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Yoon C, Lee EJ, Kim D, Joung S, Kim Y, Jung H, Kim YG, Lee GM. SiMPl-GS: Advancing Cell Line Development via Synthetic Selection Marker for Next-Generation Biopharmaceutical Production. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2405593. [PMID: 39105414 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Rapid and efficient cell line development (CLD) process is essential to expedite therapeutic protein development. However, the performance of widely used glutamine-based selection systems is limited by low selection efficiency, stringency, and the inability to select multiple genes. Therefore, an AND-gate synthetic selection system is rationally designed using split intein-mediated protein ligation of glutamine synthetase (GS) (SiMPl-GS). Split sites of the GS are selected using a computational approach and validated with GS-knockout Chinese hamster ovary cells for their potential to enable cell survival in a glutamine-free medium. In CLD, SiMPl-GS outperforms the wild-type GS by selectively enriching high producers. Unlike wild-type GS, SiMPl-GS results in cell pools in which most cells produce high levels of therapeutic proteins. Harnessing orthogonal split intein pairs further enables the selection of four plasmids with a single selection, streamlining multispecific antibody-producing CLD. Taken together, SiMPl-GS is a simple yet effective means to expedite CLD for therapeutic protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansik Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, UST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongil Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyun Joung
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Heungchae Jung
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, UST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- BIO Center, Daejeon Technopark, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Gu Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, UST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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2
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Gonzalez-Rivera JC, Galvan A, Ryder T, Milman M, Agarwal K, Kandari L, Khetan A. A high-titer scalable Chinese hamster ovary transient expression platform for production of biotherapeutics. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024. [PMID: 39101569 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Transient gene expression (TGE) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells offers a route to accelerate biologics development by delivering material weeks to months earlier than what is possible with conventional cell line development. However, low productivity, inconsistent product quality profiles, and scalability challenges have prevented its broader adoption. In this study, we develop a scalable CHO-based TGE system achieving 1.9 g/L of monoclonal antibody in an unmodified host. We integrated continuous flow-electroporation and alternate tangential flow (ATF) perfusion to enable an end-to-end closed system from N-1 perfusion to fed-batch 50-L bioreactor production. Optimization of both the ATF operation for three-in-one application-cell growth, buffer exchange, and cell mass concentration-and the flow-electroporation process, led to a platform for producing biotherapeutics using transiently transfected cells. We demonstrate scalability up to 50-L bioreactor, maintaining a titer over 1 g/L. We also show comparable quality between both transiently and stably produced material, and consistency across batches. The results confirm that purity, charge variants and N-glycan profiles are similar. Our study demonstrates the potential of CHO-based TGE platforms to accelerate biologics process development timelines and contributes evidence supporting its feasibility for manufacturing early clinical material, aiming to strengthen endorsement for TGE's wider implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Galvan
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Todd Ryder
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Monica Milman
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kitty Agarwal
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lakshmi Kandari
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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3
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Clarke H, Mayer-Bartschmid A, Zheng C, Masterjohn E, Patel F, Moffat M, Wei Q, Liu R, Emmins R, Fischer S, Rieder S, Kelly T. When will we have a clone? An industry perspective on the typical CLD timeline. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3449. [PMID: 38477447 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Cell line development (CLD) represents a complex but highly critical process during the development of a biological drug. To shed light on this crucial workflow, a team of BioPhorum members (authors) has developed and executed surveys focused on the activities and effort involved in a typical CLD campaign. An average of 27 members from different companies that participate in the BioPhorum CLD working group answered surveys covering three distinguishable stages of a standard CLD process: (1) Pre-transfection, including vector design and construction; (2) Transfection, spanning the initial introduction of vector into cells and subsequent selection and analysis of the pools; and (3) Single Cell Cloning and Lead Clone Selection, comprising methods of isolating single cells and confirming clonal origin, subsequent expansion and screening processes, and methods for identifying and banking lead clones. The surveys were very extensive, including a total of 341 questions split between antibody and complex molecule CLD processes. In this survey review, the authors interpret and highlight responses for antibody development and, where relevant, contrast complex molecule development challenges to provide a comprehensive industry perspective on the typical time and effort required to develop a CHO production cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Clarke
- Seagen Inc., Cell Line Development, Bothell, Washington, USA
| | | | - Chenxing Zheng
- Incyte Corporation, Cell Line Development, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | | | - Falguni Patel
- AbbVie Inc., S&T Biologics Development & Launch, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark Moffat
- Pfizer, Cell Line Development, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Qingxiang Wei
- Incyte Corporation, Cell Line Development, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Ren Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Process Cell Sciences, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robyn Emmins
- GSK Medicines and Research Centre, Cell Line Development, Stevenage, UK
| | - Simon Fischer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Cell Line Development, Biberach, Germany
| | - Stephanie Rieder
- AbbVie Inc., S&T Biologics Development & Launch, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Kelly
- Janssen R&D, Cell Engineering & Analytical Sciences, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Tan KW, Ji P, Zhou H, Zhang S, Zhou W. Further accelerating biologics development from DNA to IND: the journey from COVID-19 to non-COVID-19 programs. Antib Ther 2024; 7:96-104. [PMID: 38371952 PMCID: PMC10873266 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic has spurred adoption of revolutionary initiatives by regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical industry worldwide to deliver therapeutic COVID-19 antibodies to patients at unprecedented speed. Among these, timeline of chemistry, manufacturing and control (CMC), which involves process development and manufacturing activities critical for the assurance of product quality and consistency before first-in-human clinical trials, was greatly reduced from typically 12-15 months (using clonal materials) to approximately 3 months (using non-clonal materials) in multiple cases. In this perspective, we briefly review the acceleration approaches published for therapeutic COVID-19 antibodies and subsequently discuss the applicability of these approaches to achieve investigational new drug (IND) timelines of ≤10 months in over 60 COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 programs performed at WuXi Biologics. We are of the view that, with demonstrated product quality and consistency, innovative approaches used for COVID-19 can be widely applied in all disease areas for greater speed to clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Wee Tan
- Cell Line Development, WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Pengfei Ji
- Cell Line Development, WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Bioprocess Research & Development, WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Sam Zhang
- Cell Line Development, WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Weichang Zhou
- Biologics Development, WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
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5
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Wang Y, Quan Q, Gleason C, Yu H, Peng L, Kang Y, Jiang L, Wu K, Pan J, Bao M, Zhu Q, Yi M, Fang M, Zheng Y, Qiu L, Xu B, Li X, Song J, Sun J, Zhang Z, Su Z, Lin J, Xie Y, Xu A, Song X, Huang C, Shen Z, Wang L, Song J. Accelerating the speed of innovative anti-tumor drugs to first-in-human trials incorporating key de-risk strategies. MAbs 2023; 15:2292305. [PMID: 38095560 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2292305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical companies have recently focused on accelerating the timeline for initiating first-in-human (FIH) trials to allow quick assessment of biologic drugs. For example, a stable cell pool can be used to produce materials for the toxicology (Tox) study, reducing time to the clinic by 4-5 months. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the anti-COVID drugs timeline from DNA transfection to the clinical stage was decreased to 6 months using a stable pool to generate a clinical drug substrate (DS) with limited stability, virus clearance, and Tox study package. However, a lean chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) package raises safety and comparability risks and may leave extra work in the late-stage development and commercialization phase. In addition, whether these accelerated COVID-19 drug development strategies can be applied to non-COVID projects and established as a standard practice in biologics development is uncertain. Here, we present a case study of a novel anti-tumor drug in which application of "fast-to-FIH" approaches in combination with BeiGene's de-risk strategy achieved successful delivery of a complete CMC package within 10 months. A comprehensive comparability study demonstrated that the DS generated from a stable pool and a single-cell-derived master cell bank were highly comparable with regards to process performance, product quality, and potency. This accomplishment can be a blueprint for non-COVID drug programs that approach the pace of drug development during the pandemic, with no adverse impact on the safety, quality, and late-stage development of biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Wang
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Quan
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Camille Gleason
- Department of Regulatory Affairs CMC, BeiGene USA, Inc, San Mateo, CA, USA
| | - Helin Yu
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Lujia Peng
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yanshen Kang
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Kailun Wu
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Moxiyele Bao
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Meiqi Yi
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Fang
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Department of Technical Operation and Manufacturing, BeiGene (Guangzhou) Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Technical Operation and Manufacturing, BeiGene (Guangzhou) Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Technical Operation and Manufacturing, BeiGene (Guangzhou) Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Song
- Department of Technical Operation and Manufacturing, BeiGene (Guangzhou) Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiamu Sun
- Department of Regulatory Affairs CMC, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Zijun Su
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jara Lin
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - April Xu
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Xiling Song
- Department of Regulatory Affairs CMC, BeiGene USA, Inc, San Mateo, CA, USA
| | - Chichi Huang
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Zhirong Shen
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Lai Wang
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Research and Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
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6
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Higgins MF, Abu‐Absi N, Gontarz E, Gorr IH, Kaiser K, Patel P, Ritacco F, Sheehy P, Thangaraj B, Gill T. Accelerated CMC workflows to enable speed to clinic in the COVID-19 era: A multi-company view from the biopharmaceutical industry. Biotechnol Prog 2022; 39:e3321. [PMID: 36546782 PMCID: PMC9880703 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented pressure on biopharmaceutical companies to develop efficacious preventative and therapeutic treatments, which is unlikely to abate in the coming years. The importance of fast progress to clinical evaluation for treatments, which tackle unmet medical needs puts strain on traditional product development timelines, which can take years from start to finish. Although previous work has been successful in reducing phase 1 timelines for recombinant antibodies, through utilization of the latest technological advances and acceptance of greater business risk or costs, substantially faster development is likely achievable without increased risk to patients during initial clinical evaluation. To optimize lessons learned from the pandemic and maximize multi-stakeholder (i.e., patients, clinicians, companies, regulatory agencies) benefit, we conducted an industry wide benchmarking survey in September/October 2021. The aims of this survey were to: (i) benchmark current technical practices of key process and product development activities related to manufacturing of therapeutic proteins, (ii) understand the impact of changes implemented in COVID-19 accelerated Ab programs, and whether any such changes can be retained as part of sustainable long-term business practices and (iii) understand whether any accelerative action(s) taken have (negatively) impacted the wider development process. This article provides an in-depth analysis of this data, ultimately highlighting an industry perspective of how biopharmaceutical companies can sustainably adopt new approaches to therapeutic protein development and production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ingo H. Gorr
- Therapeutic Virus DevelopmentBoehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGGermany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tony Gill
- BioPhorum Development GroupLondonUnited Kingdom
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7
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Tan KW, Ji P, Qian Z, Gao Q, Wang S, Li Q, Gu M, Zhang Q, Hou C, Huang Y, Lian D, Wang J, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Wu J, Zhou W. Rapidly accelerated development of neutralizing COVID-19 antibodies by reducing cell line and CMC development timelines. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022:10.1002/bit.28302. [PMID: 36482495 PMCID: PMC9877800 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, unconventional cell line development (CLD) strategies have been taken to enable development of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-neutralizing antibodies at expedited speed. We previously reported a novel chemistry, manufacturing, and control (CMC) workflow and demonstrated a much-shortened timeline of 3-6 months from DNA to investigational new drug (IND) application. Hereafter, we have incorporated this CMC strategy for many SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibody programs at WuXi Biologics. In this paper, we summarize the accelerated development of a total of seven antibody programs, some of which have received emergency use authorization approval in less than 2 years. Stable pools generated under good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions consistently exhibited similar productivity and product quality at different scales and batches, enabling rapid initiation of phase I clinical trials. Clones with comparable product quality as parental pools were subsequently screened and selected for late-stage development and manufacturing. Moreover, a preliminary stability study plan was devised to greatly reduce the time required for final clone determination and next-generation sequencing-based viral testing was implemented to support rapid conditional release of the master cell bank for GMP production. The successful execution of these COVID-19 programs relies on our robust, fit for purpose, and continuously improving CLD platform. The speed achieved for pandemic-related biologics development may innovate typical biologics development timelines and become a new standard in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Wee Tan
- WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade ZoneShanghaiChina
| | - Pengfei Ji
- WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade ZoneShanghaiChina
| | - Zichen Qian
- WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade ZoneShanghaiChina
| | - Qiao Gao
- WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade ZoneShanghaiChina
| | - Shuai Wang
- WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade ZoneShanghaiChina
| | - Qin Li
- WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade ZoneShanghaiChina
| | - Mingzhu Gu
- WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade ZoneShanghaiChina
| | - Qi Zhang
- WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade ZoneShanghaiChina
| | - Chengjian Hou
- WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade ZoneShanghaiChina
| | - Yang Huang
- WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade ZoneShanghaiChina
| | - Dujuan Lian
- WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade ZoneShanghaiChina
| | - Junghao Wang
- WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade ZoneShanghaiChina
| | - Zheng Zhang
- WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade ZoneShanghaiChina
| | - Sam Zhang
- WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade ZoneShanghaiChina
| | - Jiansheng Wu
- WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade ZoneShanghaiChina
| | - Weichang Zhou
- WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade ZoneShanghaiChina
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8
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Schmieder V, Fieder J, Drerup R, Gutierrez EA, Guelch C, Stolzenberger J, Stumbaum M, Mueller VS, Higel F, Bergbauer M, Bornhoefft K, Wittner M, Gronemeyer P, Braig C, Huber M, Reisenauer-Schaupp A, Mueller MM, Schuette M, Puengel S, Lindner B, Schmidt M, Schulz P, Fischer S. Towards maximum acceleration of monoclonal antibody development: Leveraging transposase-mediated cell line generation to enable GMP manufacturing within 3 months using a stable pool. J Biotechnol 2022; 349:53-64. [PMID: 35341894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, acceleration of development timelines has become a major focus within the biopharmaceutical industry to bring innovative therapies faster to patients. However, in order to address a high unmet medical need even faster further acceleration potential has to be identified to transform "speed-to-clinic" concepts into "warp-speed" development programs. Recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines are the predominant expression system for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and are routinely generated by random transgene integration (RTI) of the genetic information into the host cell genome. This process, however, exhibits considerable challenges such as the requirement for a time-consuming clone screening process to identify a suitable clonally derived manufacturing cell line. Hence, RTI represents an error prone and tedious method leading to long development timelines until availability of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-grade drug substance (DS). Transposase-mediated semi-targeted transgene integration (STI) has been recently identified as a promising alternative to RTI as it allows for a more rapid generation of high-performing and stable production cell lines. In this report, we demonstrate how a STI technology was leveraged to develop a very robust DS manufacturing process based on a stable pool cell line at unprecedented pace. Application of the novel strategy resulted in the manufacturing of GMP-grade DS at 2,000 L scale in less than three months paving the way for a start of Phase I clinical trials only six months after transfection. Finally, using a clonally derived production cell line, which was established from the parental stable pool, we were able to successfully implement a process with an increased mAb titer of up to 5 g per liter at the envisioned commercial scale (12,000 L) within eight months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Schmieder
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Juergen Fieder
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Raphael Drerup
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Erik Arango Gutierrez
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Carina Guelch
- Late Stage Upstream Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Jessica Stolzenberger
- Late Stage Downstream Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Mihaela Stumbaum
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Volker Steffen Mueller
- Early Stage Analytics, Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Fabian Higel
- Early Stage Analytics, Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Martin Bergbauer
- Late Stage Analytics, Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Kim Bornhoefft
- Characterization Technologies, Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Manuel Wittner
- Global CMC Experts NBE, Global Quality Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Petra Gronemeyer
- Cell Banking & Inoculum, Focused Factory CS&T, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Christian Braig
- CST Transfer, Focused Factory CS&T, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Michaela Huber
- Process Transfer Cell Culture, Focused Factory Drug Substance, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Anita Reisenauer-Schaupp
- R&D PM NBE, Global R&D Project Management and Development Strategies, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Markus Michael Mueller
- CMC PM Process Industrialization Germany, Global Biopharma CMC Project Mgmt&TechRA, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Mark Schuette
- Global Technology Management, Global Innovation & Alliance Management, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Sebastian Puengel
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lindner
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Moritz Schmidt
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Schulz
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Simon Fischer
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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9
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Chakrabarti L, Chaerkady R, Wang J, Weng SHS, Wang C, Qian C, Cazares L, Hess S, Amaya P, Zhu J, Hatton D. Mitochondrial membrane potential-enriched CHO host: a novel and powerful tool for improving biomanufacturing capability. MAbs 2022; 14:2020081. [PMID: 35030984 PMCID: PMC8765075 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.2020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim of increasing protein productivity of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, we sought to generate new CHO hosts with favorable biomanufacturing phenotypes and improved functionality. Here, we present an innovative approach of enriching the CHO host cells with a high mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Stable transfectant pools and clonal cell lines expressing difficult-to-express bispecific molecules generated from the MMP-enriched host outperformed the parental host by displaying (1) improved fed-batch productivity; (2) enhanced long-term cell viability of pools; (3) more favorable lactate metabolism; and (4) improved cell cloning efficiency during monoclonal cell line generation. Proteomic analysis together with Western blot validation were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms by which high MMP influenced production performance. The MMP-enriched host exhibited multifaceted protection against mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Our findings indicate that the MMP-enriched host achieved an overall “fitter” phenotype that contributes to the significant improvement in biomanufacturing capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Chakrabarti
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Junmin Wang
- Dynamic Omics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Chunlei Wang
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Chen Qian
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Lisa Cazares
- Dynamic Omics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Sonja Hess
- Dynamic Omics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Peter Amaya
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jie Zhu
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Diane Hatton
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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10
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Rodriguez-Conde S, Inman S, Lindo V, Amery L, Tang A, Okorji-Obike U, Du W, Bosch BJ, Wichgers Schreur PJ, Kortekaas J, Sola I, Enjuanes L, Kerry L, Mahal K, Hulley M, Daramola O. Suitability of transiently expressed antibodies for clinical studies: product quality consistency at different production scales. MAbs 2022; 14:2052228. [PMID: 35323099 PMCID: PMC8959507 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2052228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic human monoclonal antibodies derived from humanized mice against different epitopes of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and chimeric llama-human bispecific heavy chain-only antibodies targeting the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), were produced using a CHO-based transient expression system. Two lead candidates were assessed for each model virus before selecting and progressing one lead molecule. MERS-7.7G6 was used as the model antibody to demonstrate batch-to-batch process consistency and, together with RVFV-107-104, were scaled up to 200 L. Consistent expression titers were obtained in different batches at a 5 L scale for MERS-7.7G6. Although lower expression levels were observed for MERS-7.7G6 and RVFV-107-104 during scale up to 200 L, product quality attributes were consistent at different scales and in different batches. In addition to this, peptide mapping data suggested no detectable sequence variants for any of these candidates. Functional assays demonstrated comparable neutralizing activity for MERS-7.7G6 and RVFV-107-104 generated at different production scales. Similarly, MERS-7.7G6 batches generated at different scales were shown to provide comparable protection in mouse models. Our study demonstrates that a CHO-based transient expression process is capable of generating consistent product quality at different production scales and thereby supports the potential of using transient gene expression to accelerate the manufacturing of early clinical material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rodriguez-Conde
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sophie Inman
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Viv Lindo
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leanne Amery
- Late-Stage Formulation Sciences, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alison Tang
- Purification Process Sciences, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Uche Okorji-Obike
- Analytical Sciences, Bioassay Biosafety and Impurities, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wenjuan Du
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Wichgers Schreur
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Isabel Sola
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Kerry
- Analytical Sciences, Bioassay Biosafety and Impurities, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katharina Mahal
- Analytical Sciences, Bioassay Biosafety and Impurities, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martyn Hulley
- Purification Process Sciences, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Olalekan Daramola
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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11
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Xu J, Ou J, McHugh KP, Borys MC, Khetan A. Upstream cell culture process characterization and in-process control strategy development at pandemic speed. MAbs 2022; 14:2060724. [PMID: 35380922 PMCID: PMC8986202 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2060724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As of early 2022, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic remains a substantial global health concern. Different treatments for COVID-19, such as anti-COVID-19 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), have been developed under tight timelines. Not only mAb product and clinical development but also chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) process development at pandemic speed are required to address this highly unmet patient need. CMC development consists of early- and late-stage process development to ensure sufficient mAb manufacturing yield and consistent product quality for patient safety and efficacy. Here, we report a case study of late-stage cell culture process development at pandemic speed for mAb1 and mAb2 production as a combination therapy for a highly unmet patient treatment. We completed late-stage cell culture process characterization (PC) within approximately 4 months from the cell culture process definition to the initiation of the manufacturing process performance qualification (PPQ) campaign for mAb1 and mAb2, in comparison to a standard one-year PC timeline. Different strategies were presented in detail at different PC steps, i.e., pre-PC risk assessment, scale-down model development and qualification, formal PC experiments, and in-process control strategy development for a successful PPQ campaign that did not sacrifice quality. The strategies we present may be applied to accelerate late-stage process development for other biologics to reduce timelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Xu
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Jianfa Ou
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Kyle P McHugh
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Borys
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
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12
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Xu G, Yu C, Wang W, Fu C, Liu H, Zhu Y, Li Y, Liu C, Fu Z, Wu G, Li M, Guo S, Yu X, Du J, Yang Y, Duan M, Cui Y, Feng H, Wang L. Quality comparability assessment of a SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibody across transient, mini-pool-derived and single-clone CHO cells. MAbs 2021; 14:2005507. [PMID: 34923915 PMCID: PMC8726686 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.2005507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has triggered a serious public health crisis worldwide, and considering the novelty of the disease, preventative and therapeutic measures alike are urgently needed. To accelerate such efforts, the development of JS016, a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, was expedited from a typical 12- to 18-month period to a 4-month period. During this process, transient Chinese hamster ovary cell lines are used to support preclinical, investigational new drug-enabling toxicology research, and early Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls development; mini-pool materials to supply Phase 1 clinical trials; and a single-clone working cell bank for late-stage and pivotal clinical trials were successively adopted. Moreover, key process performance and product quality investigations using a series of orthogonal and state-of-the-art techniques were conducted to demonstrate the comparability of products manufactured using these three processes, and the results indicated that, despite observed variations in process performance, the primary and high-order structures, purity and impurity profiles, biological and immunological functions, and degradation behaviors under stress conditions were largely comparable. The study suggests that, in particular situations, this strategy can be adopted to accelerate the development of therapeutic biopharmaceuticals and their access to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangling Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Cexiong Fu
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongchuan Liu
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihao Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jialiang Du
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yalan Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Maoqin Duan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfei Cui
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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13
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Agostinetto R, Rossi M, Dawson J, Lim A, Simoneau MH, Boucher C, Valldorf B, Ross‐Gillespie A, Jardine JG, Sok D, Burton DR, Hassell T, Broly H, Palinsky W, Dupraz P, Feinberg M, Dey AK. Rapid cGMP manufacturing of COVID-19 monoclonal antibody using stable CHO cell pools. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:663-666. [PMID: 34796474 PMCID: PMC8652680 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins, including monoclonal antibodies, are typically manufactured using clonally derived, stable host cell lines, since consistent and predictable cell culture performance is highly desirable. However, selecting and preparing banks of stable clones takes considerable time, which inevitably extends overall development timelines for new therapeutics by delaying the start of subsequent activities, such as the scale-up of manufacturing processes. In the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with its intense pressure for accelerated development strategies, we used a novel transposon-based Leap-In Transposase® system to rapidly generate high-titer stable pools and then used them directly for large scale-manufacturing of an anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 monoclonal antibody under cGMP. We performed the safety testing of our non-clonal cell bank, then used it to produce material at a 200L-scale for preclinical safety studies and formulation development work, and thereafter at 2000L scale for supply of material for a Phase 1 clinical trial. Testing demonstrated the comparability of critical product qualities between the two scales and, more importantly, that our final clinical trial product met all pre-set product quality specifications. The above expediated approach provided clinical trial material within 4.5 months, in comparison to 12-14 months for production of clinical trial material via the conventional approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mara Rossi
- MerckSerono S.p.A, Guidonia di MontecelloItaly
| | | | | | | | - Cyril Boucher
- Ares Trading SA/Merck SA SwitzerlandAubonneSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Joseph G. Jardine
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- IAVINew YorkNew YorkUSA
- IAVI, Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Devin Sok
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- IAVINew YorkNew YorkUSA
- IAVI, Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- IAVI, Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and HarvardCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Hervé Broly
- Ares Trading SA/Merck SA SwitzerlandAubonneSwitzerland
| | - Wolf Palinsky
- Ares Trading SA/Merck SA SwitzerlandAubonneSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Antu K. Dey
- IAVINew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Present address:
Antu K. Dey, GreenLight Biosciences Inc., 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 1000MedfordMassachusettsUSA
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14
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Zhang Z, Chen J, Wang J, Gao Q, Ma Z, Xu S, Zhang L, Cai J, Zhou W. Reshaping cell line development and CMC strategy for fast responses to pandemic outbreak. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3186. [PMID: 34148295 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The global pandemic outbreak COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2), has prompted many pharmaceutical companies to develop vaccines and therapeutic biologics for its prevention and treatment. Most of the therapeutic biologics are common human IgG antibodies, which were identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) with the B cells from the convalescent patients. To fight against pandemic outbreaks like COVID-19, biologics development strategies need to be optimized to speed up the timeline. Since the advent of therapeutic biologics, strategies of transfection and cell line selection have been continuously improved for greater productivity and efficiency. NGS has also been implemented for accelerated cell bank testing. These recent advances enable us to rethink and reshape the chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) strategy in order to start supplying Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) materials for clinical trials as soon as possible. We elucidated an accelerated CMC workflow for biologics, including using GMP-compliant pool materials for phase I clinical trials, selecting the final clone with product quality similar to that of phase I materials for late-stage development and commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Chen
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Junghao Wang
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiao Gao
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhujun Ma
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Shurong Xu
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Jill Cai
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Weichang Zhou
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
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