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Martinez‐Lopez B, Mauricio‐Iglesias M. General guidelines for a successful joint determination of the diffusion and the partition coefficients in polymeric food contact materials based on optimal experimental design. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Mauricio‐Iglesias
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
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Impact of Partitioning in Short-Term Food Contact Applications Focused on Polymers in Support of Migration Modelling and Exposure Risk Assessment. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010121. [PMID: 35011358 PMCID: PMC8746823 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCMs) can transfer chemicals arising from their manufacture to food before consumption. Regulatory frameworks ensure consumer safety by prescribing methods for the assessment of FCMs that rely on migration testing either into real-life foods or food simulants. Standard migration testing conditions for single-use FCMs are justifiably conservative, employing recognized worst-case contact times and temperatures. For repeated-use FCMs, the third of three consecutive tests using worst-case conditions is taken as a surrogate of the much shorter contact period that often occurs over the service life of these items. Food contact regulations allow for the use of migration modelling for the chemicals in the FCM and for the partitioning that occurs between the FCM and food/simulant during prolonged contact, under which steady-state conditions are favored. This study demonstrates that the steady-state is rarely reached under repeated-use conditions and that partitioning plays a minor role that results in migration essentially being diffusion controlled. Domains of use have been identified within which partitioning does not play a significant role, allowing modelling based upon diffusion parameters to be used. These findings have the potential to advance the modelling of migration from repeated-use articles for the benefit of regulatory guidance and compliance practices.
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Paseiro-Cerrato R, De Jager L, Begley TH. Migration of phenolic brominated flame retardants from contaminated food contact articles into food simulants and foods. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:464-475. [PMID: 33493090 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1871082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Several food contact articles (FCAs) contaminated with unapproved brominated flame retardants (BFRs) purchased in the US market were analysed and subjected to migration tests. Migration tests were performed in food simulants (water, 3% acetic acid, 10% ethanol and 50% ethanol) and food (milk, coffee and chicken bouillon soup) to evaluate the BFRs mass transfer from the contaminated FCA. The BFRs studied, 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were analysed by UHPLC-MS/MS. The method validation parameters were r2 ≥ 0.999, LOD ≤ 0.3 ng mL-1, and RSD ≤ 1.7 % (n = 7). HBCD was not stable under our migration conditions and was not detected in any FCA, food or food simulant, including positive controls. Phenolic BFRs (TBP and TBBPA) migrated at concentrations ranging from non-detected to 73 µg kg-1 in food simulants, and from 1 to 23 µg kg-1 in food. Phenolic BFRs migrated into 50% ethanol food simulant at higher concentrations than in more aqueous food simulants and foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Paseiro-Cerrato
- US FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA.,Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lowri De Jager
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Timothy H Begley
- US FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
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Paseiro-Cerrato R, DeJager L, Begley TH. Assessment of the Impact of Accelerated Migration Testing for Coated Food Cans Using Food Simulants. Molecules 2019; 24:E3123. [PMID: 31466267 PMCID: PMC6749474 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an accelerated migration test on food can coatings into food simulants was investigated. Food simulants covering a wide range of polarity were used to conduct migration tests at 60 °C with storage times ranging from 4 h to 30 days. Epoxy-resins, acrylic-phenolic, polyester, and vinyl coatings were exposed to water, 3% acetic acid, 50% ethanol, and Miglyol 812®. Using liquid chromatography coupled to a variety of detectors (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS, UFLC-MS/MS, and HPLC-DAD), migration of several monomers and previously identified oligomers, as well as some unidentified migrants, were determined during the experiment. The data from this study was compared to our findings from previous long-term migration studies with storage times ranging from 24 h to 540 days at 40 °C using the same can coating applications. The results illustrate that performing migration experiments for short time periods at 60 °C may mimic migration results that would be obtained at 40 °C after long-term migration tests (up to 1.5 years) from food can coatings into food simulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Paseiro-Cerrato
- US FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
| | - Lowri DeJager
- US FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Timothy H Begley
- US FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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Li B. Determination of the mass transport properties of chemical additives in polypropylene material/simulated food system. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:625-637. [PMID: 30900953 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1569266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The mass transport process (migration) of five additives from three different types of polypropylene (PP) films into selected food simulants was studied. The migration tests were carried out at different time-temperature conditions, and the concentration of additives in polymer matrix and food simulants were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). With all data, the mass transport properties for migration kinetics (partition and diffusion coefficients) were determined. Results showed that the partition coefficient was affected significantly by the temperature and simulants' properties, whereas little affected by the types of PP film and molecular weight of substance. The polarity, structure and shape of substances can also have an influence in their partition between the polymer matrix and food simulants. Additionally, comparison results between the experimental diffusion coefficients and the calculated values by Piringer model suggested that the current migration model with the default modelling parameters for PP does not describe realistically the diffusion coefficients of additives. The calculated diffusion coefficients were greater than the experimental values, as a consequence, the migration of chemical additives will be overestimated. For more realistic migration calculations, more accurate modelling parameters in Piringer model should be established and the effect of food on migration should be high interest in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- a College of Food and Bioengineering , Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou , China.,b Henan Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and safety , Zhengzhou , China.,c Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control , Zhengzhou , China
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García Ibarra V, Sendón R, García-Fonte XX, Paseiro Losada P, Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós A. Migration studies of butylated hydroxytoluene, tributyl acetylcitrate and dibutyl phthalate into food simulants. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:1586-1595. [PMID: 30151848 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migration is a mass transfer process in which chemical substances with a low molecular weight are transferred from packaging into food. This phenomenon has received great attention from a food safety point of view because these chemicals could potentially represent a risk for consumers' health. The present study investigated the process of migration of two common plasticizers [tributyl acetylcitrate (ATBC) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP)] and one antioxidant [butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)] from a common plastic material used in food packaging (low density polyethylene) into 50% ethanol (v/v), 95% ethanol (v/v) and isooctane. A mathematical model based on Fick's second law was used to determine the partition and diffusion coefficients. In addition, the effect of temperature on the diffusion was studied by applying the Arrhenius equation. RESULTS High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods were applied to measure the amount of ATBC, DBP and BHT that migrated into the food simulants. A mathematical model based on Fick's second law of diffusion was used to estimate key migration parameters: diffusion and partition coefficients (DP and KP/F ), which were determined for each migrant and food simulant at three temperatures (10, 20 and 40 °C). The results showed that the diffusion process is significantly influenced by temperature, although the type of simulant also plays an important role in the migration process. CONCLUSION The model investigated is shown to be appropriate for predicting the migration from food packaging into real foodstuffs at common storage temperatures. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica García Ibarra
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raquel Sendón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xoan-Xosé García-Fonte
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo de Polímeros, Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Perfecto Paseiro Losada
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Paseiro-Cerrato R, Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós A, Otero-Pazos P, Sendón R, Paseiro-Losada P. Determination of diffusion and partition coefficients of model migrants by direct contact and vapour phase transfer from low-density polyethylene films into cake. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:555-562. [PMID: 29067891 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1397294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the migration kinetics of one photoinitiator, benzophenone, and two optical brighteners, Uvitex OB and 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene (DPBD), from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films into cake. Transfer was assessed by both direct contact and also the vapour phase. To perform the migration tests by direct contact, plastic films enriched with the additives were placed between two cake slices. To evaluate the migration through the gas phase, cake and the fortified LDPE film were placed with no direct contact in a glass container that was hermetically closed. Samples were stored at different time-temperature conditions. Target compounds were extracted from the films with ethanol (70°C, 24 h) and analysed by HPLC-DAD. Relevant parameters such as partition and diffusion coefficients between food and plastic film were calculated. The Arrhenius equation was applied to estimate the diffusion coefficient at any temperature. The data indicate that migration of benzophenone occurs in a significant extent into cake by both direct contact and through the gas phase (no direct contact). Conversely, very little migration occurred for Uvitex OB by direct contact and none through the gas phase. Results for benzophenone suggest that migration through the gas phase should be considered when evaluating migration from food packaging materials into food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Paseiro-Cerrato
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Pablo Otero-Pazos
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Raquel Sendón
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Perfecto Paseiro-Losada
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
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