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Franken A, Bosch BS, Van der Merwe CJ, Du Plessis J, Du Plessis JL. In vitro skin permeation of potassium hexachloroplatinate and a comparison with potassium tetrachloroplatinate. Toxicol Lett 2023; 381:13-19. [PMID: 37075869 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated platinum salts are known respiratory sensitizers in the workplace, and occupational exposure to platinum via the respiratory system and skin has been reported. The aim of this study was to compare the permeability and skin retention of potassium hexachloroplatinate to previously published data of potassium tetrachloroplatinate. Experiments were performed using female Caucasian skin and Franz diffusion cells with the application of 0.3mg Pt/mL in the donor solution for 24-hours. After 8-hours of exposure, 1.87ng/cm2 of Pt was detected in the receptor solution with exposure to potassium hexachloroplatinate, whereas 0.47ng/cm2 was detected with exposure to potassium tetrachloroplatinate. After 24-hours of exposure the Pt retention in the skin was 1861.60ng/cm2 and 1486.32ng/cm2 with exposure to potassium hexa- and tetrachloroplatinate respectively. The faster rate of Pt permeation from exposure to potassium hexachloroplatinate was confirmed by the flux and permeability coefficient values. The results indicate a higher permeability and skin retention of Pt when exposed to potassium hexachloroplatinate, confirming a higher risk associated with occupational exposure to this platinum compound relative to potassium tetrachloroplatinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Franken
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa.
| | - Barbara Sylvia Bosch
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa
| | | | - Jeanetta Du Plessis
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa
| | - Johannes Lodewykus Du Plessis
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa.
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2
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Sahmel J, Arnold SF, Ramachandran G. Accuracy of professional judgments for dermal exposure assessment using deterministic models. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2023; 20:143-158. [PMID: 36716165 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2023.2173365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The accuracy of exposure judgments, particularly for scenarios where only qualitative information is available or a systematic approach is not used, has been evaluated and shown to have a relatively low level of accuracy. This is particularly true for dermal exposures, where less information is generally available compared to inhalation exposures. Relatively few quantitative validation efforts have been performed for scenarios where dermal exposures are of interest. In this study, a series of dermal exposure judgments were collected from 90 volunteer U.S. occupational health practitioners in a workshop format to assess the accuracy of their judgments for three specific scenarios. Accuracy was defined as the ability of the participants to identify the correct reference exposure category, as defined by the quantitative exposure banding categories utilized by the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA®). The participants received progressively additional information and training regarding dermal exposure assessments and scenario-specific information during the workshop, and the relative accuracy of their category judgments over time was compared. The results of the study indicated that despite substantial education and training in exposure assessment generally, the practitioners had very little experience in performing dermal exposure assessments and a low level of comfort in performing these assessments. Further, contrary to studies of practitioners performing inhalation exposure assessments demonstrating a trend toward underestimating exposures, participants in this study consistently overestimated the potential for dermal exposure without quantitative data specific to the scenario of interest. Finally, it was found that participants were able to identify the reference or "true" category of dermal exposure acceptability when provided with relevant, scenario-specific dermal and/or surface-loading data for use in the assessment process. These results support the need for additional training and education of practitioners in performing dermal exposure assessments. A closer analysis of default loading values used in dermal exposure assessments to evaluate their accuracy relative to real-world or measured dermal loading values, along with consistent improvements in current dermal models, is also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Sahmel
- Insight Exposure & Risk Sciences, Boulder, Colorado
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Susan F Arnold
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Gurumurthy Ramachandran
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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3
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Oginawati K, Suharyanto, Susetyo SH, Sulung G, Muhayatun, Chazanah N, Dewi Kusumah SW, Fahimah N. Investigation of Dermal Exposure to Heavy Metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Al, Fe and Pb) in Traditional Batik Industry Workers. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08914. [PMID: 35198777 PMCID: PMC8841361 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Batik is an Indonesian cultural heritage that has been designated by UNESCO. Batik industry is one of the industries that applies the synthetic dyes, beside natural ones which have long been used in producing Batik particularly in the modern production. The purpose of this research investigated heavy metals on workers in batik industry, which focuses on dermal detection as portal of entry. Samples of dermal intake of workers were examined with cross-sectional approach, while non-worker samples of resident living surrounding the industry were used as control. Dermal intake on workers and non-workers were examined using Patch Filter. Heavy metals content of the synthetic dyes used in the batik production and those in the patch filter which was attached to worker's skin during sampling period were analyzed using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) method. The XRF measurement result of the synthetic dyes shows a detection of several heavy metals including Cu and Zn as the highest detected concentration, while the XRF measurement of the patch filter detects several heavy metal contents, which include Cu, Zn, Ni, Al, Fe and Pb. The highest detected heavy metal concentration found in the patch filter were Cu, Zn and Ni. Meanwhile, the highest detected heavy metal concentration of Pb was found in workers in the stamping process. The result indicates that highest Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe were found in workers of dyeing process compared to those in other processing stages.
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Magnano GC, Marussi G, Pavoni E, Adami G, Larese Filon F, Crosera M. Percutaneous metals absorption following exposure to road dust powder. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118353. [PMID: 34637821 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The skin constitutes a protective barrier to external physical and chemical aggressions. Although it is constantly exposed to various xenobiotics, it is generally considered poorly permeable to them, as for example metal ions, becoming unfortunately an entry route of such substances. Metals may penetrate inside the skin inducing more or less local effects such as skin sensitization and potential metals diffusion into the bloodstream. The objective of the study was to investigate the percutaneous penetration of metals in vitro - ex vivo in Franz cell with intact as well damaged skin applying a road dust powder. Moreover, porcine and human skins were compared. This study demonstrated that, after the application of a road dust powder on the skin, metals can penetrate and permeate this cutaneous membrane. From this experimental analysis, in intact skin lead (Pb) achieved the highest skin absorption in both human and porcine skin, while skin absorption profile of cobalt (Co) was the lowest in human skin than the one in porcine model. The concentrations of Ni present in receiving solution were higher compared to other metals in all experiments performed. The present work, definitely shows that metals permeation through damaged skin is accelerated than intact skin, as a result of the weaker cutaneous barrier function. According to published data, pig skin appeared as a suitable model for human skin. Our results confirmed that skin absorption of metals can be relevant in environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanna Marussi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Elena Pavoni
- Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Adami
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Crosera
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
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5
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Torres JB, Rolim GG, Potin DM, Arruda LS, Neves RCS. Susceptibility of Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to Ethiprole, Differential Toxicity Against Selected Natural Enemies, and Diagnostic Concentrations for Resistance Monitoring. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:2381-2389. [PMID: 34551105 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic insecticide application is one tactic for reducing boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), infestations during the cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., reproductive stage. We assessed the susceptibility of the boll weevil and its natural enemies to ethiprole (mode of action 2B), a phenylpyrazole insecticide, and diagnostic concentrations of ethiprole indicative of boll weevil susceptibility. Differences in the lethal concentrations of ethiprole were calculated with susceptibility ratios based on LC50 ranging from 2.89- to 10.34-fold relative to a natural susceptible population. The lowest and the highest recommended field rates of ethiprole, 100 and 200 g a.i./ha, produced residues that caused 83.3% and 93.7% mortality of weevils caged with cotton leaves from field-treated plants for 8 d. We found that ethiprole was less toxic than fipronil to the boll weevil parasitoid Bracon vulgaris Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and to the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), while fipronil was highly toxic to both. Adult earwigs, Euborellia annulipes Lucas (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae), were relatively tolerant to ethiprole and fipronil at the highest field rates. Pooled LC50-and LC95-concentrations of ethiprole calculated from studied populations were used as diagnostic for boll weevil mortality, and the outcome fitted to the expected mortality for boll weevil populations from different locations serving for further control failure assessment. Ethiprole appears to be suitable for boll weevil control with low impact on natural enemy communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Braz Torres
- Departamento de Agronomia - Entomologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos 52171-900, Recife - PE, Brazil
| | - G G Rolim
- Instituto Mato-Grossense do Algodão, Rua Engenheiro Edgard Prado Arze, 1777 Centro Político Administrativo, CEP 78049-015, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - D M Potin
- Departamento de Agronomia - Entomologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos 52171-900, Recife - PE, Brazil
| | - L S Arruda
- Fundação Bahia. Rodovia BR 020/242, Km 50.7. CEP 47850-000, Zona Rural, Luiz Eduardo Magalhães, BA, Brazil
| | - R C S Neves
- Instituto Goiano de Agricultura, Rodovia 174 km 45, Zona Rural, Caixa postal 61, CEP 75915-000, Montividiu, GO, Brazil
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Omar MM, Laprise-Pelletier M, Chevallier P, Tuduri L, Fortin MA. High-Sensitivity Permeation Analysis of Ultrasmall Nanoparticles Across the Skin by Positron Emission Tomography. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:729-745. [PMID: 33689293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasmall nanoparticles (US-NPs; <20 nm in hydrodynamic size) are now included in a variety of pharmacological and cosmetic products, and new technologies are needed to detect at high sensitivity the passage of small doses of these products across biological barriers such as the skin. In this work, a diffusion cell adapted to positron emission tomography (PET), a highly sensitive imaging technology, was developed to measure the passage of gold NPs (AuNPs) in skin samples in continuous mode. US-AuNPs (3.2 nm diam.; TEM) were functionalized with deferoxamine (DFO) and radiolabeled with 89Zr(IV) (half-life: 3.3 days, matching the timeline of diffusion tests). The physicochemical properties of the functionalized US-AuNPs (US-AuNPs-PEG-DFO) were characterized by FTIR (DFO grafting; hydroxamate peaks: 1629.0 cm-1, 1569.0 cm-1), XPS (presence of the O═C-N C 1s peak of DFO at 287.49 eV), and TGA (organic mass fraction). The passage of US-AuNPs-PEG-DFO-89Zr(IV) in skin samples was measured by PET, and the diffusion parameters were extracted thereby. The signals of radioactive US-AuNPs-PEG-DFO-89Zr(IV) leaving the donor compartment, passing through the skin, and entering the acceptor compartment were detected in continuous at concentrations as low as 2.2 nM of Au. The high-sensitivity acquisitions performed in continuous allowed for the first time to extract the lag time to the start of permeation, the lag time to start of the steady state, the diffusion coefficients, and the influx data for AuNPs permeating into the skin. PET could represent a highly valuable tool for the development of nanoparticle-containing topical formulations of drugs and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Omar
- Département de génie des mines, de la métallurgie et des matériaux, Centre de recherche sur les matériaux avancés (CERMA), Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.,Axe Médecine régénératrice, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec, 2705, boul. Laurier (T1-61a), Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Myriam Laprise-Pelletier
- Axe Médecine régénératrice, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec, 2705, boul. Laurier (T1-61a), Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Pascale Chevallier
- Axe Médecine régénératrice, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec, 2705, boul. Laurier (T1-61a), Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Ludovic Tuduri
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 5805, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), Équipe Physico et Toxico Chimie de l'environnement, Université de Bordeaux, Talence 33405, France
| | - Marc-André Fortin
- Département de génie des mines, de la métallurgie et des matériaux, Centre de recherche sur les matériaux avancés (CERMA), Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.,Axe Médecine régénératrice, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec, 2705, boul. Laurier (T1-61a), Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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Lu Y, Xu J, Wang H, Liu X, Li W. Distribution, sources and health risk assessment of contaminations in water of urban park: A case study in Northeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:2473-2489. [PMID: 31037580 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This case study was performed to determine whether the pollutants in water of urban park could bring health risk to human engaging in water-related activities such as swimming and provide evidence demonstrating the critical need for strengthened recreational water resources management of urban park. TN, NH4+-N, TP, Cu, Mn, Zn, Se, Pb, As, Cd and Cr(VI) contents were determined to describe the spatial distribution of contaminations; sources apportionment with the method of correlation analysis, factor analysis and cluster analysis were followed by health risk assessment for swimmers of different age groups. The results reveal that element contents in all sites do not exceed Chinese standard for swimming area and European Commission standard for surface water; all detected elements except Cr(VI) have a tendency to accumulate in the location of lake crossing bridge; Mn and Zn are considered to have the same pollution source including geogenic and anthropogenic sources by multivariable analysis. Carcinogenic risks of different age groups descend in the same order with non-carcinogenic risks. Among all elements, Zn and Mn contribute the lowest non-carcinogenic risk (5.1940E-06) and the highest non-carcinogenic risk (7.9921E-04) through skin contact pathway, respectively. The total average personal risk for swimmers in swimming area is 1.9693E-03, and this site is not suitable for swimming. Overall, it is possible that swimmers are exposed to risk via the dermal route when carrying out water-related activities, it is recommended that necessary precautions and management should be taken in other similar locations around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Changchun, 130117, China
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem, Changchun, 130117, China
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Wetland Restoration and Function Development, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Jianling Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Changchun, 130117, China.
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem, Changchun, 130117, China.
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Wetland Restoration and Function Development, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Hanxi Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Changchun, 130117, China
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem, Changchun, 130117, China
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Wetland Restoration and Function Development, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- Jilin Province Academy of Education and Science, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Changchun, 130117, China
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem, Changchun, 130117, China
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Wetland Restoration and Function Development, Changchun, 130117, China
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Hughes-Oliver JM, Xu G, Baynes RE. Skin Permeation of Solutes from Metalworking Fluids to Build Prediction Models and Test A Partition Theory. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123076. [PMID: 30477249 PMCID: PMC6320844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Permeation of chemical solutes through skin can create major health issues. Using the membrane-coated fiber (MCF) as a solid phase membrane extraction (SPME) approach to simulate skin permeation, we obtained partition coefficients for 37 solutes under 90 treatment combinations that could broadly represent formulations that could be associated with occupational skin exposure. These formulations were designed to mimic fluids in the metalworking process, and they are defined in this manuscript using: one of mineral oil, polyethylene glycol-200, soluble oil, synthetic oil, or semi-synthetic oil; at a concentration of 0.05 or 0.5 or 5 percent; with solute concentration of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, or 5 ppm. A single linear free-energy relationship (LFER) model was shown to be inadequate, but extensions that account for experimental conditions provide important improvements in estimating solute partitioning from selected formulations into the MCF. The benefit of the Expanded Nested-Solute-Concentration LFER model over the Expanded Crossed-Factors LFER model is only revealed through a careful leave-one-solute-out cross-validation that properly addresses the existence of replicates to avoid an overly optimistic view of predictive power. Finally, the partition theory that accompanies the MCF approach is thoroughly tested and found to not be supported under complex experimental settings that mimic occupational exposure in the metalworking industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guangning Xu
- Wells Fargo and Company, Charlotte, NC 28202-0901, USA.
| | - Ronald E Baynes
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research & Pharmacokinetics, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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9
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What happens in the skin? Integrating skin permeation kinetics into studies of developmental and reproductive toxicity following topical exposure. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 58:252-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Franken A, Eloff FC, Du Plessis J, Du Plessis JL. In Vitro Permeation of Metals through Human Skin: A Review and Recommendations. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2237-49. [PMID: 26555458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Franken
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI), North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Frederik C. Eloff
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI), North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Jeanetta Du Plessis
- Centre of Excellence
for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Johannes L. Du Plessis
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI), North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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Williams PRD, Mani A. Benzene Exposures and Risk Potential for Vehicle Mechanics from Gasoline and Petroleum-Derived Products. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2015; 18:371-399. [PMID: 26514691 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2015.1088810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Benzene exposures among vehicle mechanics in the United States and abroad were characterized using available data from published and unpublished studies. In the United States, the time-weighted-average (TWA) airborne concentration of benzene for vehicle mechanics averaged 0.01-0.05 ppm since at least the late 1970s, with maximal TWA concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 0.38 ppm. Benzene exposures were notably lower in the summer than winter and in the Southwest compared to other geographic regions, but significantly higher during known gasoline-related tasks such as draining a gas tank or changing a fuel pump or fuel filter. Measured airborne concentrations of benzene were also generally greater for vehicle mechanics in other countries, likely due to the higher benzene content of gasoline and other factors. Short-term airborne concentrations of benzene frequently exceeded 1 ppm during gasoline-related tasks, but remained below 0.2 ppm for tasks involving other petroleum-derived products such as carburetor and brake cleaner or parts washer solvent. Application of a two-zone mathematical model using reasonable input values from the literature yielded predicted task-based benzene concentrations during gasoline and aerosol spray cleaner scenarios similar to those measured for vehicle mechanics during these types of tasks. When evaluated using appropriate biomarkers, dermal exposures were found to contribute little to total benzene exposures for this occupational group. Available data suggest that vehicle mechanics have not experienced significant exposures to benzene in the workplace, except perhaps during short-duration gasoline-related tasks, and full-shift benzene exposures have remained well below current and contemporaneous occupational exposure limits. These findings are consistent with epidemiology studies of vehicle mechanics, which have not demonstrated an increased risk of benzene-induced health effects in this cohort of workers. Data and information presented here may be used to assess past, current, or future exposures and risks to benzene for vehicle mechanics who may be exposed to gasoline or other petroleum-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashutosh Mani
- b Department of Environmental Health , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA
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12
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Dermal uptake of petroleum substances. Toxicol Lett 2015; 235:123-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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In vitro permeation of platinum through African and Caucasian skin. Toxicol Lett 2015; 232:566-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Anderson SE, Meade BJ. Potential health effects associated with dermal exposure to occupational chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2014; 8:51-62. [PMID: 25574139 PMCID: PMC4270264 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s15258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
There are a large number of workers in the United States, spanning a variety of occupational industries and sectors, who are potentially exposed to chemicals that can be absorbed through the skin. Occupational skin exposures can result in numerous diseases that can adversely affect an individual's health and capacity to perform at work. In general, there are three types of chemical-skin interactions of concern: direct skin effects, immune-mediated skin effects, and systemic effects. While hundreds of chemicals (metals, epoxy and acrylic resins, rubber additives, and chemical intermediates) present in virtually every industry have been identified to cause direct and immune-mediated effects such as contact dermatitis or urticaria, less is known about the number and types of chemicals contributing to systemic effects. In an attempt to raise awareness, skin notation assignments communicate the potential for dermal absorption; however, there is a need for standardization among agencies to communicate an accurate description of occupational hazards. Studies have suggested that exposure to complex mixtures, excessive hand washing, use of hand sanitizers, high frequency of wet work, and environmental or other factors may enhance penetration and stimulate other biological responses altering the outcomes of dermal chemical exposure. Understanding the hazards of dermal exposure is essential for the proper implementation of protective measures to ensure worker safety and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey E Anderson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - B Jean Meade
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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15
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In vitro permeation of platinum and rhodium through Caucasian skin. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:1396-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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Bogen KT, Sheehan PJ. Dermal versus total uptake of benzene from mineral spirits solvent during parts washing. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2014; 34:1336-1358. [PMID: 24495022 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative approaches to assessing exposure to, and associated risk from, benzene in mineral spirits solvent (MSS), used widely in parts washing and degreasing operations, have focused primarily on the respiratory pathway. The dermal contribution to total benzene uptake from such operations remains uncertain because measuring in vivo experimental dermal uptake of this volatile human carcinogen is difficult. Unprotected dermal uptake involves simultaneous sustained immersion events and transient splash/wipe events, each yielding residues subject to evaporation as well as dermal uptake. A two-process dermal exposure framework to assess dermal uptake to normal and damaged skin was applied to estimate potential daily dermal benzene dose (Dskin ) to workers who used historical or current formulations of recycled MSS in manual parts washers. Measures of evaporation and absorption of MSS dermally applied to human subjects were modeled to estimate in vivo dermal uptake of benzene in MSS. Uncertainty and interindividual variability in Dskin was characterized by Monte Carlo simulation, conditioned on uncertainty and/or variability estimated for each model input. Dermal exposures are estimated to average 33% of total (inhalation + dermal) benzene parts washing dose, with approximately equal predicted portions of dermal dose due to splash/wipe and to continuous contact with MSS. The estimated median (95th percentile) dermal and total daily benzene doses from parts washing are: 0.0069 (0.024) and 0.025 (0.18) mg/day using current, and 0.027 (0.085) and 0.098 (0.69) mg/day using historical, MSS solvents, respectively.
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Elsner P, Seyfarth F, Sonsmann F, Strunk M, John SM, Diepgen T, Schliemann S. Standardized dirts for testing the efficacy of workplace cleaning products: validation of their workplace relevance. Contact Dermatitis 2013; 69:245-50. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Jena, Erfurter Strasse 35; D-07743; Jena; Germany
| | - Florian Seyfarth
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Jena, Erfurter Strasse 35; D-07743; Jena; Germany
| | - Flora Sonsmann
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine; University of Osnabrueck; D-49069 Osnabrück; Germany
| | - Meike Strunk
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine; University of Osnabrueck; D-49069 Osnabrück; Germany
| | - Swen-Malte John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine; University of Osnabrueck; D-49069 Osnabrück; Germany
| | - Thomas Diepgen
- Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; University of Heidelberg; D-69115 Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Sibylle Schliemann
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Jena, Erfurter Strasse 35; D-07743; Jena; Germany
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Dancik Y, Troutman JA, Jaworska J. A framework incorporating the impact of exposure scenarios and application conditions on risk assessment of chemicals applied to skin. In Silico Pharmacol 2013; 1:10. [PMID: 25505655 PMCID: PMC4230815 DOI: 10.1186/2193-9616-1-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE 1. To develop a framework for exposure calculation via the dermal route to meet the needs of 21st century toxicity testing and refine current approaches; 2. To demonstrate the impact of exposure scenario and application conditions on the plasma concentration following dermal exposure. METHOD A workflow connecting a dynamic skin penetration model with a generic whole-body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed. The impact of modifying exposure scenarios and application conditions on the simulated steady-state plasma concentration and exposure conversion factor was investigated for 9 chemicals tested previously in dermal animal studies which did not consider kinetics in their experimental designs. RESULTS By simulating the animal study scenarios and exposure conditions, we showed that 7 studies were conducted with finite dose exposures, 1 with both finite and infinite dose exposures (in these 8 studies, an increase in the animal dose resulted in an increase in the simulated steady-state plasma concentrations (C p,ss)), while 1 study was conducted with infinite dose exposures only (an increase in the animal dose resulted in identical C p,ss). Steady-state plasma concentrations were up to 30-fold higher following an infinite dose scenario vs. a finite dose scenario, and up to 40-fold higher with occlusion vs. without. Depending on the chemical, the presence of water as a vehicle increased or decreased the steady-state plasma concentration, the largest difference being a factor of 16. CONCLUSIONS The workflow linking Kasting's model of skin penetration and whole-body PBPK enables estimation of plasma concentrations for various applied doses, exposure scenarios and application conditions. Consequently, it provides a quantitative, mechanistic tool to refine dermal exposure calculations methodology for further use in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Dancik
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Temselaan 100, Strombeek-Bever, 1853 Belgium
| | | | - Joanna Jaworska
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Temselaan 100, Strombeek-Bever, 1853 Belgium
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Andraos J. Safety/Hazard Indices: Completion of a Unified Suite of Metrics for the Assessment of “Greenness” for Chemical Reactions and Synthesis Plans. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op300352w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Andraos
- CareerChem, 504-1129
Don Mills Road, Don Mills, Ontario M3B 2W4, Canada
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Chen CP, Ahlers HW, Scott Dotson G, Lin YC, Chang WC, Maier A, Gadagbui B. Efficacy of predictive modeling as a scientific criterion in dermal hazard identification for assignment of skin notations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 61:63-72. [PMID: 21712060 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin notations (SNs) represent a hazard characterization tool for alerting workers of health hazards associated with dermal contact with chemicals. This study evaluated the efficacy of a predictive model utilized by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to identify dermal hazards based on potential of systemic absorption compared to hazard assignments based on dermal lethal dose 50% or logarithm of octanol-water partition coefficient. A total of 480 chemicals assigned an SN from at least one of seven institutes were selected and partitioned into seven hazard categories by frequency of SN assignment to provide a basis of evaluation for the predictivity of the examined criteria. We find that all three properties serve as a qualitative indicator in support of a dichotomous decision on dermal hazard; the predictive modeling was identified from a multiple regression analysis as the most significant indicator. The model generated estimates that corresponded to anticipated hazard potentials, suggesting a role of the model to further serve as a hazard-ranking tool. The hazard-ranking capability of the model was consistent with the scheme of acute toxicity classification in the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Peng Chen
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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Saghir SA, Bartels MJ, Snellings WM. Dermal penetration of ethylene glycol through human skin in vitro. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29:268-76. [PMID: 20448259 DOI: 10.1177/1091581810366604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the in vitro dermal absorption of ethylene glycol (EG) through dermatomed human abdominal skin (containing epidermis and dermis), obtained from cadavers within 24 hours of death and kept frozen until processed. Three formulations of EG (neat, 50%, and 10% aqueous solutions) were applied in triplicate to skin samples from 6 donors, and placed in Teflon Bronaugh flow-through diffusion cells. Barrier integrity of each sample was evaluated with (3)H-H(2)O prior to applying EG and only data from samples passing the test were used. A physiological receptor fluid was pumped beneath the skin samples and collected in a fraction collector at predetermined time points through 24 hours. Possible volatilized EG was trapped in a charcoal basket located above each skin sample. Each skin sample was treated with an infinite dose of 500 microL of EG formulation/cm(2). At the end of 24 hours, volatilized EG trapped in the headspace was collected, the unabsorbed dose was removed from the skin and the skin was rinsed, tape stripped, and solubilized along with a rinse of the flow-through cells, and total radioactivity was determined. Only a small fraction (</=1%) of the applied EG was absorbed in 24 hours, of which <0.7% penetrated through the skin and ~0.4% remained in the skin. Recovery (mass balance) of the applied EG was between 93% and 99%, which further validated the observed low dermal penetration of EG. The net penetration of the applied EG over 24 hours was concentration proportional, comprising 2.97 +/- 0.78, 1.75 +/- 0.62, and 0.23 +/- 0.12 mg/cm(2) of the neat, 50%, and 10% formulations, respectively. The steady-state flux of EG was established between 16 and 24 hours. The mean steady-state flux of EG through dermatomed skin was 217, 129, and 15 microg/cm(2)h for the neat, 50%, and 10% aqueous formulations, respectively, consistent with concentration-proportional penetration of EG. The steady-state permeation coefficient (Kp) for EG was low, between 1.5 x 10(-4) and 2.6 x 10(-4) cm/h. These findings demonstrate that EG dermal penetration is expected to be very low and to be slow, indicating very limited systemic or internal dose of EG due to dermal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakil A Saghir
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA.
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Absorption of chemicals through compromised skin. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2009; 82:677-88. [PMID: 19238423 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-009-0405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Skin is an important route of entry for many chemicals in the work place. To assess systemic uptake of a chemical in contact with the skin, quantitative information on dermal absorption rates of chemicals is needed. Absorption rates are mainly obtained from studies performed with intact, healthy skin. At the work place, however, a compromised skin barrier, although not necessarily visible is common, e.g. due to physical and chemical damage. As reviewed in this article, there are several lines of evidence that reduced integrity of the skin barrier may increase dermal absorption of chemicals in the occupational setting. An impaired skin barrier might lead not only to enhanced absorption of a specific chemical, but also to entrance of larger molecules such as proteins and nanoparticles which normally are not able to penetrate intact skin. In addition to environmental influences, there is increasing evidence that some individuals have an intrinsically affected skin barrier which will facilitate entrance of chemicals into and through the skin making these persons more susceptible for local as well for systemic toxicity. This review addresses mechanisms of barrier alteration caused by the most common skin-damaging factors in the occupational settings and the consequences for dermal absorption of chemicals. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the importance of maintained barrier properties of the skin.
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Comparison of Indices Proposed as Criteria for Assigning Skin Notation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 52:747-56. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/men051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kim D, Farthing MW, Miller CT, Nylander-French LA. Mathematical description of the uptake of hydrocarbons in jet fuel into the stratum corneum of human volunteers. Toxicol Lett 2008; 178:146-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wellner T, Lüersen L, Schaller KH, Angerer J, Drexler H, Korinth G. Percutaneous absorption of aromatic amines - a contribution for human health risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:1960-8. [PMID: 18343009 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Several aromatic amines (AA) are human carcinogens. AA are widely-used, e.g., in the rubber industry. The uptake of AA at the workplace occurs by inhalation and percutaneous absorption. At present there are no risk assessment studies for percutaneous AA absorption using occupationally relevant concentrations. We conducted diffusion cell experiments for aniline (ANI), o-toluidine (OT), 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA) and N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine (PBNA). Excised human skin was exposed to different AA concentrations in vehicles containing water and solvents. Recovery for ANI in receptor fluid was about 20-38% and for MDA 15% over 24h. PBNA could not be detected in the receptor fluid. Further data for OT and beta-naphthylamine (BNA) were considered from our recent study. A semi-quantitative percutaneous absorption ranking for AA was derived: BNA>OT>ANI>MDA>PBNA. For aqueous ANI solutions up to saturation a linear relationship of exposed dose and penetrated amount was observed. However, a linear extrapolation of the flux of neat compounds, as often recommended for risk assessment policies, underestimates considerably the percutaneous uptake. The in vitro data support our recent findings in rubber industry workers that the percutaneous absorption may significantly contribute to overall exposure of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wellner
- Institute and Out-Patient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schillerstrasse 25/29, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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McDougal JN, Council EA, Powers BS. Systemic toxicity from skin exposures (or what happens when you do not decontaminate). ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchas.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Korinth G, Göen T, Schaller KH, Drexler H. Discrepancies between different rat models for the assessment of percutaneous penetration of hazardous substances. Arch Toxicol 2007; 81:833-40. [PMID: 17576541 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
By regulatory authorities the rat is considered to be a suitable animal model to predict the percutaneous absorption of hazardous substances in humans. In our study, the percutaneous penetration of 2-butoxyethanol (BE) and toluene was compared in different rat models. Intradermal microdialysis and static diffusion cells were used in in vivo and in vitro experiments with haired Wistar and hairless Lewis rats. Microdialysis experiments showed a steady-state penetration for BE and a penetration maximum for toluene in both rat strains at approximately 60 min after beginning of exposure. However, in diffusion cell experiments the penetration of the test compounds in both rat strains increased until the end of exposure (4 h). Additionally, in microdialysis experiments BE penetrated in hairless rats in a higher amount than in haired rats (factor: 1.4; P < 0.01), for toluene it was just the opposite (factor: 1.9; P < 0.001). In diffusion cell experiments, the penetrated amounts of both compounds were higher in hairless rats compared to haired rats. The fluxes for BE were in diffusion cell experiments at a factor of 14.5 (haired rat) and 18.1 (hairless rat) higher than in microdialysis experiments, the difference factor for toluene was 2.6 (haired rat) and 12.9 (hairless rat). The lag times indicate a significantly faster penetration in microdialysis experiments compared with diffusion cell experiments (P < 0.001). There are great differences in percutaneous penetration behaviour between the techniques and the rat strains. The diffusion cell method has difficulties to describe the percutaneous penetration kinetics, whereas microdialysis describes it more reliable. Due to these differences the reliability of a conversion factor for the transfer of percutaneous absorption data from rat to human skin, as proposed in the literature, is questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gintautas Korinth
- Institute and Out-Patient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schillerstrasse 25/29, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Kim D, Andersen ME, Chao YCE, Egeghy PP, Rappaport SM, Nylander-French LA. PBTK modeling demonstrates contribution of dermal and inhalation exposure components to end-exhaled breath concentrations of naphthalene. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:894-901. [PMID: 17589597 PMCID: PMC1892111 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermal and inhalation exposure to jet propulsion fuel 8 (JP-8) have been measured in a few occupational exposure studies. However, a quantitative understanding of the relationship between external exposures and end-exhaled air concentrations has not been described for occupational and environmental exposure scenarios. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to construct a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model that quantitatively describes the relative contribution of dermal and inhalation exposures to the end-exhaled air concentrations of naphthalene among U.S. Air Force personnel. METHODS The PBTK model comprised five compartments representing the stratum corneum, viable epidermis, blood, fat, and other tissues. The parameters were optimized using exclusively human exposure and biological monitoring data. RESULTS The optimized values of parameters for naphthalene were a) permeability coefficient for the stratum corneum 6.8 x 10(-5) cm/hr, b) permeability coefficient for the viable epidermis 3.0 x 10(-3) cm/hr, c) fat:blood partition coefficient 25.6, and d) other tissue:blood partition coefficient 5.2. The skin permeability coefficient was comparable to the values estimated from in vitro studies. Based on simulations of workers' exposures to JP-8 during aircraft fuel-cell maintenance operations, the median relative contribution of dermal exposure to the end-exhaled breath concentration of naphthalene was 4% (10th percentile 1% and 90th percentile 11%). CONCLUSIONS PBTK modeling allowed contributions of the end-exhaled air concentration of naphthalene to be partitioned between dermal and inhalation routes of exposure. Further study of inter- and intraindividual variations in exposure assessment is required to better characterize the toxicokinetic behavior of JP-8 components after occupational and/or environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kim
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- CIIT Centers for Health Research, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yi-Chun E. Chao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter P. Egeghy
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen M. Rappaport
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leena A. Nylander-French
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to L.A. Nylander-French, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7431, Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 USA. Telephone: (919) 966-3826. Fax: (919) 966-4711. E-mail:
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Nies E, Korinth G. Commentary on "Penetration of benzene, toluene and xylenes contained in gasolines through human abdominal skin in vitro". Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 22:275-7. [PMID: 17561368 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this commentary we refer to the new data recently published by Adami et al. [Adami, G., Larese, F., Venier, M., Barbieri, P., Lo Coco, F., Reisenhofer, E., 2006. Penetration of benzene, toluene and xylenes contained in gasolines through human abdominal skin in vitro. Toxicol. In Vitro 20, 1321-1330], which we acknowledge as a reliable basis for the retrospective assessment of percutaneous benzene absorption at the workplace. The data from Adami et al. (2006) are supported by the literature and by a German approach for calculating the contribution of the dermal uptake of benzene to the total body burden. This knowledge is important for the judgment of leukaemia suspected to be an occupational disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eberhard Nies
- BG Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BGIA), Sub-division Toxicology of Industrial Chemicals, Alte Heerstrasse 111, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
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Kim D, Andersen ME, Nylander-French LA. A Dermatotoxicokinetic Model of Human Exposures to Jet Fuel. Toxicol Sci 2006; 93:22-33. [PMID: 16801332 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Workers, both in the military and the commercial airline industry, are exposed to jet fuel by inhalation and dermal contact. We present a dermatotoxicokinetic (DTK) model that quantifies the absorption, distribution, and elimination of aromatic and aliphatic components of jet fuel following dermal exposures in humans. Kinetic data were obtained from 10 healthy volunteers following a single dose of JP-8 to the forearm over a surface area of 20 cm2. Blood samples were taken before exposure (t = 0 h), after exposure (t = 0.5 h), and every 0.5 h for up to 3.5 h postexposure. The DTK model that best fit the data included five compartments: (1) surface, (2) stratum corneum (SC), (3) viable epidermis, (4) blood, and (5) storage. The DTK model was used to predict blood concentrations of the components of JP-8 based on dermal-exposure measurements made in occupational-exposure settings in order to better understand the toxicokinetic behavior of these compounds. Monte Carlo simulations of dermal exposure and cumulative internal dose demonstrated no overlap among the low-, medium-, and high-exposure groups. The DTK model provides a quantitative understanding of the relationship between the mass of JP-8 components in the SC and the concentrations of each component in the systemic circulation. The model may be used for the development of a toxicokinetic modeling strategy for multiroute exposure to jet fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kim
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, USA
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Kim D, Andersen ME, Nylander-French LA. Dermal absorption and penetration of jet fuel components in humans. Toxicol Lett 2006; 165:11-21. [PMID: 16497449 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Jet propulsion fuel 8 (JP-8) is the largest source of chemical exposures on military bases. Dermal exposure to JP-8 has been investigated in vitro using rat or pig skin, but not in vivo in humans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the absorption and penetration of aromatic and aliphatic components of JP-8 in humans. A surface area of 20 cm2 was delineated on the forearms of human volunteers and 1 ml of JP-8 was applied to the skin. Tape-strip samples were collected 30 min after application. Blood samples were taken before exposure (t=0 h), after exposure (t=0.5 h), and every 0.5 h for up to 4 h past exposure. The tape-strip samples showed evidence of uptake into the skin for all JP-8 components. The blood data was used to estimate an apparent permeability coefficient (Kp). The rank order of the apparent Kp was naphthalene>1-methyl naphthalene=2-methyl naphthalene>decane>dodecane>undecane. This rank order is similar to results from rat and pig-skin studies. However, this study demonstrates that rat and pig models of the skin over predict the internal dose of JP-8 components in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kim
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, United States
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Ho CK. Probabilistic modeling of percutaneous absorption for risk-based exposure assessments and transdermal drug delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stamet.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
A common practice is to assume that percutaneous absorption does not significantly contribute to total bioavailability and therefore, absorption through other routes is more important to human risk assessment. The skin can represent a significant barrier to absorption, but some substances are absorbed to a significant extent. Since there is a potential for percutaneous penetration that is not consistent between species or substances, the assessment of the potential contribution of total body burden from dermal exposures should be considered. This review briefly discusses some theories, practices, and factors that affect percutaneous absorption with an emphasis on how percutaneous absorption evaluations apply to human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torka S Poet
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, PO Box 999, 99352, Richland, WA, USA.
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