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Vignesh A, Amal TC, Vasanth K. Food contaminants: Impact of food processing, challenges and mitigation strategies for food security. Food Res Int 2024; 191:114739. [PMID: 39059927 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Food preparation involves the blending of various food ingredients to make more convenient processed food products. It is a long chain process, where each stage posing a risk of accumulating hazardous contaminants in these food systems. Protecting the public health from contaminated foods has become a demanding task in ensuring food safety. This review focused on the causes, types, and health risks of contaminants or hazardous chemicals during food processing. The impact of cooking such as frying, grilling, roasting, and baking, which may lead to the formation of hazardous by-products, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heterocyclic amines (HCAs), acrylamide, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), furan, acrolein, nitrosamines, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and trans-fatty acids (TFAs). Potential health risks such as carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and cardiovascular effects are emerging as a major problem in the modern lifestyle era due to the increased uptakes of contaminants. Effects of curing, smoking, and fermentation of the meat products led to affect the sensory and nutritional characteristics of meat products. Selecting appropriate cooking methods include temperature, time and the consumption of the food are major key factors that should be considered to avoid the excess level intake of hazardous contaminants. Overall, this study underscores the importance of understanding the risks associated with food preparation methods, strategies for minimizing the formation of harmful compounds during food processing and highlights the need for healthy dietary choices to mitigate potential health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Vignesh
- Department of Botany, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College (Autonomous), Pollachi 642 001, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Thomas Cheeran Amal
- ICAR - Central Institute for Cotton Research, RS, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnan Vasanth
- Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
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Lupton SJ, Ochoa C, Domesle A, Duverna R. Dietary exposure levels to polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and non- ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls in US meat, poultry and siluriform fish from 2018 to 2019. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:303-312. [PMID: 38270906 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2306924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Daily dietary exposure estimates from beef, pork, chicken, turkey and siluriform fish were calculated using toxic equivalency (TEQ) data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's survey of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in the domestic meat supply and consumption data. Exposure estimates for the whole population and age groups were based on mean consumption of a commodity and mean or 90th percentile TEQ dioxin levels from the survey. Ratios of the exposure estimates to the U.S. EPA oral reference dose (RfD) of 0.7 pg TEQ/kg bw/day were calculated to determine if domestic meat might contribute materially to consumer exposure. In general, normal consumption of lean beef, pork, chicken and turkey will not cause exposures exceeding the RfD. Non-lean meats will have higher dioxin levels as dioxins accumulate in fat, therefore consumption of non-lean meat might cause higher exposure than compared to lean meat. However, on a mean basis, none of the exposure estimates for non-lean beef, pork, chicken or turkey exceeded the RfD for any of the age groups. For some age groups, especially toddlers, there are commodities such as non-lean beef in the 90th percentile of dioxin TEQs and siluriform fish that might exceed the RfD on occasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Lupton
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fargo, USA
| | - Cristian Ochoa
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, USA
| | - Alexander Domesle
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, USA
| | - Randolph Duverna
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, USA
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3
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Mahfouz Y, Harmouche-Karaki M, Matta J, Mahfouz M, Salameh P, Younes H, Helou K, Finan R, Abi-Tayeh G, Meslimani M, Moussa G, Chahrour N, Osseiran C, Skaiky F, Narbonne JF. Serum levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in a sample of Lebanese pregnant women: The role of dietary, anthropometric, and environmental factors. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114647. [PMID: 36367504 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are unintentionally produced, toxic environmental chemicals that persist for long years and bioaccumulate along the food chain, contaminating humans through diet. A particularly critical population subgroup is pregnant women given the adverse health effects on fetuses and newborns. Several anthropogenic sources of exposure to PCDD/Fs exist in Lebanon. Therefore, the aim of the present cross-sectional study is to measure the levels of PCDD/Fs in a sample of pregnant women in Lebanon and to explore potential associated factors. In this study, we measured serum concentrations of seven dioxins and ten furans, among 423 pregnant women recruited at delivery, using gas chromatography MS/MS. Among 269 participants, maternal sociodemographic information was collected including vicinity to landfills, incineration, pesticide use, industrial activity, and smoking. Anthropometric data were registered regarding pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), pre-pregnancy weight loss from restrictive diet, and gestational weight gain. Intake of major food groups generally related to PCDD/Fs was reported (fish, red meat, poultry, and dairy). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify associations. PCDD/Fs were detected in 0 to 56.1% of the sample. Geometric mean concentrations were 75.5 (2.35) pg/g lipid and 2.25 (1.39) TEQ2005 pg/g lipid for total dioxins, and 2.66 (1.76) pg/g lipid and 0.34 (1.78) TEQ2005 pg/g lipid for total furans. Levels were relatively lower than levels previously observed in France, Germany, Mexico, Ghana, and Japan. Red meat consumption was the most consistently associated factor with a 2.38-2.57 fold increase in PCDD/F levels. Pre-pregnancy weight loss showed inverse associations with PCDD/F congeners. Vicinity to illegal incineration was also associated with a 2.32-2.43 fold increase in PCDD/F levels. In conclusion, results showed the importance of dietary, anthropometric, and environmental factors in the present sample's exposure to PCDD/Fs, in a region that contains anthropogenic sources of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Mahfouz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, P.O.B. 11-5076, Riad Solh Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon.
| | - Mireille Harmouche-Karaki
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, P.O.B. 11-5076, Riad Solh Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon.
| | - Joseph Matta
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, P.O.B. 11-5076, Riad Solh Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; Industrial Research Institute, Lebanese University Campus, Hadath Baabda, Lebanon.
| | - Maya Mahfouz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, P.O.B. 11-5076, Riad Solh Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon.
| | - Pascale Salameh
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon; School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; Institut National de Santé Publique d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT-LB), Lebanon; Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, 2417, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Hassan Younes
- UniLaSalle University, 19 Pierre Waguet Street, 60026 Beauvais, France.
| | - Khalil Helou
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, P.O.B. 11-5076, Riad Solh Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon.
| | - Ramzi Finan
- Lebanese Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Adliye, Beit El- Tabib - 3rd Floor, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, Beirut, Lebanon; Hotel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University of Beirut Hospital, Blvd Alfred Naccache, P.O.B. 166830, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Georges Abi-Tayeh
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, Beirut, Lebanon; Hotel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University of Beirut Hospital, Blvd Alfred Naccache, P.O.B. 166830, Beirut, Lebanon; Lebanese Fertility Society, Adliye, Beit El- Tabib, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | | | - Ghada Moussa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chtoura Hospital, Zahle, Beqaa, Lebanon.
| | - Nada Chahrour
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, SRH University Hospital, Nabatieh, Lebanon.
| | - Camille Osseiran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kassab Hospital, Saida, Lebanon.
| | - Farouk Skaiky
- Department of Molecular Biology, General Management, Al Karim Medical Laboratories, Saida, Lebanon; Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Saida, Lebanon.
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Lupton SJ, Ochoa C, Domesle A, Duverna R. Survey of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and non- ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls in U.S. meat, poultry, and siluriform fish from 2018-2019: toxic equivalency levels, temporal trends, and implications. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:560-571. [PMID: 35113765 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.2022769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) conducted a survey of domestic animal products including beef fat, pork fat, chicken fat, turkey fat, dairy cow fat, and siluriform fish muscle (i.e. catfish) to determine the current residue levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and non-ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls (no-PCBs). The following types of fat samples were analysed: beef from heifers and steers (referred to as "beef"), pork, chicken, turkey, dairy cow (referred to as "dairy cow"), and siluriform fish muscle, which includes catfish. The survey is conducted every 5 years. Fat samples for each slaughter class and siluriform fillets were collected from U.S. federally inspected slaughter facilities, processed, and analysed for 17 PCDD/Fs and 3 no-PCBs. Toxic equivalency concentrations were calculated using 2005 toxic equivalency factors and summed (sum-TEQ) for all slaughter classes. The sum-TEQs ranged from non-detect (nd) to 16.5 pg TEQ/g lipid. The median sum-TEQs, when nd = ½ LOD, for beef, pork, chicken, turkey, dairy cow, and siluriform fish were 0.48, 0.08, 0.07, 0.21, 0.38, and 0.62 pg TEQ/g lipid (wet weight for siluriform fish), respectively. A comparison of the current and previous surveys typically depicts a significant declining trend depending on the slaughter class (such as chicken and turkey), however, beef and pork fat median values slightly increased and decreased, respectively, but neither were significant compared to the previous survey. The congener patterns for some high concentration beef and pork fat samples suggested that pentachlorophenol treated wood continues to be a likely on-farm dioxin exposure source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Lupton
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Cristian Ochoa
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alexander Domesle
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Randolph Duverna
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington, DC, USA
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Gährs M, Schrenk D. Suppression of apoptotic signaling in rat hepatocytes by non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls depends on the receptors CAR and PXR. Toxicology 2021; 464:153023. [PMID: 34743025 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) represent a sub-group of persistent organic pollutants found in food, environmental samples and human and animal tissues. Promotion of pre-neoplastic lesions in rodent liver has been suggested as an indicator for a possible increased risk of liver cancer in humans exposed to NDL-PCBs. In rodent hepatocytes, suppression of DNA damage-triggered apoptosis is a typical mode of action of liver tumor promoters. Here, we report that NDL-PCBs suppress apoptosis in rat hepatocytes treated in culture with an apoptogenic dose of UV light. Suppression became less pronounced when the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and/or the pregnane-X-receptor (PXR) where knocked-out using siRNAs, while knocking-out both receptors led to a full reconstitution of apoptosis. In contrast, suppression of apoptosis by the CAR or PXR activators phenobarbital or dexamethasone were CAR- or PXR-specific. Induction and suppression of apoptosis were paralleled by changes in caspase 3/7, 8 and 9 activities. Our findings indicate that NDL-PCBs can suppress UV-induced apoptosis in rat hepatocytes by activating CAR and PXR. It needs further investigation if these mechanisms of action are also of relevance for human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Gährs
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Lee CC, Chang WH, Hung CF, Chen HL. Fish consumption is an indicator of exposure to non-dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls in cumulative risk assessments based on a probabilistic and sensitive approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115732. [PMID: 33045582 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The health effects of non-dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) include liver, immune, neurodevelopmental, and neurobehavioral effects in addition to hormone alteration. Among 209 PCB congeners, six indicator PCBs (ICES-6) account for about half of NDL-PCBs present in feed and food. The objectives of the current study were first to examine the levels of total PCBs, NDL-PCBs, and ICES-6 PCBs in 200 foods commonly consumed in Taiwan and, second, to estimate the cumulative health risks of NDL-PCB consumption. We suggest a risk management strategy that identifies foodstuffs with particularly high NDL-PCB content. In 200 food samples, which were grouped into 12 categories and 64 food types, 51 PCB congeners were detected. The concentrations of ICES-6 PCBs in all samples were lower than the maximum levels for NDL-PCBs in foodstuffs set by the European Union. PCB-153, PCB-138, and PCB-180 were the major congeners in all food, indicating that the food was contaminated in the past. ICES-6 PCBs contributed 42.2%-52.9% of total NDL-PCBs in all tested foodstuffs. The average estimated daily intake (EDI) of PCBs ranged from 1.22 ng/kg bw/day to 2.89 ng/kg bw/day in different age groups (95th quantile [P95]: 4.12-10.28 ng/kg bw/day). The P95 EDI in 3-6-year-olds was higher than 10 ng/kg/day. A qualitative sensitivity analysis in ICES-6 PCBs exposure showed that for the 3- to 6-year-old group, the highest sensitivity was how much fish they ate (37.6%) and its concentration (32.5%). The consumption of pork, eggs, fish, and other seafood accounts for over 90% of ICES-6 PCBs intake, and these foods should be highlighted in guidelines regarding NDL-PCB intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chang Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances Research Center, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiung Chang
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances Research Center, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Hung
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances Research Center, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances Research Center, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Saktrakulkla P, Lan T, Hua J, Marek RF, Thorne PS, Hornbuckle KC. Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Food. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11443-11452. [PMID: 32816464 PMCID: PMC7759298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We measured the concentrations of 205 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in 26 food items: beef steak, butter, canned tuna, catfish, cheese, eggs, french fries, fried chicken, ground beef, ground pork, hamburger, hot dog, ice cream, liver, luncheon meat, margarine, meat-free dinner, milk, pizza, poultry, salmon, sausage, shrimp, sliced ham, tilapia, and vegetable oil. Using Diet History Questionnaire II, we calculated the PCB dietary exposure in mothers and children participating in the AESOP Study in East Chicago, Indiana, and Columbus Junction, Iowa. Salmon had the highest concentration followed by canned tuna, but fish is a minor contributor to exposure. Other animal proteins are more important sources of PCB dietary exposure in this study population. Despite the inclusion of few congeners and food types in previous studies, we found evidence of a decline in PCB concentrations over the last 20 years. We also found strong associations of PCB congener distributions with Aroclors in most foods and found manufacturing byproduct PCBs, including PCB11, in tilapia and catfish. The reduction in PCB levels in food indicates that dietary exposure is comparable to PCB inhalation exposures reported for the same study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panithi Saktrakulkla
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Tuo Lan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, and The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jason Hua
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Rachel F Marek
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, and The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Keri C Hornbuckle
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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