Effect of monogastric and ruminant gastrointestinal conditions onin vitroaflatoxin B1adsorption ability by a montmorillonite

Comprehensive Review on the Interactions of Clay Minerals With Animal Physiology and Production

Clay minerals are naturally occurring rock and soil materials primarily composed of fine-grained aluminosilicate minerals, characterized by high hygroscopicity. In animal production, clays are often mixed with feed and, due to their high binding capacity towards organic molecules, used to limit animal absorption of feed contaminants, such as mycotoxins and other toxicants. Binding capacity of clays is not specific and these minerals can form complexes with different compounds, such as nutrients and pharmaceuticals, thus possibly affecting the intestinal absorption of important substances. Indeed, clays cannot be considered a completely inert feed additive, as they can interfere with gastro-intestinal (GI) metabolism, with possible consequences on animal physiology. Moreover, clays may contain impurities, constituted of inorganic micronutrients and/or toxic trace elements, and their ingestion can affect animal health. Furthermore, clays may also have effects on the GI mucosa, possibly modifying nutrient digestibility and animal microbiome. Finally, clays may directly interact with GI cells and, depending on their mineral grain size, shape, superficial charge and hydrophilicity, can elicit an inflammatory response. As in the near future due to climate change the presence of mycotoxins in feedstuffs will probably become a major problem, the use of clays in feedstuff, given their physico-chemical properties, low cost, apparent low toxicity and eco-compatibility, is expected to increase. The present review focuses on the characteristics and properties of clays as feed additives, evidencing pros and cons. Aims of future studies are suggested, evidencing that, in particular, possible interferences of these minerals with animal microbiome, nutrient absorption and drug delivery should be assessed. Finally, the fate of clay particles during their transit within the GI system and their long-term administration/accumulation should be clarified.

Detoxification of aflatoxin B1 in broiler chickens by a triple-action feed additive

The aim of this study was to evaluate the detoxification of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) in vitro and in broiler chickens using a triple-action compound mycotoxin detoxifier (CMD). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate AFB1 detoxification in artificial gastrointestinal fluid (AGIF) in vitro. The AFB₁-degradation rate was 41.5% (P < .05) when using a compound probiotic (CP) in which the visible counts of Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus casein, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida utilis were 1.0 × 10⁵, 1.0 × 10⁵, 1.0 × 10⁷ and 1.0 × 10⁵ CFU/mL, respectively. When CP was combined with 0.1% AFB₁-degrading enzyme to give CPADE, the AFB₁-degradation rate was increased to 55.28% (P < .05). The AFB₁-removal rate was further increased to above 90% when CPADE was combined with 0.03% montmorillonite to make CMD. In vivo, a total of 150 one-day-old Ross broilers were allotted to 3 groups, 5 replications for each group, 10 broilers in each replication. Group A: basal diet, Group B: basal diet with 40 μg/kg AFB₁, Group C: basal diet with 40 μg/kg AFB₁ plus CMD. The feeding experiment period was 21 d. The results showed that broiler growth was increased, and AFB₁ residues in serum, excreta and liver were decreased by CMD addition in broiler diet (P < .05). In conclusion, CMD was able to remove AFB₁ efficiently in vitro and to increase broiler production performance and reduce AFB₁ residues in the chickens.

In vitro evaluation of binding capacity of different binders to adsorb aflatoxin

This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of different feed additives as mycotoxin binders in vitro. Four prevalent aflatoxin-sequestering agents (SAs) including two bentonite clays (common and acid activated bentonite), a yeast cell wall product and an activated charcoal product were evaluated in vitro to verify their capacity for binding aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The SAs were individually mixed at two different ratios with AFB1 (1:70,000, 1:120,000) and their binding capacity indices were determined. Experimental bentonites showed high adsorption abilities, binding more than 70.00% of the available AFB1. At the 1:70,000 and 1:120,000 aflatoxin binder (AF:B) ratios, acid activated bentonite were sequestered over 87.00 and 99.00% of the AFB1, respectively. Yeast cell wall showed moderate adsorption ability at the 1:120,000 AF:B ratio, adsorbing 47.00 of AFB1. The adsorption ability of activated carbon at two AF:B ratio and yeast cell wall at 1:70,000 AF:B ratio were significantly lower than other binders. The ratio of chemisorption and binding equivalency factor were higher for acid activated bentonite compared to other sequestering agents. Based on the result of this study, it seems that acid activated bentonite could be considered efficient at sequestering the available AFB1, resulting as promising agents for use in animals diet.

Population pharmacokinetic modeling of pyrotinib in patients with HER2-positive advanced or metastatic breast cancer

OBJECTIVE

Pyrotinib, a new oral irreversible pan-ErbB tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has been approved in China for the treatment of HER2-positive advanced or metastatic breast cancer. This study aimed to conduct a population pharmacokinetics (PK) analysis of pyrotinib and to evaluate the impact of patient characteristics on pyrotinib's PK.

METHOD

A total of 1152 samples, provided by 59 adult female patients from two phase I clinical trials, were analyzed by nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to assess impact of covariates on the exposure to pyrotinib.

RESULTS

The PK of pyrotinib was adequately described by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. Patient's age and total protein levels could affect pyrotinib's apparent volume of distribution, and concomitant use of montmorillonite could decrease the bioavailability of pyrotinib by 50.3%. No PK interactions were observed between capecitabine and pyrotinib.

CONCLUSION

In this study, a population PK model of pyrotinib was developed to determine the influence of patient characteristics on the PK of pyrotinib. While patient age and total protein levels can significantly affect the apparent distribution volume of pyrotinib, the magnitude of the impact was limited, thus no dosage adjustment was recommended. Furthermore, concomitant use of montmorillonite for diarrhea needs to be taken with precaution.

Assessing the Aflatoxins Mitigation Efficacy of Blueberry Pomace Biosorbent in Buffer, Gastrointestinal Fluids and Model Wine

Blueberry (BB) and cherry pomace were investigated as new biosorbents for aflatoxins (AFs) sequestration from buffered solutions, gastrointestinal fluids and model wine. Among the tested biosorbents, BB exhibited the maximum adsorption performance for AFs and hence was further selected for the optimization of experimental parameters like pH, dosage, time and initial concentration of AFs. Material characterizations via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption isothermal studies, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS) techniques revealed useful information about the texture and chemical composition of the biosorbents. The fitting of isothermal data with different models showed the model suitability trend as: Sips model > Langmuir model > Freundlich model, where the theoretical maximum adsorption capacity calculated from the Sips model was 4.6, 2.9, 2.7 and 2.4 mg/g for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2, respectively. Kinetics study revealed the fast AFs uptake by BB (50-90 min) while thermodynamics studies suggested the exothermic nature of the AFs adsorption from both, single as well as multi-toxin buffer systems, gastrointestinal fluids and model wine. Accrediting to the fast and efficient adsorption performance, green and facile fabrication approach and cost-effectiveness, the newly designed BB pomace can be counted as a promising contender for the sequestration of AFs and other organic pollutants.