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Wang Y, Xiong D, He X, Yu L, Li G, Wang T, Liu C, Liu Z, Li Z, Gao C. Rapid and Comprehensive Analysis of 41 Harmful Substances in Multi-Matrix Products by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Using Matrix-Matching Calibration Strategy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2281. [PMID: 38793348 PMCID: PMC11122967 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Harmful substances in consumer goods pose serious hazards to human health and the environment. However, due to the vast variety of consumer goods and the complexity of their substrates, it is difficult to simultaneously detect multiple harmful substances in different materials. This paper presents a method for the simultaneous determination of 41 harmful substances comprising 17 phthalates (PAEs), 8 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in five types of products using the matrix-matching calibration strategy. The method employs an efficient ultrasonic extraction procedure using a mixture of dichloromethane and methylbenzene, followed by dissolution-precipitation and analysis through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compared with previous experiments, we established a universal pretreatment method suitable for multi-matrix materials to simultaneously determine multiple harmful substances. To evaluate the effects of the matrix on the experimental results, we compared neat standard solutions and matrix-matching standard solutions. The results demonstrated that all compounds were successfully separated within 30 min with excellent separation efficiency. Additionally, the linear relationships of all analytes showed strong correlation coefficients (R2) of at least 0.995, ranging from 0.02 mg/L to 20 mg/L. The average recoveries of the target compounds (spiked at three concentration levels) were between 73.6 and 124.1%, with a relative standard deviation (n = 6) varying from 1.2% to 9.9%. Finally, we tested 40 different materials from consumer products and detected 16 harmful substances in 31 samples. Overall, this method is simple and accurate, and it can be used to simultaneously determine multiple types of hazardous substances in multi-matrix materials by minimizing matrix effects, making it an invaluable tool for ensuring product safety and protecting public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cuiling Gao
- Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan 250102, China; (Y.W.); (D.X.); (X.H.); (L.Y.); (G.L.); (T.W.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Z.L.)
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2
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Xie Y, Zhang L, Hou W, Cheng Y, Luo F, Liu Z, Zhang Z. A Novel Method for Monitoring N-Nitrosamines Impurities Using NH 2-MIL-101(Fe) Mediated Dispersive Micro-Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with LC-MS/MS in Biopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2783-2789. [PMID: 37481163 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient and convenient method for the simultaneous determination of 12 N-nitrosamines (NAs) has been developed using an amine-functionalized metal-organic framework (NH2-MIL-101(Fe)) as sorbent for dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (D-μSPE) coupled with LC-MS/MS in biopharmaceuticals. The experimental variables involved in the extraction process (i.e., amount of the sorbent, extraction time, desorption time, ionic strength, desorption solvent and volume) were optimized to achieve the best extraction efficiency of the target analytes. Under the optimum conditions, the method was successfully validated, showing good linearity in the range of 0.5-3.0 μg/L with determination coefficients (R2) higher than 0.990, repeatability (RSD ≤ 10.0%, spiked level at 2.0 μg/L) and precision (RSD ≤ 8.2%). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were in the range of 0.005-0.025 μg/L and 0.010-0.250 μg/L, respectively. Satisfactory recoveries ranging from 82.4 to 116.8% were obtained by spiking standards at three different concentrations (0.5 μg/L, 2.0 μg/L and 3.0 μg/L). Other validation parameters, including specificity, stability, and robustness, met the validation criteria. More importantly, the plausible adsorption mechanism on NH2-MIL-101(Fe) was proposed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra technique. Finally, this method was successfully applied to detect trace nitrosamines in biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangguo Xie
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China.
| | - Wei Hou
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Feifei Luo
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Zhuoyu Liu
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Zhongli Zhang
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China.
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3
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Deeb AA, Hailat M, Aldoqum HM, Abuothman M, Abuyaman O, Abu Dayyih W. An Analytical Method for Determining N-Nitrosodimethylamine and N-Nitrosodiethylamine Contamination in Irbesartan, Olmesartan and Metformin by UPLC-APCI-MS/MS in Tablet Dosage Form. J Chromatogr Sci 2023:bmad068. [PMID: 37622601 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosamine pollutants are probable carcinogens. Regulatory agencies declared their presence in the drugs unsafe for human consumption and demanded their recall. Using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-APCI-MS/MS) in tablet dosage form based on International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) tripartite guideline criteria, we aim to develop and test a new approach for identifying and validating nitrosamine-contaminants, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) in irbesartan, olmesartan and metformin. The column was Phenomenex Luna-C18, 100 × 3.0 mm and 3.0 μm. A mobile gradient phase of formic acid in either water or methanol separated the impurities. NDMA and NDEA had retention times of 0.85 and 2.55 min, respectively. The detector's linearity was established at concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 100 ng/mL. R2 for NDMA and NDEA were 0.9996 and 0.9998, respectively, with a linear response function established at 0.6-100 ng/mL. Limit of detection and limit of quantification for NDMA and NDEA were 0.35, 0.29 and 0.55, 0.37 ng/mL, respectively. On average, recovery rates for NDMA and NDEA ranged from 96.0 to 98.4 and 96.2 to 98.0%, respectively. The relative standard deviation for NDMA and NDEA was 3.46 and 2.69, respectively. According to the ICH guidelines, the developed method was quick, sensitive and valid. The pharmaceutical formulations of irbesartan, olmesartan and metformin may be regularly examined using the approach provided here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Deeb
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Hailat
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Hani M Aldoqum
- Automated Chemical Laboratories, Royal Scientific Society, Amman 11941, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Abuothman
- Automated Chemical Laboratories, Royal Scientific Society, Amman 11941, Jordan
| | - Omar Abuyaman
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Wael Abu Dayyih
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan
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4
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Development of a sensitive LC-APCI-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of eleven nitrosamines in valsartan and irbesartan with a simple extraction approach. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1216:123593. [PMID: 36669257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrosamines (NAs) are potent genotoxic agents (GAs) in several animal species, and some are classified as probable or possible human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In July 2018, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) which are used to treat high blood pressure have been recalled owing to contamination with NAs. In this study, a simple and sensitive method for the determination of eleven NAs in a single analysis was developed, using atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation source coupled liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer (LC-APCI-MS/MS). By performing the 17 min-run in dynamic multiple reaction monitoring (dMRM) mode, eleven NAs were separated on a Poroshell HPH C18 (4.6 × 150 mm, 2.7 µm) column with gradient elution implementing mobile phase A consisting of 0.2 % formic acid in water and mobile phase B consisting of methanol. The developed analytical method was successfully applied in both active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and finished products (FPs) of valsartan and irbesartan with straightforward and effective extraction procedures. Good linearity with a correlation coefficient (R2) > 0.996 was achieved over the concentration in a range of 0.5-50 ng/mL. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged in 0.001-0.008 ppm and limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged in 0.008-0.05 ppm of the method fulfilled thresholds of US Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) for testing of GAs in valsartan and irbesartan. The accuracy of the proposed method ranged from 73.1 % to 115.2 % for APIs and the relative standard deviation (RSD %) was ≤11.3 while these validation parameters were in the range of 80.2-128.5 % and ≤ 10.6 for FPs, respectively.
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Kim H, Sung D, Yu H, Jang D, Koo Y, Lee S, Lim K, Choi D. Comparison of EI-GC-MS/MS, APCI-LC-MS/MS, and ESI-LC-MS/MS for the Simultaneous Analysis of Nine Nitrosamines Eluted from Synthetic Resins into Artificial Saliva and Health Risk Assessment. TOXICS 2021; 9:230. [PMID: 34678926 PMCID: PMC8540041 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosamines can be produced during the manufacture of rubber-type products such as pacifiers or the nipples of baby bottles. Humans can be exposed to the nitrosamines in these products when they are eluted into saliva. In this study, we compared the efficiency of electron impact ionization (EI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and electrospray ionization (ESI) methods for the analysis of nine nitrosamines eluted into artificial saliva. In addition, nine nitrosamines eluted from 54 rubber-type products (rubber, thermoplastic elastomer, thermoplastic polyurethane, and polyurethane) marketed in Korea were monitored. Finally, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessments of oral exposure to nine nitrosamines were performed based on the monitoring results. EI-GC-MS/MS performed the best for the simultaneous analysis of these nine nitrosamines with respect to overall linearity, trace analysis limit of detection (less than 1 μg), recovery (average 108.66 ± 9.32%), and precision (less than 6%), compared with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (APCI and ESI) methods. Using the EI-GC-MS/MS method, these nine nitrosamines eluted into artificial saliva from 54 rubber-type products were monitored. Based on the monitoring data, risk assessment was performed by calculating the margin of exposure (MOE) for the respective nitrosamines detected. As a result, these nitrosamines were confirmed to be safe with regard to both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsoo Kim
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.K.); (D.J.); (Y.K.); (S.L.)
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Daekwan Sung
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (D.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Honghyeon Yu
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (D.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Daeyong Jang
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.K.); (D.J.); (Y.K.); (S.L.)
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (D.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yeji Koo
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.K.); (D.J.); (Y.K.); (S.L.)
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Seungha Lee
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.K.); (D.J.); (Y.K.); (S.L.)
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Kyungmin Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03670, Korea
| | - Dalwoong Choi
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.K.); (D.J.); (Y.K.); (S.L.)
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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6
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Li R, Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Bai H, Lv Q. High resolution GC–Orbitrap MS for nitrosamines analysis: Method performance, exploration of solid phase extraction regularity, and screening of children’s products. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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7
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Kühne F, Biedermann M, Eicher A, Felder F, Sander S, Schmidt R, Lehmann S, McCombie G, Merkel S, Kappenstein O, Luch A. Characterisation of Elastomers as Food Contact Materials-Part 1: Quantification of Extractable Compounds, Swelling of Elastomers in Food Simulants and Release of Elements. Molecules 2021; 26:509. [PMID: 33478042 PMCID: PMC7835956 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastomers are not a uniform class of materials but comprise a broad spectrum of chemically different polymers. Sealing gaskets, gloves, teats, conveyor belts and tubing are examples of elastomers being used as food contact materials (FCMs). Ten elastomer samples were evaluated with respect to the content of extractable compounds, migration of substances into ethanolic food simulants, swelling in food simulants and release of elements in different food simulants. The number of extractable substances <1000 Da was determined by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with flame ionisation detection (GC × GC-FID) analysis of tetrahydrofuran (THF) extracts. The number of signals ranged from 61 (a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE)) to 690 (a natural rubber/styrene-butadiene-rubber blend (NR/SBR)). As for risk assessment, the decisive factor is which substances reach the food. The extent of substances that migrate into ethanolic food simulants was investigated. Elastomer FCMs can be the source of food contamination with heavy metals. Notably, contamination with lead was detected in some samples investigated in this study. It was shown that food simulants harbour the potential to morphologically alter or even disintegrate elastomeric materials. The results presented here highlight the importance to carefully choose the elastomer type for the intended use as FCMs as not every application may prove safe for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Kühne
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Maurus Biedermann
- Official Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstr. 15, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.B.); (A.E.); (F.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Angela Eicher
- Official Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstr. 15, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.B.); (A.E.); (F.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Florian Felder
- Official Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstr. 15, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.B.); (A.E.); (F.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Stefan Sander
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Roman Schmidt
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Saskia Lehmann
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Gregor McCombie
- Official Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstr. 15, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.B.); (A.E.); (F.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Stefan Merkel
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Oliver Kappenstein
- Department of Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Andreas Luch
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
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8
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Bian Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Li GH, Feng XS. Progress in the pretreatment and analysis of N-nitrosamines: an update since 2010. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:3626-3660. [PMID: 32776791 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1803790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As highly toxic substances, N-nitrosamines (NAs) have been proved to cause carcinogenesis and mutagenesis in humans. Therefore, to carefully monitor safety and preserve human health, the development of rapid, accurate, and high-sensitivity determination methods of NAs is of substantial importance. This review provides a current-status comprehensive summary of the pretreatment and determination methods of NAs in various samples since 2010. Common pretreatment methods that have been used to extract and purify targets include solid-phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction and various microextraction methods, such as solid-phase microextraction and liquid-phase microextraction, among others. Determination methods include liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography and electrochemical methods, among others. In addition, we discuss and compare the advantages and disadvantages of various pretreatment and analytical methods and examine the prospects in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bian
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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9
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Schmidtsdorff S, Schmidt AH. Simultaneous detection of nitrosamines and other sartan-related impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients by supercritical fluid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 174:151-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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10
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Release of N-nitrosamines and N-nitrosatable substances from baby bottle teats and rubber kitchen tools in Korea. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:1519-1524. [PMID: 30319863 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensuring the safety of baby bottle teats and kitchen tools made from rubber is critical. Therefore, the migration of N-nitrosamines and N-nitrosatable substances from 30 teats and 45 kitchen tools to artificial saliva was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated by assessing the limits of detection (0.46-3.87 μg/kg), limits of quantification (1.38-11.73 μg/kg), and recoveries (86.3-108.6%) of seven compounds. Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosopiperidine, and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) migrated from baby bottle teats at concentrations of not detected (ND) to 3.67 μg/kg. NDMA and NMOR concentrations ranged from ND to 1.72 μg/kg after migration from 45 rubber kitchen tools. N-nitrosatable substances ranged from ND to 42.16 μg/kg after migration from baby bottle teats but did not migrate from rubber kitchen tools. All tested products were considered safe for use, as N-nitrosamine and N-nitrosatable substance levels did not exceed the permitted management specifications.
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Kühne F, Kappenstein O, Straβgütl S, Weese F, Weyer J, Pfaff K, Luch A. N-nitrosamines migrating from food contact materials into food simulants: analysis and quantification by means of HPLC-APCI-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:792-805. [PMID: 29219744 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1414959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It was the aim of the work described here to develop a validated analytical method for the determination of N-nitrosamines in food simulants. Here, we present the validation of a liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of 13 N-nitrosamines in the food simulants deionised water, 3% acetic acid and 10% ethanol. Method validation encompassed linearity, LOD, LOQ, recovery, precision and stability of the N-nitrosamines. The method was found to be sufficiently rugged and suitable for routine analysis. In addition, the developed method is on average 10 times more sensitive than the gas chromatography-thermal energy analyser (GC-TEA) method that is currently stipulated in Recommendation XXI for commodities based on natural and synthetic rubber issued by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). The developed method was applied to determine the N-nitrosamine contents in migration solutions of 12 elastomer samples covering a range of different elastomer types. In 10 out of 12 samples, N-nitrosamines were determined. In most samples, the guidance value of 1 µg/dm2 specified in BfR Recommendation XXI was not exceeded. In conclusion, the analytical method presented here offers a useful alternative to the GC-TEA method currently stipulated in BfR Recommendation XXI. This is of wider relevance, since BfR recommendations are used for compliance assessment of Article 3, paragraph 1 a of the Regulation (EC) No. 1935/2004 with respect to their health safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Kühne
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany
| | - Oliver Kappenstein
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany
| | - Samira Straβgütl
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany
| | - Florian Weese
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany
| | - Jürgen Weyer
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany
| | - Karla Pfaff
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany
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12
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Lv F, Guo J, Yu F, Zhang T, Zhang S, Cui H, Liu X, Chen L, Liu L, Liu S, Xie F. Determination of nine volatile N-nitrosamines in tobacco and smokeless tobacco products by dispersive solid-phase extraction with gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2123-8. [PMID: 27059265 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for the determination of nine volatile N-nitrosamines in tobacco and smokeless tobacco products. The targets are N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, N-nitrosopiperidine, N-nitrosomorpholine, N-nitrosoethylmethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodipropylamine, N-nitrosobuylmethylmine, and N-nitrosodibutylamine. The samples were treated by dispersive solid-phase extraction using 1 g of primary secondary amine and 0.5 g of carbon and then analyzed by gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry with an electron impact ion source. The recoveries for the targets ranged from 84 to 118%, with <16% relative standard deviations at three spiking levels of 0.5, 1.25, and 2.5 ng/g. The limits of detection ranged from 0.03 to 0.15 ng/g. With the use of the proposed method, we detected the presence of six nitrosamines in the range of 0.4-30.7 ng/g. The study demonstrated that the method could be used as a rapid, convenient, and high-throughput method for N-nitrosamines analysis in tobacco matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Lv
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junwei Guo
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei Yu
- China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Gold leaf Manufacturing Center of China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Technique Center of Tobacco Production, PingDingshan Tobacco Company of Henan Tobacco Monopoly Bureau, PingDingshan, China
| | - Huapeng Cui
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xianjun Liu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Chen
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Leiyu Liu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fuwei Xie
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
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Mutsuga M, Yamaguchi M, Kawamura Y. Analysis of <i>N</i>-Nitrosamine Migration from Rubber Teats and Soothers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2013.46035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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