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Wang Y, Javeed A, Jian C, Zeng Q, Han B. Precautions for seafood consumers: An updated review of toxicity, bioaccumulation, and rapid detection methods of marine biotoxins. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 274:116201. [PMID: 38489901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Seafood products are globally consumed, and there is an increasing demand for the quality and safety of these products among consumers. Some seafoods are easily contaminated by marine biotoxins in natural environments or cultured farming processes. When humans ingest different toxins accumulated in seafood, they may exhibit different poisoning symptoms. According to the investigations, marine toxins produced by harmful algal blooms and various other marine organisms mainly accumulate in the body organs such as liver and digestive tract of seafood animals. Several regions around the world have reported incidents of seafood poisoning by biotoxins, posing a threat to human health. Thus, most countries have legislated to specify the permissible levels of these biotoxins in seafood. Therefore, it is necessary for seafood producers and suppliers to conduct necessary testing of toxins in seafood before and after harvesting to prohibit excessive toxins containing seafood from entering the market, which therefore can reduce the occurrence of seafood poisoning incidents. In recent years, some technologies which can quickly, conveniently, and sensitively detect biological toxins in seafood, have been developed and validated, these technologies have the potential to help seafood producers, suppliers and regulatory authorities. This article reviews the seafood toxins sources and types, mechanism of action and bioaccumulation of marine toxins, as well as legislation and rapid detection technologies for biotoxins in seafood for official and fishermen supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Ansar Javeed
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Cuiqin Jian
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Qiuyu Zeng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Bingnan Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
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Florian IA, Lupan I, Sur L, Samasca G, Timiș TL. To be, or not to be… Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102983. [PMID: 34718164 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is currently the most frequent cause of acute flaccid paralysis on a global scale, being an autoimmune disorder wherein demyelination of the peripheral nerves occurs. Its main clinical features are a symmetrical ascending muscle weakness with reduced osteotendinous reflexes and variable sensory involvement. GBS most commonly occurs after an infection, especially viral (including COVID-19), but may also transpire after immunization with certain vaccines or in the development of specific malignancies. Immunoglobulins, plasmapheresis, and glucocorticoids represent the principal treatment modalities, however patients with severe disease progression may require supportive therapy in an intensive care unit. Due to its symptomology, which overlaps with numerous neurological and infectious illnesses, the diagnosis of GBS may often be misattributed to pathologies that are essentially different from this syndrome. Moreover, many of these require specific treatment methods distinct to those recommended for GBS, in lack of which the prognosis of the patient is drastically affected. Such diseases include exposure to toxins either environmental or foodborne, central nervous system infections, metabolic or serum ion alterations, demyelinating pathologies, or even conditions amenable to neurosurgical intervention. This extensive narrative review aims to systematically and comprehensively tackle the most notable and challenging differential diagnoses of GBS, emphasizing on the clinical discrepancies between the diseases, the appropriate paraclinical investigations, and suitable management indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Alexandru Florian
- Department of Neurology, Cluj County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Department of Neurosurgery, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Iulia Lupan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Lucia Sur
- Department of Pediatrics I, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Gabriel Samasca
- Department of Immunology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Teodora Larisa Timiș
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Rivera AA, Aballay-González A, Gonçalves AT, Tarifeño E, Ulloa V, Gallardo JJ, Astuya-Villalón A. Search for potential biomarkers for saxitoxin detection. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 72:105092. [PMID: 33440187 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Neuro-2a cell assay has been a promising in vitro alternative for the detection of saxitoxin (STX)-like toxins. However, its application is problematic in samples with complex matrices containing different toxins, whose mechanisms of action could be antagonistic. In the search of alternative procedures that reduce or avoid this interference, we evaluated the transcriptional modulation produced by a 24-h exposure to STX in Neuro-2a cells under three conditions: exposure to STX (33 nM), a mussel meat matrix (12.5 mg meat/mL) and a fortified sample (STX-fortified matrix). Differential gene expression was evaluated by RNA-seq after Illumina high-throughput sequencing, and data were analyzed to identify genes differentially expressed regardless of the matrix. From the 9487 identified genes, 213 were differentially expressed of these, 10 genes were identified as candidate markers for STX detection due to their regulation by STX regardless of the matrix interference. Expression dynamics of 7 of these candidate genes (Fgf-1, Adgrb2, Tfpt, Zfr2, Nup 35, Fam195a, and Dusp7) was further evaluated by qRT-PCR analysis of cells exposed to different concentrations of STX for up to 24 h. A downregulation of some markers expression was observed, namely Nup35 (involved in nucleo-cytoplasmic transporter activity) and Zfr-2 (involved in nucleic acids binding), whereas Fgf-1 (apoptosis signaling) was significantly upregulated. Markers' expression was not influenced by the matrix, suggesting that gene expression variations are directly related to STX response. These results support the potential of these genes as biomarkers for the development of an alternative STX-like toxins screening method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra A Rivera
- Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile; Laboratorio de Biotoxinas de la Universidad de Concepción (LBTx-UdeC), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanografía, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ambbar Aballay-González
- Laboratorio de Biotoxinas de la Universidad de Concepción (LBTx-UdeC), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanografía, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ana Teresa Gonçalves
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, INCAR, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
| | - Estefanía Tarifeño
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
| | - Viviana Ulloa
- Laboratorio de Biotoxinas de la Universidad de Concepción (LBTx-UdeC), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanografía, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan José Gallardo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, Carretera Sacramento, Calle San Urbano s/n, La Cañada, Almería, Spain
| | - Allisson Astuya-Villalón
- Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile; Laboratorio de Biotoxinas de la Universidad de Concepción (LBTx-UdeC), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanografía, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile.
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Castro D, Manger R, Vilariño O, Gago-Martínez A. Evaluation of Matrix Issues in the Applicability of the Neuro-2a Cell Based Assay on the Detection of CTX in Fish Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050308. [PMID: 32397386 PMCID: PMC7290336 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are a group of neurotoxins responsible for the syndrome ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) as a result of the consumption of contaminated fish. The presence of these toxins has been detected around the Pacific, Caribbean and Indian coasts. Recent reports indicate the emergence of CFP in other geographic areas, in particular in European coasts, of the Canary Islands (Spain) and Madeira (Portugal). A neuroblastoma cell line of murine origin (N2a) has been applied to assay different groups of neurotoxins, acting on voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) of excitable cells, N2a-MTT. The great potential of N2a-MTT as a sensitive tool for the CTXs screening is clearly recognized, notably because it allows the detection of these toxins at levels below recommended as security levels. However, the complexity of the matrix is a critical point on the application of N2a-MTT, which needs to be evaluated. The aim of this work is to provide recommendations for an implemented N2a-MTT method for CTXs determination in fish that avoids matrix effects, particularly those related to high lipid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Castro
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.C.); (O.V.)
| | - Ronald Manger
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (retired), Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Oscar Vilariño
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.C.); (O.V.)
| | - Ana Gago-Martínez
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.C.); (O.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-647-343-417
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Viallon J, Chinain M, Darius HT. Revisiting the Neuroblastoma Cell-Based Assay (CBA-N2a) for the Improved Detection of Marine Toxins Active on Voltage Gated Sodium Channels (VGSCs). Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E281. [PMID: 32349302 PMCID: PMC7290318 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) is widely used for the detection of marine biotoxins in seafood products, yet a consensus protocol is still lacking. In this study, six key parameters of CBA-N2a were revisited: cell seeding densities, cell layer viability after 26 h growth, MTT incubation time, Ouabain and Veratridine treatment and solvent and matrix effects. A step-by-step protocol was defined identifying five viability controls for the validation of CBA-N2a results. Specific detection of two voltage gated sodium channel activators, pacific ciguatoxin (P-CTX3C) and brevetoxin (PbTx3) and two inhibitors, saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dc-STX) was achieved, with EC50 values of 1.7 ± 0.35 pg/mL, 5.8 ± 0.9 ng/mL, 3 ± 0.5 ng/mL and 15.8 ± 3 ng/mL, respectively. When applied to the detection of ciguatoxin (CTX)-like toxicity in fish samples, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were 0.031 ± 0.008 and 0.064 ± 0.016 ng P-CTX3C eq/g of flesh, respectively. Intra and inter-assays comparisons of viability controls, LOD, LOQ and toxicity in fish samples gave coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 3% to 29%. This improved test adaptable to either high throughput screening or composite toxicity estimation is a useful starting point for a standardization of the CBA-N2a in the field of marine toxin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins-UMR 241-EIO, 98713 Papeete-Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (M.C.)
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Aballay-González A, Gallardo-Rodriguez JJ, Silva-Higuera M, Rivera A, Ulloa V, Delgado-Rivera L, Rivera-Belmar A, Astuya A. Neuro-2a cell-based assay for toxicity equivalency factor - proposal and evaluation in Chilean contaminated shellfish samples. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 37:162-173. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1676919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ambbar Aballay-González
- Laboratorio de Biotoxinas UdeC, Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Macarena Silva-Higuera
- Laboratorio de Biotoxinas UdeC, Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alejandra Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotoxinas UdeC, Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Viviana Ulloa
- Laboratorio de Biotoxinas UdeC, Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Lorena Delgado-Rivera
- Laboratorio de Toxinas Marinas y Micotoxinas, Sección de Química de Alimentos, Departamento de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Andrea Rivera-Belmar
- Departamento de Alimentación y Nutrición, División de Salud y Política Pública, Subsecretaría de Salud Pública, Ministerio de Salud, Santiago, Chile
| | - Allisson Astuya
- Laboratorio de Biotoxinas UdeC, Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Daguer H, Hoff RB, Molognoni L, Kleemann CR, Felizardo LV. Outbreaks, toxicology, and analytical methods of marine toxins in seafood. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Bodero M, Bovee TFH, Wang S, Hoogenboom RLAP, Klijnstra MD, Portier L, Hendriksen PJM, Gerssen A. Screening for the presence of lipophilic marine biotoxins in shellfish samples using the neuro-2a bioassay. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:351-365. [PMID: 28884655 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1368720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The neuro-2a bioassay is considered as one of the most promising cell-based in vitro bioassays for the broad screening of seafood products for the presence of marine biotoxins. The neuro-2a assay has been shown to detect a wide array of toxins like paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs), ciguatoxins, and also lipophilic marine biotoxins (LMBs). However, the neuro-2a assay is rarely used for routine testing of samples due to matrix effects that, for example, lead to false positives when testing for LMBs. As a result there are only limited data on validation and evaluation of its performance on real samples. In the present study, the standard extraction procedure for LMBs was adjusted by introducing an additional clean-up step with n-hexane. Recovery losses due to this extra step were less than 10%. This wash step was a crucial addition in order to eliminate false-positive outcomes due to matrix effects. Next, the applicability of this assay was assessed by testing a broad range of shellfish samples contaminated with various LMBs, including diarrhetic shellfish toxins/poisons (DSPs). For comparison, the samples were also analysed by LC-MS/MS. Standards of all regulated LMBs were tested, including analogues of some of these toxins. The neuro-2a cells showed good sensitivity towards all compounds. Extracts of 87 samples, both blank and contaminated with various toxins, were tested. The neuro-2a outcomes were in line with those of LC-MS/MS analysis and support the applicability of this assay for the screening of samples for LMBs. However, for use in a daily routine setting, the test might be further improved and we discuss several recommended modifications which should be considered before a full validation is carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Bodero
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands.,b Division of Toxicology , Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Si Wang
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Ron L A P Hoogenboom
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam D Klijnstra
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Liza Portier
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Peter J M Hendriksen
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Arjen Gerssen
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
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