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Shahsavari S, Shariatifar N, Arabameri M, Mahmoudi R, Moazzen M, Ghajarbeygi P. Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in cream and ice cream using modified QuEChERS extraction and GC‐QqQ‐MS/MS method: A risk assessment study. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Shahsavari
- Health Products Safety Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences QazvinIran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistical, School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences TehranIran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences TehranIran
| | - Majid Arabameri
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education TehranIran
| | - Razzagh Mahmoudi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences QazvinIran
| | - Mojtaba Moazzen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences TehranIran
| | - Peyman Ghajarbeygi
- Health Products Safety Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran
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Pietron WJ, Warenik-Bany M, Wozniak B. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in raw milk from different animal species and in infant formula. Occurrence and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130479. [PMID: 34126691 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widespread, persistent in the environment, and classified as global pollutants. Their presence has been confirmed in various types of food which adversely affect human health when consumed in sufficient amounts. Although milk has advantageous nutritional qualities and there are health benefits associated with its consumption, it could also contain toxic PBDEs. The aim of the study was the determination of the concentrations of ten congeners (BDE -28, -47, -49, -99, -100, -138, -153, -154, -183, and 209) in cow's, sheep's, and goat's milk obtained from Polish farms and their determination in infant formula. A total of 103 samples of raw milk and infant formula were tested using an accredited high-resolution gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry method. PBDEs were detected in all analyzed samples, the highest concentration being found in sheep's milk (11.9 ng g-1 fat), and cow's milk containing the least contamination. BDE-209 makes the predominant contribution to the sum of the ten congeners, constituting at least 38%. The profiles of PBDEs were dependent on the milk type and the differences between its varieties are discussed. The highest median concentration of the sum of ten PBDEs (0.473 ng g-1 fat) was determined in infant formula, which was identified as an important source of infants' exposure (5.48 ng kg-1 b.w. day-1 calculated based on P95 concentration). Milk is a source of PBDE in the diet; however, considered in isolation its consumption does not pose a risk to either adults' or children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Jerzy Pietron
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Warenik-Bany
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Barbara Wozniak
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
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Yaminifar S, Aeenehvand S, Ghelichkhani G, Ahmadloo M, Arabameri M, Moazzen M, Shariatifar N. The measurement and health risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls in butter samples using the QuEChERS/GC‐MS method. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Yaminifar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Poursina Avenue, Qods Street, Enqelab Square Tehran Tehran 1461965381Iran
| | - Saeed Aeenehvand
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Poursina Avenue, Qods Street, Enqelab Square Tehran Tehran 1461965381Iran
| | - Gilda Ghelichkhani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Poursina Avenue, Qods Street, Enqelab Square Tehran Tehran 1461965381Iran
| | - Mahsa Ahmadloo
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene School of Public Health School of Health Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Shahid Bahonar Boulevard Qazvin QazvinIran
| | - Majid Arabameri
- Food Safety Research Center (salt) Semnan University of Medical Sciences Headquarter of Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Bassij Blvd Semnan Semnan 35147‐99442 Iran
| | - Mojtaba Moazzen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Poursina Avenue, Qods Street, Enqelab Square Tehran Tehran 1461965381Iran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Poursina Avenue, Qods Street, Enqelab Square Tehran Tehran 1461965381Iran
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4
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A global database of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant congeners in foods and supplements. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fabrice Elegbede C, Papadopoulos A, Kolbaum AE, Turrini A, Mistura L, Lindtner O, Sirot V. TDS exposure project: How and when to consider seasonalityin a total diet study? Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 105:119-126. [PMID: 28347757 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Seasonality is a key issue of total diet studies (TDS), as season may impact consumption patterns and concentrations of food chemicals, then exposure levels. This work aimed at analyzing the impact on dietary exposure of different options of seasonality management, to propose guidelines for TDS sampling. Dietary exposure to nine chemicals was assessed for adults and children from the second French Individual and National Food Consumption Survey: arsenic, copper, manganese, dioxins, furans, dioxin-like and non dioxin-like PCBs, deoxinivalenol and ochratoxin A. Seasonality was considered either in both consumption and concentration data, consumption data only, or concentration data only. Results showed significant differences between exposures during different seasons. For most chemicals, the difference between seasonal exposures may not be mainly driven by seasonality of consumption, but partly by seasonality of concentration. Results on risk assessment remained generally the same. If the main objective of the TDS is the risk assessment, considering season for sampling could be costly but with a low added value in terms of results. For exposure refinement, season has to be considered in the sampling design. More particularly, seasonal samples should be kept separately for chemicals with expected seasonal variation in concentrations, such as some metals or mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chabi Fabrice Elegbede
- Risk Assessment Department (DER), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alexandra Papadopoulos
- Risk Assessment Department (DER), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Anna Elena Kolbaum
- Department Exposure, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aida Turrini
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre on Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, I-00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Mistura
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre on Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, I-00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Oliver Lindtner
- Department Exposure, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Véronique Sirot
- Risk Assessment Department (DER), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Levels of Selected Persistent Organic Pollutants (PCB, PBDE) and Pesticides in Honey Bee Pollen Sampled in Poland. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167487. [PMID: 27907097 PMCID: PMC5132244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical plant protection is a commonly discussed factor potentially responsible for decline in pollinators and other beneficial insect populations. Various groups of chemicals including persistent organic pollutants could impact a bee colony's welfare and are reported to be present in bee tissue and apiary products. The aim of this work was to evaluate the presence of selected persistent organic pollutant and pesticide residues in bee pollen originating from different geographical regions of Poland. Pesticide residues were identified in 60% of tested bee pollen samples. The compounds identified were mainly active ingredients of fungicide preparations. Insecticide active ingredients were up to 30% of the identified residues. The triazole fungicide tebuconazole and the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid were the most frequently found pesticides in pollen. The highest pesticide concentration was determined for prothioconazole (356 μg kg-1). Mean concentrations of chlorinated biphenyls-EC6 and EC12 were 194 pg g-1 and 74 pg g-1, respectively. CB # 28 has the greatest share in the EC6 profile (mean 61 pg g-1, 31% contribution). Relatively high contributions were also observed for CBs # 101 (35 pg g-1, 18%), # 138 (36 pg g-1, 19%) and # 153 (33 pg g-1, 17%). CB # 114 and 118 have the highest share in the dioxin-like biphenyls fraction with mean concentrations of 17.6 and 37.6 pg g-1 (respectively 23 and 50%). Mean calculated concentrations of 39 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners (Σ39 BDE) were 20 ± 27.7 pg g-1. High variability was observed between maximal and minimal determined concentration values. Individual BDEs were found at different frequencies and varying concentration levels. BDEs # 47, 75 and 99 dominated the profile with average concentrations of 3 pg g-1, 3.1 pg g-1, and 2.9 pg g-1, respectively.
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Lei Y, He M, Chen B, Hu B. Polyaniline/cyclodextrin composite coated stir bar sorptive extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection for the analysis of trace polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental waters. Talanta 2016; 150:310-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Roszko M, Szymczyk K, Rzepkowska M, Jędrzejczak R. Preliminary study on brominated dioxins/furans and hydroxylated/methoxylated PBDEs in Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) liver. Comparison to the levels of analogue chlorinated co-occurring pollutants. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 96:165-175. [PMID: 26002098 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Low pg levels of PBDD/Fs in 0.8-38.9 pg g(-1) (fat) range (mean 14.2 pg g(-1)) observed in the tested cod liver samples were significantly lower than levels of their chlorinated analogues (25.1-95.9 range, 37.7 mean pg g(-1) fat). Brominated furans dominated the congener profile. Elevated levels of OH-/MeO-BDE were however observed with mean concentrations at 2769±1319 and 5441±2918 pg g(-1) (fat) respectively. The observed congener profiles with the predominance of 6-OH-BDE 47 and the relatively high proportion between the native and hydroxylated compounds indicate on natural origin of those compounds or at least presence of various exposure sources. A large fraction of studied samples did not comply with the currently standing EU regulations concerning PCBs and chlorinated dioxins (11%), especially as regards non-dioxin like PCBs (88%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Roszko
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Szymczyk
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rzepkowska
- Department of Ichthyobiology and Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Jędrzejczak
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
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Gong Y, Wen S, Zheng C, Peng X, Li Y, Hu D, Peng L. Potential risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by consuming animal-derived foods collected from interior areas of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:8349-8358. [PMID: 25537283 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are one class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Although studies have reported the occurrence of PBDEs in freshwater fish species from several locations, to our best knowledge, there was no comprehensive data on PBDEs in foods of animal origin, such as pork, egg, and milk samples from interior areas of China, where pork and eggs are the major constituents of diet. The levels of PBDEs (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183) were determined in samples of animal-derived foods widely consumed by the population of Hubei in east-central China and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Two hundred six samples of animal-derived foods were randomly acquired in 17 sites of Hubei in 2010. The highest medium concentration of ∑7PBDEs was found in chicken eggs (0.191 ng/g wet weight (ww)), followed by duck eggs (0.176 ng/g ww), pork (0.050 ng/g ww), carps (0.047 ng/g ww), and cow milk (0.013 ng/g ww). The estimated dietary intake of Σ7PBDEs for a standard adult of 60 kg body weight based on medium and 95th percentile concentrations with consumption of animal-derived foods in Hubei province were 157.5 and 1960.3 pg/kg body weight/day, respectively. Chicken eggs (65.9 %) and pork (23.4 %) were the largest contributors to dietary intake of ∑7PBDEs through animal-derived foods. The same PBDE sources were exposed in Hubei province via principal component analysis (PCA), and the particular congener profile in samples of animal-derived foods revealed the possible exposure history of octa-BDEs and penta-BDEs in the local region. The large margins of exposure (MOE) calculated following the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) approach for three important congeners, BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-153, indicated that the estimated dietary exposures were unlikely to be a significant health concern to in Hubei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gong
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agriculture Science, Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China
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Liu PY, Chen XR, Zhao YX, Li YY, Qin XF, Qin ZF. Changes of polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations in ducks with background exposure level and time. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 118:253-260. [PMID: 25290171 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To reveal what degree bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) depends on exposure time and other factors, we conducted a semi-field experiment for a year (June 2008-June 2009) in a village in an e-waste recycling site in Taizhou, China. Approximately one hundred of juvenile ducks (Anas domestica Linnaeus) were entrusted to a villager. The ducks lived and forged in a PBDE-polluted pond from the late March to the end of November. Fish and mudsnails that were heavily polluted by PBDEs were main food. In cold days (from December to the middle March), the ducks lived in the villager' house, and mainly fed on paddy, which contained lower concentrations of PBDEs than fish and mudsnails. The female ducks were sampled for PBDE analysis every three months. We found that the ∑PBDE concentrations in duck liver, muscle, lung and brain fluctuated greatly with the changes of exposure levels that were determined by the environment and diets, but the ∑PBDE concentrations in fat tissue increased successively with time. Congener analysis demonstrated that the successive increase in the ∑PBDE concentrations with time in fat tissue was due to the successive increase in BDE-209, -183 and -153 concentrations, with large fluctuations of low brominated congeners. The results show that PBDE concentrations in liver, muscle, lung and brain tissues heavily depends on exposure levels rather than exposure time. In fat tissue, by contrast, PBDE concentrations (mainly high brominated congeners) slightly depends on exposure levels but heavily depend on time relative to other tissues, implying that high brominated congeners seem to have longer half-lives than low brominated congeners in fat tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiao-Ran Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ya-Xian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhan-Fen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Roszko M, Szymczyk K, Jędrzejczak R. Influence of hen breeding type on PCDD/F, PCB & PBDE levels in eggs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 487:279-289. [PMID: 24784753 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in free range eggs and in farm eggs available on the Polish retail market. Congener profiles that might be used to identify different sources of contamination have also been assessed. Generally higher mean values of PCDD/F, PCB and PBDEs found in free range eggs than in farm eggs reflect occurrence of highly contaminated samples. However, medians were similar in both groups; PCDD/F medians were even higher in farm eggs. High concentrations (accompanied by changed congener profile) indicate contamination sources other than environmental background. Congener profiles and absolute concentration values found in majority of the tested samples from both groups were typical for environmental background of the studied persistent organic pollutants. Due to their small market share free range eggs do not seem to pose any essential threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Roszko
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Szymczyk
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Jędrzejczak
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
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Roszko M, Szymczyk K, Rzepkowska M, Jędrzejczak R. Seasonal variability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congener profiles in butter in Poland: dietary risk evaluation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:182-199. [PMID: 24380619 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.858514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Various statistical methods have been employed to analyse in details seasonal diversification of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)/polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener profiles found in butter fat. The variability of the PCB/PBDE congener profiles indicates the presence of various sources of the milk fat contamination. The obtained results suggest that the environmental chemical background has the highest share in the contamination sources pattern. Ion trap mass spectrometry coupled to high-resolution gas chromatography with semi-permeable membrane dialysis sample cleanup was used for determination of PCBs and PBDEs in milk fat. Determined butter fat PCB profiles were similar to the profiles characteristic for Aroclor 1254 technical mixture. Our data indicate that dietary intake of PCB/PBDE with milk and milk products may be estimated to be about 717.5 pg kg b.w.(-1) day(-1) for six-indicator PCBs, 0.329 (equivalent toxicity, TEQ) pg kg b.w.(-1) day(-1) for 12 DL PCBs and 50 pg kg b.w.(-1) day(-1) for PBDEs (sum of 14 congeners).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Roszko
- a Department of Food Analysis , Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology , Rakowiecka , Warsaw , Poland
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Roszko M, Jędrzejczak R, Szymczyk K. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorine pesticides in selected cereals available on the Polish retail market. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 466-467:136-151. [PMID: 23906852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and organochlorine pesticides (DDT, HCH, HCB, chlordane, endrin, dieldrin, aldrin, nitrophene, metoxychlor) are man-made chemicals manufactured for numerous applications. The aim of this study was to assess levels of PCBs, PBDEs, and organochlorine pesticides in selected types of cereals available on the Polish retail market. 191 samples of various cereals have been analyzed in total. Average EC6 concentrations ranged from 56.4 (snacks) to 442.2 pg g(-1) (bran) while the concentration of 12 dioxin-like PCBs was in 15 (groats)-37.6 pg g(-1) (snacks) range. Mean dioxin equivalency concentration calculated as lower bound results in 2005 TEF values amounted to 0.120 ± 0.445 pg TEQ g(-1), while 0.091 ± 0.338 pg TEQ g(-1) if 1998 TEF values were used. Average concentration of all 14 studied BDEs (∑14 BDE) was 112 ± 80 pg g(-1), while average concentration of 13 BDEs excluding BDE #209 was only 15 ± 6 pg g(-1). Pesticide concentrations observed in the analyzed samples were generally low in comparison to maximum residue levels (MRLs) actually permitted by the European Union. However, MRLs were exceeded in 7 out of all 191 analyzed samples. Total concentration of DDT isomers in one of the tested bran samples was as high as 0.053 mg kg(-1). DMDT concentrations slightly above MRL = 0.01 mg kg(-1)were observed in 6 other samples (2 × bran, 1 × children porridge, 2 × snacks and 1 × bread). This study has shown that levels of PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine pesticides in cereal products available on the Polish market are generally low. However, elevated levels of individual pollutants were observed in several instances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Roszko
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
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Hernik A, Góralczyk K, Struciński P, Czaja K, Korcz W, Minorczyk M, Ludwicki JK. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in cord blood from women in Poland. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:526-531. [PMID: 23856467 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess human exposure in the prenatal period to selected PBDEs (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-153) and PCBs (CB-77, CB-101, CB-118, CB-126, CB-138, CB-153, CB-170, CB-180) basing on the analysis of these compounds in cord blood. The experimental material consisted of 89 cord blood samples taken from women resident in Warsaw and its vicinity. In over 90% of all tested samples the presence of congeners CB-153, CB-138, CB-180 and BDE-47 was identified. The least frequently found were CB-126 and BDE-153, which were present at relatively low concentration levels. Among all analysed PCBs, the highest average concentrations were found in the case of congeners CB-138 (11.8 ng/g of fat) and CB-153 (43.4 ng/g of fat), whereas the lowest was in the case of CB-170 (0.4 ng/g of fat) and CB-126 (0.1 ng/g of fat). In the case of PBDEs the greatest share in the total concentration was that of the congeners BDE-47 and BDE-99, whereas the smallest share was that of the higher brominated congener BDE-153. These results suggest that human exposure to the examined compounds begins already in the period of intrauterine life. The comparison of our own results with the findings of other authors indicates that the PCBs and PBDEs levels in cord blood of women living in Poland do not differ from the respective concentrations in cord blood of other female inhabitants of Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Hernik
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
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