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Zhao H, Liang K, Yu Z, Wen Y, Yu X, Xin J, Zhang T, Zu X, Fang Y. CCR3 knockdown attenuates prolonged underwater operations-induced cognitive impairment via alleviating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. iScience 2024; 27:110379. [PMID: 39156650 PMCID: PMC11326909 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintaining cognitive integrity is crucial during underwater operations, which can significantly impact work performance and risk severe accidents. However, the cognitive effects of underwater operations and their underlying mechanism remain elusive, posing great challenges to the medical protection of professionals concerned. Here, we found that a single underwater operation session affects cognition in a time-dependent model. Prolonged exposure elicits significant cognitive impairment and hippocampal dysfunction, accompanied by increased neuroinflammation. Furthermore, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed the involvement of neuroinflammation and highlighted the critical role of CCR3. Knockdown of CCR3 significantly rescued cognitive impairment and hippocampal dysfunction and reversed the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, by switching the activated microglia from a pro-inflammatory to a neuroprotective phenotype. Taken together, these results highlighted the time-dependent effects of a single underwater operation session on cognitive function. Knocking down CCR3 can attenuate neuroinflammation by regulating polarization of activated microglia, thereby alleviating prolonged underwater operations-induced cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houyu Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Navy Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kun Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Navy Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zeyuan Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Navy Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yukun Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Navy Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuhua Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Navy Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiayun Xin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Navy Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xianpeng Zu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yiqun Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Navy Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Schaub AC, Meyer M, Tschopp A, Wagner A, Lang UE, Walter M, Colledge F, Schmidt A. Brain alterations in individuals with exercise dependence: A multimodal neuroimaging investigation. J Behav Addict 2024; 13:565-575. [PMID: 38842943 PMCID: PMC11220813 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2024.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise dependence (ED) is characterised by behavioural and psychological symptoms that resemble those of substance use disorders. However, it remains inconclusive whether ED is accompanied by similar brain alterations as seen in substance use disorders. Therefore, we investigated brain alterations in individuals with ED and inactive control participants. Methods In this cross-sectional neuroimaging investigation, 29 individuals with ED as assessed with the Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS) and 28 inactive control participants (max one hour exercising per week) underwent structural and functional resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Group differences were explored using voxel-based morphometry and functional connectivity analyses. Analyses were restricted to the striatum, amygdala, and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Exploratory analyses tested whether relationships between brain structure and function were differently related to EDS subscales among groups. Results No structural differences were found between the two groups. However, right IFG and bilateral putamen volumes were differently related to the EDS subscales "time" and "tolerance", respectively, between the two groups. Resting-state functional connectivity was increased from right IFG to right superior parietal lobule in individuals with ED compared to inactive control participants. Furthermore, functional connectivity of the angular gyrus to the left IFG and bilateral caudate showed divergent relationships to the EDS subscale "tolerance" among groups. Discussion The findings suggest that ED may be accompanied by alterations in cognition-related brain structures, but also functional changes that may drive compulsive habitual behaviour. Further prospective studies are needed to disentangle beneficial and detrimental brain effects of ED.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maximilian Meyer
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amos Tschopp
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aline Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Undine E. Lang
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Walter
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Psychiatric Services Aargau, Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Flora Colledge
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - André Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
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Xie H, Zhang F, Gan S, Wu J, Wu B, Qin K, Wang S, Sweeney JA, Gong Q, Jia Z. Body Satisfaction, Exercise Dependence, and White Matter Microstructure in Young Adults. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024. [PMID: 38874990 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-body satisfaction is considered a psychological factor for exercise dependence (EXD). However, the potential neuropsychological mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. PURPOSE To investigate the role of white matter microstructure in the association between body satisfaction and EXD. STUDY TYPE Prospective. POPULATION One hundred eight regular exercisers (age 22.11 ± 2.62 years; 58 female). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3.0 Tesla; diffusion-weighted echo planar imaging with 30 directions. ASSESSMENT The Body Shape Satisfaction (BSS) and Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS); whole-brain tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) and correlational tractography analyses; average fractional anisotropy (FA) and quantitative anisotropy (QA) values of obtained tracts. STATISTICAL TESTS The whole-brain regression model, mediation analysis, and simple slope analysis. P values <0.05 were defined as statistically significant. RESULTS The BSS and EDS scores were 37.33 ± 6.32 and 68.22 ± 13.88, respectively. TBSS showed negative correlations between EDS and FA values in the bilateral corticospinal tract (CST, r = -0.41), right cingulum (r = -0.41), and left superior thalamic radiation (STR, r = -0.50). Correlational tractography showed negative associations between EDS and QA values of the left inferior frontal occipital fasciculus (r = -0.35), STR (r = -0.42), CST (r = -0.31), and right cingulum (r = -0.28). The FA values, rather than QA values, mediated the BSS-EDS association (indirect effects = 0.30). The BSS was significantly associated with the EDS score at both low (β = 1.02) and high (β = 0.43) levels of FA value, while the association was significant only at the high level of QA value (β = 1.26). DATA CONCLUSION EXD was correlated with white matter in frontal-subcortical and sensorimotor networks, and these tracts mediated the body satisfaction-EXD association. White matter microstructure could be a promising neural signature for understanding the underlying neuropsychological mechanisms of EXD. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Sanshan Gan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiahao Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Baolin Wu
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Qin
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Song Wang
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Radiology, West China Xiamen Hospital of Sichuan University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiyun Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
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Olave L, Iruarrizaga I, Herrero M, Macía P, Momeñe J, Macía L, Muñiz JA, Estevez A. Exercise Addiction and Intimate Partner Violence: The Role of Impulsivity, Self-Esteem, and Emotional Dependence. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:420. [PMID: 38785911 PMCID: PMC11117545 DOI: 10.3390/bs14050420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Given the scarcity of studies linking exercise addiction to intimate partner violence, the present study aims to analyze the relationship between these variables and examine the potential mediating roles of emotional dependence, impulsivity, and self-esteem. This is a non-experimental, cross-sectional correlational design study. The sample comprised 887 university students (86% women, mean age 20.82 years, SD = 3.63). Elevated levels of exercise addiction were associated with increased impulsivity, emotional dependence, and exerted violence, as well as decreased self-esteem and perceived violence. Mediation models were tested, explaining 7% of the variance in received violence, 13% of the variance in exerted violence, and 6% of the variance in perceived violence. Higher levels of exercise addiction were linked to increased received and exerted violence and decreased perceived violence, attributed to the positive impact of exercise addiction on emotional dependence. This study highlights the mediating roles of self-esteem and impulsivity in the relationship between exercise addiction and partner violence. Identifying risk or vulnerability factors such as emotional dependence, impulsivity, and self-esteem related to exercise addiction and interpersonal partner violence is especially relevant for designing and implementing preventive interventions in the general young population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Olave
- Faculty of Health Sciences, International University of Valencia, 46002 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Itziar Iruarrizaga
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy, Faculty of Social Work, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marta Herrero
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Deusto, 48007 Bilbao, Spain; (M.H.); (J.M.); (L.M.); (A.E.)
| | - Patricia Macía
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and Their Development, University of the Basque Country, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Janire Momeñe
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Deusto, 48007 Bilbao, Spain; (M.H.); (J.M.); (L.M.); (A.E.)
| | - Laura Macía
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Deusto, 48007 Bilbao, Spain; (M.H.); (J.M.); (L.M.); (A.E.)
| | - José Antonio Muñiz
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy, Faculty of Social Work, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana Estevez
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Deusto, 48007 Bilbao, Spain; (M.H.); (J.M.); (L.M.); (A.E.)
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Minutillo A, Di Trana A, Aquilina V, Ciancio GM, Berretta P, La Maida N. Recent insights in the correlation between social media use, personality traits and exercise addiction: a literature review. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1392317. [PMID: 38800058 PMCID: PMC11116774 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1392317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction and aim The excessive involvement in physical activity without stopping in between sessions despite injuries, the continuous thinking to exercise feeling insane thoughts and experiencing withdrawal symptoms are all characteristics of the Exercise Addiction (EA), an addictive behavior. While the primary exercise addiction is directly caused by compulsive exercise, many studies highlighted the relationship between Eating Disorders (ED) and EA, defining the secondary EA. The correlation between EA, social media use (SMU) and other individual traits remains a relatively underexplored domain. Therefore, this review aimed to examine the latest evidence on the relationship between EA, SMU, and some personality traits such as perfectionism and body image. Methods Electronic databases including PubMed, Medline, PsycARTICLES, Embase, Web of Science were searched from January 2019 to October 2023, following the PRISMA guidelines. Results A total of 15 articles were examined and consolidated in this review. EA was found to be related to different individual traits such perfectionism, body dissatisfaction, depression, obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. While controversial results were found regarding the relationship between EA and SMU. Conclusion The interaction between mental health, exercise addiction and social media use is complex. Excessive engagement in these latter may result in negative mental health consequences despite their potential benefits. Understanding individual differences and developing effective interventions is crucial to promoting healthy habits and mitigating the EA risks, ultimately enhancing mental well-being. Further research should focus on the identification of risks and protective factors with the eventual aim of developing and implementing effective prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Minutillo
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Annagiulia Di Trana
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gerolama Maria Ciancio
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Berretta
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Nunzia La Maida
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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Lampe EW, Schaumberg K, Kolar D, Coniglio K, Cooper M, Chapa DAN, Gorrell S. Working out measurement overlap in the assessment of maladaptive exercise. Int J Eat Disord 2024; 57:558-567. [PMID: 38221645 PMCID: PMC10947899 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although exercise is generally considered healthy, many individuals engage in maladaptive exercise (e.g., compulsive in nature). Several definitions of maladaptive exercise exist, leading to multiple, varied assessment tools; assuming homogeneity across these assessments contributes to low consensus in etiological models. METHOD We used a Jaccard Index to quantify content overlap among 15 commonly-used self-report instruments measuring maladaptive exercise, with 31 features identified across 224 items. RESULTS The most common features were exercise to control weight/shape and to avoid negative affect (both included in 9/15 instruments), or compensate for calories consumed (8/15 instruments). Overlap among instruments was low (.206) and no features were common across all instruments. CONCLUSIONS Findings generally support theoretical models of exercise in eating pathology. However, instruments most commonly used to assess maladaptive exercise measure heterogenous content. Careful consideration should be taken when comparing findings derived from differing instruments, when synthesizing literature on maladaptive exercise, and when selecting instruments to measure specific maladaptive exercise features. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Many, varied, tools exist for the assessment of maladaptive exercise (e.g., compulsive or compensatory) in the context of eating disorders. Assuming homogeneity across tools contributes to low consensus in the field. We used a Jaccard Index to quantify content overlap among 15 self-report instruments measuring maladaptive exercise. The most commonly used instruments measure heterogenous content. Careful consideration should be taken when synthesizing literature and selecting instruments to use in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W. Lampe
- Center for Weight Eating and Lifestyle Science (WELL Center), Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - David Kolar
- Department of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathryn Coniglio
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Rutgers NJ, United States
| | - Marita Cooper
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States
| | - Danielle A. N. Chapa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, United States
| | - Sasha Gorrell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA, United States
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Bala I, Manglani A. Unveiling the Obsession: Exercise Addiction among Female Amateur Runners in Delhi-NCR and the Power of Unwavering Commitment. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2024; 16:S894-S897. [PMID: 38595636 PMCID: PMC11000887 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1081_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim and Objective This study was intended for a possible relationship that might exist between exercise addiction and unbending commitment among female amateur runners. Exercise addiction (EA) can be characterized as an obsession with physical activity. Materials and Methods The "purposive sampling method" was utilized to collect data. The inventories taken for this purpose were "The Exercise Addiction Inventory" and "Commitment Running Scale." The questionnaire was filled out by 100 participants aged between 18 and 50 years from the capital of India and its border area (Delhi and NCR). Results and Conclusion It was found that 39% of female long-distance runners were exercise addicts, and 72% were highly committed to running, supporting a probable reason for EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Bala
- Research Scholar (PhD), Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social-Sciences and Languages (FSSL), Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Govindgarh, Punjab, India
| | - Anita Manglani
- Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural & Social Sciences (FBS), Shree Guru GobindSingh Tricentenary (SGT) University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
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Zhang F, Shao Y, Zhang X, Zhang H, Tan Y, Yang G, Wang X, Jia Z, Gong Q, Zhang H. Neuropsychological insights into exercise addiction: the role of brain structure and self-efficacy in middle-older individuals. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad514. [PMID: 38186007 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between exercise addiction and brain structure in middle-older individuals, and to examine the role of self-efficacy in mediating physiological changes associated with exercise addiction. A total of 133 patients exhibiting symptoms of exercise addiction were recruited for this study (male = 43, age 52.86 ± 11.78 years). Structural magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral assessments were administered to assess the study population. Voxel-based morphological analysis was conducted using SPM12 software. Mediation analysis was employed to explore the potential neuropsychological mechanism of self-efficacy in relation to exercise addiction. The findings revealed a positive correlation between exercise addiction and gray matter volume in the right inferior temporal region and the right hippocampus. Conversely, there was a negative correlation with gray matter volume in the left Rolandic operculum. Self-efficacy was found to indirectly influence exercise addiction by affecting right inferior temporal region gray matter volume and acted as a mediating variable in the relationship between the gray matter volume of right inferior temporal region and exercise addiction. In summary, this study elucidates the link between exercise addiction and brain structure among middle-older individuals. It uncovers the intricate interplay among exercise addiction, brain structure, and psychological factors. These findings enhance our comprehension of exercise addiction and offer valuable insights for the development of interventions and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, P.R. China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Imaging and Nanomedicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yingbo Shao
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, P.R. China
- College of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, P.R. China
- College of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Haoyu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, P.R. China
- College of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, P.R. China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Imaging and Nanomedicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, P.R. China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Imaging and Nanomedicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, P.R. China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Imaging and Nanomedicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Zhiyun Jia
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Radiology, West China Xiamen Hospital of Sichuan University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, P.R. China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Imaging and Nanomedicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
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Mathisen TF, Hay P, Bratland-Sanda S. How to address physical activity and exercise during treatment from eating disorders: a scoping review. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2023; 36:427-437. [PMID: 37435847 PMCID: PMC10552818 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This scoping review aimed to provide a recent update on how to address dysfunctional physical activity and exercise (DEx), and on effects and experiences from including supervised and adapted physical activity or exercise (PAE), during treatment of eating disorders. RECENT FINDINGS A systematic search for peer-reviewed publications in the period 2021-2023 generated 10 original studies and 6 reviews, including one meta-analysis (reporting according to PRISMA and SWiM). Findings showed that DEx was effectively managed by use of psychoeducation and/or PAE. Inclusion of PAE as part of treatment showed low-to-moderate impact on health and positive or neutral effects on eating disorder psychopathology. There were no reports of adverse events. For individuals with anorexia nervosa, PAE improved physical fitness with no influence on body weight or body composition unless progressive resistance training was conducted. For individuals with bulimia nervosa, DEx was reduced simultaneously with increased functional exercise and successful implementation of physical activity recommendations during treatment. Experiences by individuals with eating disorders and clinicians, including accredited exercise physiologists, pointed to positive benefits by including PAE in treatment. SUMMARY Lack of consensus about DEx and of recommendations for PAE in official treatment guidelines hinder adequate approaches to these issues in eating disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phillipa Hay
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), School of Medicine, Western Sydney University
- Mental Health Services, SWSLHD, Campbelltown, Sydney, Australia
| | - Solfrid Bratland-Sanda
- Department of Outdoor Studies, Sports and Physical Education, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
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Vardardottir B, Olafsdottir AS, Gudmundsdottir SL. Body dissatisfaction, disordered eating and exercise behaviours: associations with symptoms of REDs in male and female athletes. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001731. [PMID: 38348179 PMCID: PMC10860738 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Disordered eating and compulsive exercise behaviours are common among athletes and can increase the risk of relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs). Contrarily, the prevalence of muscle dysmorphia and its relationship with REDs are unknown. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate associations of all three with REDs symptoms. Methods Elite and subelite Icelandic athletes (n=83, 67.5% females) answered the Low Energy Availability in Females/Males Questionnaires (LEAF-Q/LEAM-Q), Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire Short (EDE-QS), Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) and Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI). Body composition was assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; resting metabolic rate via indirect calorimetry; and blood samples were drawn for analysis of nutrition and hormonal status. Females were compared based on LEAF-Q total score (≥8 (at risk) vs <8). Simple linear regression was applied to evaluate associations of (a) testosterone with other objective measures and LEAM-Q scores in males; and (b) LEAF-Q/LEAM-Q scores with EDE-QS, EAI and MDDI scores. Results In total, 8.4% of participants scored above cut-off on EDE-QS, 19.3% on EAI and 13.3% on MDDI. Females with LEAF-Q total score ≥8 had higher median scores on EDE-QS, EAI and MDDI compared with those scoring <8. Testosterone was positively associated with iron and inversely with total iron-binding capacity but was not associated with scoring on any of the administered questionnaires. Conclusion Drive for muscularity and aesthetic physique may play a role in the complex presentation of REDs. Screening for muscle dysmorphia, in addition to disordered eating and compulsive exercise, could therefore facilitate early detection of REDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birna Vardardottir
- Faculty of Health Promotion, Sport and Leisure Studies, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Tang CSK, Gan KQ, Lui WK. The Associations between Obsessive Compulsive Personality Traits, Self-Efficacy, and Exercise Addiction. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:857. [PMID: 37887507 PMCID: PMC10603988 DOI: 10.3390/bs13100857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise addiction refers to maladaptive exercise patterns involving compulsivity and addiction-like behaviors. Exercise addiction has been found to relate to negative physical and mental health outcomes such as heart abnormalities, physical injuries, and interpersonal conflicts. Based on the social cognitive theory, this study investigated the extent to which the interplay of obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) traits and self-efficacy beliefs would influence the development and maintenance of exercise addiction. A total of 1228 college students in the United States responded to an online survey. Based on cut-off scores of the Revised Exercise Addiction Inventory, the prevalence estimates of exercise addiction were 4.0% for males and 1.8% for females. Results showed that males are more prone to exercise addiction than females. Also, OCPD traits and self-efficacy significantly predicted exercise addiction after controlling for age and sex. Self-efficacy acted as a moderator in influencing the relationship between OCPD traits and exercise addiction, especially for females. At high levels of self-efficacy, more OCPD traits were significantly associated with a higher risk of exercise addiction. However, at low levels of self-efficacy, there was no association between OCPD traits and exercise addiction. The findings suggest that public education and intervention for exercise addiction should attend to the interplay between personality factors and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine So Kum Tang
- Department of Counselling & Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill, North Point, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai Qi Gan
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Wai Kin Lui
- Department of Counselling & Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill, North Point, Hong Kong, China
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Granziol U, Griffiths MD, Zou L, Yang P, Herschel HK, Junker A, Akimoto T, Stoll O, Alpay M, Aydın Z, Zandonai T, Di Lodovico L, Lichtenstein MB, Trott M, Portman RM, Schipfer M, Cook B, Cerea S, Egorov AY, Cantù-Berrueto A, de la Vega Marcos R, Fernandes PT, Landolfi E, Demetrovics Z, Tóth EE, Solmi M, Szabo A. The Expanded Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI-3): Towards Reliable and International Screening of Exercise-Related Dysfunction. Int J Ment Health Addict 2023:1-27. [PMID: 37363769 PMCID: PMC10171173 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-023-01066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise addiction (EA) refers to excessive exercise, lack of control, and health risks. The Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) is one of the most widely used tools in its assessment. However, the cross-cultural psychometric properties of the EAI could be improved because it misses three pathological patterns, including guilt, exercise despite injury, and experienced harm. Therefore, the present study tested the psychometric properties of the expanded EAI (EAI-3) in a large international sample. The EAI-3 was administered to 1931 physically active adult exercisers speaking five languages (Chinese, German, Italian, Japanese, and Turkish) and other measures for obsessive-compulsive behavior, eating disorders, and personality traits. The assessment structure and reliability of the EAI-3 were tested with factorial analyses and through measurement invariance across languages and sex. Finally, a cutoff point for dysfunction-proneness was calculated. The EAI-3 comprised two factors, reflecting the positive and pathological sides of exercise. The structure had excellent reliability and goodness-of-fit indices and configural and metric invariances of the scale were supported. However, three items caused violations in scalar invariance. The results of partial measurement invariance testing suggested an adequate fit for the data. Following sensitivity and specificity analysis, the EAI-3's cutoff score was 34 out of a maximum score of 48. This preliminary study suggests that the EAI-3 is a promising tool for screening EA in an international sample, with a robust and reliable structure comparable across languages and sex. In addition, the proposed cutoff could pave the way toward a consensus on a threshold to screen for EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Granziol
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Liye Zou
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peiying Yang
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hannah K. Herschel
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Annika Junker
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | | | - Oliver Stoll
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenbergn, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Merve Alpay
- Physical Education and Sports, Institute of Health Sciences, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Aydın
- International School of Advanced Studies, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Thomas Zandonai
- Department of Pharmacology, Paediatrics and Organic Chemistry, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Di Lodovico
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Mia Beck Lichtenstein
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Research Unit for Digital Psychiatry, Mental Health Services in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mike Trott
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Robert M. Portman
- Centre for Applied Psychological Science and School of Social Sciences, Humanities & Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Melanie Schipfer
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenbergn, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Silvia Cerea
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Aleksei Y. Egorov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Ricardo de la Vega Marcos
- Department of Physical Education, Sport & Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Texeira Fernandes
- Department of Sport Science and GEPEN - Physical Education Faculty, State University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Emilio Landolfi
- School of Kinesiology, University of the Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| | - Eliza E. Tóth
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
- On track: The Champlain First Episode Psychosis Program, Department of Mental Health, The Ottawa Hospital, ON Ottawa, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Attila Szabo
- Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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