, the selection of different PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in the therapeutic application and the corresponding efficacy varies. Widespread attention then is increasingly raised to the clinical comparability of different PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. The comparison of the inhibitors could not only help clinicians make in-depth understanding of them, but also further facilitate the selection of the optimal inhibitor for patients in treatment as well as for future clinical research and the development of new related drugs. As we all know, molecular structure could determine molecular function, which further affects their application. Therefore, in this review, we aim to comprehensively compare the structural basis, molecular biological functions, and clinical practice of different PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yanqing Pei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jingyu Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaoqin Huang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangjiao Meng
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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24
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Orlandi C, Deredge D, Ray K, Gohain N, Tolbert W, DeVico AL, Wintrode P, Pazgier M, Lewis GK. Antigen-Induced Allosteric Changes in a Human IgG1 Fc Increase Low-Affinity Fcγ Receptor Binding. Structure 2020; 28:516-527.e5. [PMID: 32209433 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Antibody structure couples adaptive and innate immunity via Fab (antigen binding) and Fc (effector) domains that are connected by unique hinge regions. Because antibodies harbor two or more Fab domains, they are capable of crosslinking multi-determinant antigens, which is required for Fc-dependent functions through associative interactions with effector ligands, including C1q and cell surface Fc receptors. The modular nature of antibodies, with distal ligand binding sites for antigen and Fc-ligands, is reminiscent of allosteric proteins, suggesting that allosteric interactions might contribute to Fc-mediated effector functions. This hypothesis has been pursued for over 40 years and remains unresolved. Here, we provide evidence that allosteric interactions between Fab and Fc triggered by antigen binding modulate binding of Fc to low-affinity Fc receptors (FcγR) for a human IgG1. This work opens the path to further dissection of the relative roles of allosteric and associative interactions in Fc-mediated effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Orlandi
- Division of Vaccine Research, The Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Daniel Deredge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Division of Vaccine Research, The Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Neelakshi Gohain
- Division of Vaccine Research, The Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - William Tolbert
- Division of Vaccine Research, The Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Anthony L DeVico
- Division of Vaccine Research, The Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Patrick Wintrode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Division of Vaccine Research, The Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - George K Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, The Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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25
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Samsudin F, Yeo JY, Gan SKE, Bond PJ. Not all therapeutic antibody isotypes are equal: the case of IgM versus IgG in Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2843-2854. [PMID: 32206268 PMCID: PMC7069520 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04722k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of immunoglobulin M (IgM) is of considerable interest in immunotherapy due to its complement-activating and cell-agglutinating abilities. Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab are monoclonal antibodies used to treat human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer but exhibit significantly different binding affinities as IgM when compared to its IgG isotype. Using integrative multiscale modelling and simulations of complete antibody assemblies, we show that Pertuzumab IgM is able to utilize all of its V-regions to bind multiple HER2 receptors simultaneously, while similar binding in Trastuzumab IgM is prohibited by steric clashes caused by the large globular domain of HER2. This is subsequently validated by confirming that Pertuzumab IgM inhibits proliferation in HER2 over-expressing live cells more effectively than its IgG counterpart and Trastuzumab IgM. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the molecular details of antibody-antigen interactions for the design and isotype selection of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdaus Samsudin
- Bioinformatics Institute (ASTAR) , 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix , Singapore 138671 , Singapore . ;
| | - Joshua Yi Yeo
- Bioinformatics Institute (ASTAR) , 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix , Singapore 138671 , Singapore . ;
| | - Samuel Ken-En Gan
- Bioinformatics Institute (ASTAR) , 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix , Singapore 138671 , Singapore . ;
- p53 Laboratory (ASTAR) , 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-04/05 Neuros/Immunos , Singapore 138648
- Experimental Drug Development Center (ASTAR) , 10 Biopolis Road Chromos #05-01 , Singapore 138670
| | - Peter J Bond
- Bioinformatics Institute (ASTAR) , 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix , Singapore 138671 , Singapore . ;
- Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , 14 Science Drive 4 , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
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26
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Choi J, Kim M, Lee J, Seo Y, Ham Y, Lee J, Lee J, Kim JK, Kwon MH. Antigen-binding affinity and thermostability of chimeric mouse-chicken IgY and mouse-human IgG antibodies with identical variable domains. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19242. [PMID: 31848417 PMCID: PMC6917740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55805-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Constant (C)-region switching of heavy (H) and/or light (L) chains in antibodies (Abs) can affect their affinity and specificity, as demonstrated using mouse, human, and chimeric mouse-human (MH) Abs. However, the consequences of C-region switching between evolutionarily distinct mammalian and avian Abs remain unknown. To explore C-region switching in mouse-chicken (MC) Abs, we investigated antigen-binding parameters and thermal stability of chimeric MC-6C407 and MC-3D8 IgY Abs compared with parental mouse IgGs and chimeric MH Abs (MH-6C407 IgG and MH-3D8 IgG) bearing identical corresponding variable (V) regions. The two MC-IgYs exhibited differences in antigen-binding parameters and thermal stability from their parental mouse Abs. However, changes were similar to or less than those between chimeric MH Abs and their parental mouse Abs. The results demonstrate that mammalian and avian Abs share compatible V-C region interfaces, which may be conducive for the design and utilization of mammalian-avian chimeric Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Minjae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Joungmin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Youngsil Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Yeonkyoung Ham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Jin-Kyoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro, Uichang-gu, Changwon, 51140, South Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea. .,Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
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27
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Cornwell O, Bond NJ, Radford SE, Ashcroft AE. Long-Range Conformational Changes in Monoclonal Antibodies Revealed Using FPOP-LC-MS/MS. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15163-15170. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Owen Cornwell
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Nicholas J. Bond
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, U.K
| | - Sheena E. Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Alison E. Ashcroft
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
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28
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Ding Y, Williams NH, Hunter CA. A Synthetic Vesicle-to-Vesicle Communication System. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17847-17853. [PMID: 31642667 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A molecular signal displayed on the external surface of one population of vesicles was used to trigger a catalytic process on the inside of a second population of vesicles. The key recognition event is the transfer of a protein (NeutrAvidin) bound to vesicles displaying desthiobiotin to vesicles displaying biotin. The desthiobiotin-protein complex was used to anchor a synthetic transducer in the outer leaflet of the vesicles, and when the protein was displaced, the transducer translocated across the bilayer to expose a catalytic headgroup to the internal vesicle solution. As a result, an ester substrate encapsulated on the inside of this second population of vesicles was hydrolyzed to give a fluorescence output signal. The protein has four binding sites, which leads to multivalent interactions with membrane-anchored ligands and very high binding affinities. Thus, biotin, which has a dissociation constant 3 orders of magnitude higher than desthiobiotin, did not displace the protein from the membrane-anchored transducer, and membrane-anchored biotin displayed on the surface of a second population of vesicles was required to generate an effective input signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Ding
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas H Williams
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7HF , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
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29
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Yogo R, Yamaguchi Y, Watanabe H, Yagi H, Satoh T, Nakanishi M, Onitsuka M, Omasa T, Shimada M, Maruno T, Torisu T, Watanabe S, Higo D, Uchihashi T, Yanaka S, Uchiyama S, Kato K. The Fab portion of immunoglobulin G contributes to its binding to Fcγ receptor III. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11957. [PMID: 31420591 PMCID: PMC6697678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48323-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cells active in the immune system express receptors for antibodies which mediate a variety of defensive mechanisms. These receptors interact with the Fc portion of the antibody and are therefore collectively called Fc receptors. Here, using high-speed atomic force microscopy, we observe interactions of human, humanized, and mouse/human-chimeric immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibodies and their cognate Fc receptor, FcγRIIIa. Our results demonstrate that not only Fc but also Fab positively contributes to the interaction with the receptor. Furthermore, hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometric analysis reveals that the Fab portion of IgG1 is directly involved in its interaction with FcγRIIIa, in addition to the canonical Fc-mediated interaction. By targeting the previously unidentified receptor-interaction sites in IgG-Fab, our findings could inspire therapeutic antibody engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Yogo
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Watanabe
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tadashi Satoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Mahito Nakanishi
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Central 5, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Onitsuka
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima-cho 2-1, Tokushima, 770-8513, Japan
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mari Shimada
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maruno
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Torisu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shio Watanabe
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 3-9 Moriya-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 221-0022, Japan
| | - Daisuke Higo
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 3-9 Moriya-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 221-0022, Japan
| | - Takayuki Uchihashi
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Saeko Yanaka
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan.
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Koichi Kato
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan.
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan.
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30
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Lua WH, Su CTT, Yeo JY, Poh JJ, Ling WL, Phua SX, Gan SKE. Role of the IgE variable heavy chain in FcεRIα and superantigen binding in allergy and immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:514-523.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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31
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Schmaljohn AL, Orlandi C, Lewis GK. Deciphering Fc-mediated Antiviral Antibody Functions in Animal Models. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1602. [PMID: 31379822 PMCID: PMC6652135 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Longstanding discordances and enigmas persist as to the specificities and other properties of antibodies (Abs) most effective in preventing or limiting many viral infections in mammals; in turn, failure to decipher key complexities has added to headwinds for both Ab-based therapeutic approaches and rational vaccine design. More recently, experimental approaches have emerged-and continue to emerge-for discerning the functional role of Ab structure, especially the Fc portion of antibody, in combating viral infections in vivo. A wide range of in vitro measures of antibody activity, from neutralization to antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)-each of these terms representing only an operational notion defined by the particulars of a given assay-are poised for assignment of both relevance and reliability in forecasting outcomes of infection. Of the several emergent technical opportunities for clarity, attention here is drawn to three realms: the increasing array of known modifications that can be engineered into Abs to affect their in vivo activities; the improvement of murine models involving knockouts and knock-ins of host genes including Fc receptors; and the development of additional virological design tools to differentiate Abs that act primarily by inhibiting viral entry from antibodies that mainly target viral antigens (Ags) on cell surfaces. To illustrate some of the opportunities with either zoonotic (emerging, spillover) or ancient human-adapted viruses, we draw examples from a wide range of viruses that affect humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan L. Schmaljohn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Alan L. Schmaljohn
| | - Chiara Orlandi
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - George K. Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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32
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Yanaka S, Yogo R, Inoue R, Sugiyama M, Itoh SG, Okumura H, Miyanoiri Y, Yagi H, Satoh T, Yamaguchi T, Kato K. Dynamic Views of the Fc Region of Immunoglobulin G Provided by Experimental and Computational Observations. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8030039. [PMID: 31544845 PMCID: PMC6784063 DOI: 10.3390/antib8030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a horseshoe-shaped homodimer, which interacts with various effector proteins, including Fcγ receptors (FcγRs). These interactions are critically dependent on the pair of N-glycans packed between the two CH2 domains. Fucosylation of these N-glycans negatively affects human IgG1-FcγRIIIa interaction. The IgG1-Fc crystal structures mostly exhibit asymmetric quaternary conformations with divergent orientations of CH2 with respect to CH3. We aimed to provide dynamic views of IgG1-Fc by performing long-timescale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which were experimentally validated by small-angle X-ray scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Our simulation results indicated that the dynamic conformational ensembles of Fc encompass most of the previously reported crystal structures determined in both free and complex forms, although the major Fc conformers in solution exhibited almost symmetric, stouter quaternary structures, unlike the crystal structures. Furthermore, the MD simulations suggested that the N-glycans restrict the motional freedom of CH2 and endow quaternary-structure plasticity through multiple intramolecular interaction networks. Moreover, the fucosylation of these N-glycans restricts the conformational freedom of the proximal tyrosine residue of functional importance, thereby precluding its interaction with FcγRIIIa. The dynamic views of Fc will provide opportunities to control the IgG interactions for developing therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Yanaka
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Rina Yogo
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Rintaro Inoue
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sugiyama
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Satoru G Itoh
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Structural Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hisashi Okumura
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Structural Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyanoiri
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tadashi Satoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takumi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan.
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.
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33
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Phua SX, Chan KF, Su CTT, Poh JJ, Gan SKE. Perspective: The promises of a holistic view of proteins-impact on antibody engineering and drug discovery. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181958. [PMID: 30630879 PMCID: PMC6398899 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The reductionist approach is prevalent in biomedical science. However, increasing evidence now shows that biological systems cannot be simply considered as the sum of its parts. With experimental, technological, and computational advances, we can now do more than view parts in isolation, thus we propose that an increasing holistic view (where a protein is investigated as much as a whole as possible) is now timely. To further advocate this, we review and discuss several studies and applications involving allostery, where distant protein regions can cross-talk to influence functionality. Therefore, we believe that an increasing big picture approach holds great promise, particularly in the areas of antibody engineering and drug discovery in rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ser-Xian Phua
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Kwok-Fong Chan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Chinh Tran-To Su
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Jun-Jie Poh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- APD SKEG Pte Ltd, Singapore
| | - Samuel Ken-En Gan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- APD SKEG Pte Ltd, Singapore
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
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34
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Zhao J, Nussinov R, Ma B. Antigen binding allosterically promotes Fc receptor recognition. MAbs 2019; 11:58-74. [PMID: 30212263 PMCID: PMC6343797 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1522178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A key question in immunology is whether antigen recognition and Fc receptor (FcR) binding are allosterically linked. This question is also relevant for therapeutic antibody design. Antibody Fab and Fc domains are connected by flexible unstructured hinge region. Fc chains have conserved glycosylation sites at Asn297, with each conjugated to a core heptasaccharide and forming biantennary Fc glycan. The glycans modulate the Fc conformations and functions. It is well known that the antibody Fab and Fc domains and glycan affect antibody activity, but whether these elements act independently or synergistically is still uncertain. We simulated four antibody complexes: free antibody, antigen-bound antibody, FcR-bound antibody, and an antigen-antibody-FcR complex. We found that, in the antibody's "T/Y" conformation, the glycans, and the Fc domain all respond to antigen binding, with the antibody population shifting to two dominant clusters, both with the Fc-receptor binding site open. The simulations reveal that the Fc-glycan-receptor complexes also segregate into two conformational clusters, one corresponding to the antigen-free antibody-FcR baseline binding, and the other with an antigen-enhanced antibody-FcR interaction. Our study confirmed allosteric communications in antibody-antigen recognition and following FcR activation. Even though we observed allosteric communications through the IgG domains, the most important mechanism that we observed is the communication via population shift, stimulated by antigen binding and propagating to influence FcR recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Sackler Inst. of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Buyong Ma
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Koefoed-Nielsen P, Møller BK. Donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies by solid phase immunoassays: advantages and technical concerns. Int Rev Immunol 2018; 38:95-105. [DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2018.1525367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bjarne Kuno Møller
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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36
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Patel A, Park DH, Davis CW, Smith TRF, Leung A, Tierney K, Bryan A, Davidson E, Yu X, Racine T, Reed C, Gorman ME, Wise MC, Elliott STC, Esquivel R, Yan J, Chen J, Muthumani K, Doranz BJ, Saphire EO, Crowe JE, Broderick KE, Kobinger GP, He S, Qiu X, Kobasa D, Humeau L, Sardesai NY, Ahmed R, Weiner DB. In Vivo Delivery of Synthetic Human DNA-Encoded Monoclonal Antibodies Protect against Ebolavirus Infection in a Mouse Model. Cell Rep 2018; 25:1982-1993.e4. [PMID: 30428362 PMCID: PMC6319964 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetically engineered DNA-encoded monoclonal antibodies (DMAbs) are an in vivo platform for evaluation and delivery of human mAb to control against infectious disease. Here, we engineer DMAbs encoding potent anti-Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP) mAbs isolated from Ebola virus disease survivors. We demonstrate the development of a human IgG1 DMAb platform for in vivo EBOV-GP mAb delivery and evaluation in a mouse model. Using this approach, we show that DMAb-11 and DMAb-34 exhibit functional and molecular profiles comparable to recombinant mAb, have a wide window of expression, and provide rapid protection against lethal mouse-adapted EBOV challenge. The DMAb platform represents a simple, rapid, and reproducible approach for evaluating the activity of mAb during clinical development. DMAbs have the potential to be a mAb delivery system, which may be advantageous for protection against highly pathogenic infectious diseases, like EBOV, in resource-limited and other challenging settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Patel
- The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel H Park
- The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carl W Davis
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA
| | | | - Anders Leung
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Kevin Tierney
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | | | | | - Xiaoying Yu
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Trina Racine
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Charles Reed
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - Marguerite E Gorman
- The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Boston College, Newton, MA 02467, USA
| | - Megan C Wise
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - Sarah T C Elliott
- The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rianne Esquivel
- The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jian Yan
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - Kar Muthumani
- The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shihua He
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | | | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA
| | - David B Weiner
- The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Effect of Peroxide- Versus Alkoxyl-Induced Chemical Oxidation on the Structure, Stability, Aggregation, and Function of a Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2789-2803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Kennedy SN, Wilhite B, Margaret Castellini J, Rea LD, Kuhn TB, Ferrante A, O'Hara TM. Enhanced quantification of serum immunoglobulin G from a non-model wildlife species, the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus), using a protein A ELISA. J Immunol Methods 2018; 462:42-47. [PMID: 30099015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Ig) are proteins that preserve immune homeostasis and are quantified to infer changes to the acquired humoral immune response in mammals. Measuring Ig in non-model wildlife for immune surveillance often requires ingenuity, and rigorous standardization of methodologies to provide reliable results especially when lacking species-specific reagents. We modified and optimized existing ELISA methodology utilizing the binding properties of Staphylococcus-derived Protein A (PrtA) to immunoglobulin G (IgG). We enhanced the assay for quantifying IgG in Steller sea lion (SSL) serum using critical quality control measures including dilution linearity, spike and percent recoveries, and internal controls. Of the modifications made, heat treatment of SSL serum enhanced accuracy and precision of IgG measurements by improving linearity and percent recovery in parallel dilutions and serum spikes. Purified canine IgG standard was not affected by heat inactivation. These results support that confounding serum proteins interfere with binding of PrtA with IgG demonstrating the need for heat treatment of serum to optimize IgG quantification using the PrtA-ELISA. Further, essential validation measures ensure proper assay performance. Consequently, the improved PrtA-ELISA provides species-independent IgG detection with validation criteria to enhance accuracy and precision for addressing future immunological questions in non-model wildlife in clinical, ecological, and conservation contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 982 Koyukuk Drive, Murie Building 101 (RM 223K), University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7750, USA.
| | - Brittany Wilhite
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 982 Koyukuk Drive, Murie Building 101 (RM 223K), University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7750, USA
| | - J Margaret Castellini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757750, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7750, USA
| | - Lorrie D Rea
- Institute of Northern Engineering, 1764 Tanana Loop, ELIF Suite 240, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Thomas B Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 982 Koyukuk Drive, Murie Building 101 (RM 223K), University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7750, USA
| | - Andrea Ferrante
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7750, USA
| | - Todd M O'Hara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757750, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7750, USA
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Effect of photo-degradation on the structure, stability, aggregation, and function of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:438-449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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40
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Computational design of antibodies. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 51:156-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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41
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Yang D, Correia JJ, Stafford III WF, Roberts CJ, Singh S, Hayes D, Kroe‐Barrett R, Nixon A, Laue TM. Weak IgG self- and hetero-association characterized by fluorescence analytical ultracentrifugation. Protein Sci 2018; 27:1334-1348. [PMID: 29637644 PMCID: PMC6032368 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Weak protein-protein interactions may be important to binding cooperativity. A panel of seven fluorescently labeled tracer monoclonal IgG antibodies, differing in variable (V) and constant (C) region sequences, were sedimented in increasing concentrations of unlabeled IgGs of identical, similar, and different backgrounds. Weak IgG::IgG attractive interactions were detected and characterized by global analysis of the hydrodynamic nonideality coefficient, ks . The effects of salt concentration and temperature on ks suggest the interactions are predominantly enthalpic in origin. The interactions were found to be variable in strength, affected by both the variable and constant regions, but indiscriminate with respect to IgG subclass. Furthermore, weak attractive interactions were observed for all the mAbs with freshly purified human poly-IgG. The universality of the weak interactions suggest that they may contribute to effector function cooperativity in the normal immune response, and we postulate that the generality of the interactions allows for a broader range of epitope spacing for complement activation. These studies demonstrate the utility of analytical ultracentrifuge fluorescence detection in measuring weak protein-protein interactions. It also shows the strength of global analysis of sedimentation velocity data by SEDANAL to extract hydrodynamic nonideality ks to characterize weak macromolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlin Yang
- Biotherapeutics Discovery ResearchBoehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.RidgefieldConnecticut06877
| | - John J. Correia
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippi39216
| | | | - Christopher J. Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of DelawareNewarkDelaware19716
| | - Sanjaya Singh
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Research and Development, LLCSpring HousePennsylvania19477
| | - David Hayes
- Biotherapeutics Discovery ResearchBoehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.RidgefieldConnecticut06877
| | - Rachel Kroe‐Barrett
- Biotherapeutics Discovery ResearchBoehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.RidgefieldConnecticut06877
| | - Andrew Nixon
- Biotherapeutics Discovery ResearchBoehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.RidgefieldConnecticut06877
| | - Thomas M. Laue
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew Hampshire03861
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42
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Kaur R, Mudgal R, Narwal M, Tomar S. Development of an ELISA assay for screening inhibitors against divalent metal ion dependent alphavirus capping enzyme. Virus Res 2018; 256:209-218. [PMID: 29958924 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alphavirus non-structural protein, nsP1 has a distinct molecular mechanism of capping the viral RNAs than the conventional capping mechanism of host. Thus, alphavirus capping enzyme nsP1 is a potential drug target. nsP1 catalyzes the methylation of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) by transferring the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to a GTP molecule at its N7 position with the help of nsP1 methyltransferase (MTase) followed by guanylylation (GT) reaction which involves the formation of m7GMP-nsP1 covalent complex by nsP1 guanylyltransferase (GTase). In subsequent reactions, m7GMP moiety is added to the 5' end of the viral ppRNA by nsP1 GTase resulting in the formation of cap0 structure. In the present study, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) nsP1 MTase and GT reactions were confirmed by an indirect non-radioactive colorimetric assay and western blot assay using an antibody specific for the m7G cap, respectively. The purified recombinant CHIKV nsP1 has been used for the development of a rapid and sensitive non-radioactive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to identify the inhibitors of CHIKV nsP1. The MTase reaction is followed by GT reaction and resulted in m7GMP-nsP1 covalent complex formation. The developed ELISA nsP1 assay measures this m7GMP-nsP1 complex by utilizing anti-m7G cap monoclonal antibody. The mutation of a conserved residue Asp63 to Ala revealed its role in nsP1 enzyme reaction. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) was used to determine the presence of magnesium ions (Mg2+) in the purified nsP1 protein. The divalent metal ion selectivity and investigation show preference for Mg2+ ion by CHIKV nsP1. Additionally, using the developed ELISA nsP1 assay, the inhibitory effects of sinefungin, aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) and ribavirin were determined and the IC50 values were estimated to be 2.69 μM, 5.72 μM and 1.18 mM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanjit Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Rajat Mudgal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Manju Narwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India.
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43
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Allosteric Effects between the Antibody Constant and Variable Regions: A Study of IgA Fc Mutations on Antigen Binding. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:antib7020020. [PMID: 31544872 PMCID: PMC6698812 DOI: 10.3390/antib7020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies have shifted the paradigm of disease treatments from small molecules to biologics, especially in cancer therapy. Despite the increasing number of antibody candidates, much remains unknown about the antibody and how its various regions interact. Recent findings showed that the antibody constant region can govern localization effects that are useful in reducing side effects due to systemic circulation by the commonly used IgG isotypes. Given their localized mucosal effects, IgA antibodies are increasingly promising therapeutic biologics. While the antibody Fc effector cell activity has been a focus point, recent research showed that the Fc could also influence antigen binding, challenging the conventional idea of region-specific antibody functions. To investigate this, we analysed the IgA antibody constant region and its distal effects on the antigen binding regions using recombinant Pertuzumab IgA1 and IgA2 variants. We found that mutations in the C-region reduced Her2 binding experimentally, and computational structural analysis showed that allosteric communications were highly dependent on the antibody hinge, providing strong evidence that we should consider antibodies as whole proteins rather than a sum of functional regions.
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44
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Matysiak-Brynda E, Wagner B, Bystrzejewski M, Grudzinski IP, Nowicka AM. The importance of antibody orientation in the electrochemical detection of ferritin. Biosens Bioelectron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Klaus T, Bereta J. CH2 Domain of Mouse IgG3 Governs Antibody Oligomerization, Increases Functional Affinity to Multivalent Antigens and Enhances Hemagglutination. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1096. [PMID: 29875771 PMCID: PMC5974032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse IgG3 is highly protective against several life-threatening bacteria. This isotype is the only one among mouse IgGs that forms non-covalent oligomers, has increased functional affinity to polyvalent antigens, and efficiently agglutinates erythrocytes. IgG3 also triggers the complement cascade. The high efficacy of protection after passive immunization with IgG3 is correlated with the unique properties of this isotype. Although the features of IgG3 are well documented, their molecular basis remains elusive. Based on functional analyses of IgG1/IgG3 hybrid molecules with swapped constant domains, we identified IgG3-derived CH2 domain as a major determinant of antibody oligomerization and increased functional affinity to a multivalent antigen. The CH2 domain was also crucial for efficient hemagglutination triggered by IgG3 and was indispensable for complement cascade activation. This domain is glycosylated and atypically charged. A mutational analysis based on molecular models of CH2 domain charge distribution indicated that the functional affinity was influenced by the specific charge location. N-glycans were essential for CH2-dependent enhancement of hemagglutination and complement activation. Oligomerization was independent of CH2 charge and glycosylation. We also verified that known C1q-binding motifs are functional in mouse IgG3 but not in IgG1 framework. We generated for the first time a gain-of-function antibody with properties transferred from IgG3 into IgG1 by replacing the CH2 domain. Finding that the CH2 domain of IgG3 governs unique properties of this isotype is likely to open an avenue toward the generation of IgG3-inspired antibodies that will be protective against existing or emerging lethal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Klaus
- Laboratory of Monoclonal Antibodies, Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Bereta
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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46
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Richardson SI, Chung AW, Natarajan H, Mabvakure B, Mkhize NN, Garrett N, Abdool Karim S, Moore PL, Ackerman ME, Alter G, Morris L. HIV-specific Fc effector function early in infection predicts the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006987. [PMID: 29630668 PMCID: PMC5908199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is a major goal of HIV vaccination strategies, there is mounting evidence to suggest that antibodies with Fc effector function also contribute to protection against HIV infection. Here we investigated Fc effector functionality of HIV-specific IgG plasma antibodies over 3 years of infection in 23 individuals, 13 of whom developed bNAbs. Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), complement deposition (ADCD), cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cellular trogocytosis (ADCT) were detected in almost all individuals with levels of activity increasing over time. At 6 months post-infection, individuals with bNAbs had significantly higher levels of ADCD and ADCT that correlated with antibody binding to C1q and FcγRIIa respectively. In addition, antibodies from individuals with bNAbs showed more IgG subclass diversity to multiple HIV antigens which also correlated with Fc polyfunctionality. Germinal center activity represented by CXCL13 levels and expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) was found to be associated with neutralization breadth, Fc polyfunctionality and IgG subclass diversity. Overall, multivariate analysis by random forest classification was able to group bNAb individuals with 85% sensitivity and 80% specificity based on the properties of their antibody Fc early in HIV infection. Thus, the Fc effector function profile predicted the development of neutralization breadth in this cohort, suggesting that intrinsic immune factors within the germinal center provide a mechanistic link between the Fc and Fab of HIV-specific antibodies. Some HIV-infected individuals develop antibodies that are capable of neutralizing the majority of HIV strains, a highly desirable function mediated by the antibody Fab portion. While antibodies elicited by current vaccines have failed to recreate this activity, the partial protection seen in the RV144 vaccine trial has been attributed to antibody Fc-mediated effector functions such as cell killing. In this study, we found that HIV-infected individuals who show a diversified and potent Fc response early in infection were more likely to develop broadly neutralizing antibodies later on. Examination of B cell functions associated with good germinal center activity, provided evidence for a common mechanistic link between the regulation of the Fc and Fab mediated activities in these individuals. Our finding of an Fc effector function profile that arises early and predicts neutralization breadth could be used in the evaluation of vaccine candidates designed to generate neutralizing antibodies. Common immune determinants associated with both Fab and Fc function could furthermore be exploited for vaccine design to harness the full potential of HIV-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone I. Richardson
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Batsirai Mabvakure
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla N. Mkhize
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Salim Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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