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Petrucelli MF, Martins-Santana L, Rossi A, Martinez-Rossi NM. Molecular Signaling and Metabolic Responses during the Interaction between Human Keratinocytes (HaCaT) and the Dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:72. [PMID: 38248981 PMCID: PMC10820588 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is the leading causative agent of dermatophytosis worldwide. Keratinocytes are the first line of defense that drives an immune response against fungal invasion. Host-specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to trigger immunological pathways. Fungal cell wall components are the primary sources of fungal PAMPs, and some pathogens increase cell wall rearrangement to evade the immune system. Glycolysis and enhanced lactate levels are critical for improving host immune responses to fungal infections. Using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), we evaluated the transcriptional responses of human genes involved in fungal recognition and glycolytic metabolism and fungal cell-wall-related genes in a co-culture model of human keratinocytes with T. rubrum. We observed the upregulation of several Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and glycolytic genes. Complementarily, we measured intra- and extracellular glucose levels and the increase in lactate production in the co-culture supernatant. We noted a distinct transcriptional regulation pattern of fungal cell-wall-related genes from fungal growth on keratin as the primary carbon source compared to co-culture with human keratinocytes. Our results showed new insights into the transcriptional adaptation of keratinocytes, particularly in regulating genes involved in sensing and metabolic processes, during the interaction with T. rubrum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nilce Maria Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (L.M.-S.); (A.R.)
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2
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Deng R, Wang X, Li R. Dermatophyte infection: from fungal pathogenicity to host immune responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1285887. [PMID: 38022599 PMCID: PMC10652793 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a common superficial infection caused by dermatophytes, a group of pathogenic keratinophilic fungi. Apart from invasion against skin barrier, host immune responses to dermatophytes could also lead to pathologic inflammation and tissue damage to some extent. Therefore, it is of great help to understand the pathogenesis of dermatophytes, including fungal virulence factors and anti-pathogen immune responses. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in host-fungal interactions, focusing on the mechanisms of anti-fungal immunity and the relationship between immune deficiency and chronic dermatophytosis, in order to facilitate novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to improve the outcomes of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Deng
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
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3
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Bostan E, Gokoz O, Atakan N. The role of NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasomes in the etiopathogeneses of pityriasis lichenoides chronica and mycosis fungoides: an immunohistochemical study. Arch Dermatol Res 2023; 315:231-239. [PMID: 35776169 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-022-02363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common subtype of primary cutaneous T cell lymphomas, whereas pityriasis lichenoides chronica (PLC) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder. The inflammasome is a part of the natural immune system which has a multimeric structure consisting of the receptor, adaptor and effector protein that show specificity for various ligands or activators. After the activation of the inflammasome complex, caspase 1 becomes activated which subsequently triggers interleukin-18 (IL-18) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production. In our study we aimed to examine the roles of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor containing pyrin domain 1 (NLRP1) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor containing pyrin domain (NLRP3) inflammasomes in the etiopathogeneses of PLC and MF. NLRP1, NLRP3, caspase 1, IL-18 and IL-1β levels were examined and compared immunohistochemically in the skin biopsies belonging to 16 control patients; 16 PLC cases, 12 cases with stage 1 MF and 12 cases with other stages of MF (stage 2-4). In the paired comparisons of NLRP1, stage 2-4 MF group and PLC group were shown to have increased levels of NLRP1 expression compared to the control group. IL-1β was also expressed at statistically significantly higher levels in each of the stage 1 MF, stage 2-4 MF and PLC groups compared to the control group. In the paired comparisons of caspase 1 and IL-18, it was found that stage 1 MF, stage 2-4 MF and PLC groups had increased levels of expression compared to the control group. Our findings suggest that the NLRP1 inflammasome pathway might play a role in the etiopathogenesis and progression of PLC and MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecem Bostan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye-Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ozay Gokoz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Atakan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye-Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
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4
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Wang S, Song Y, Wan Z, Chen W, Wang R, Li R. Characterisation of the nail microbiome in psoriatic and nonpsoriatic patients with onychomycosis. Mycoses 2021; 65:35-44. [PMID: 34549836 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Onychomycosis (OM) is the most common infectious nail disease, and it occurs frequently in patients with psoriasis. Microbial community shifts have been suggested to play a role in psoriasis and fungal infection occurrence. OBJECTIVES To investigate and compare nail microbial community compositions in psoriatic and nonpsoriatic patients with OM. METHODS Toenail samples were collected from nonpsoriatic patients with OM, psoriatic patients with nail psoriasis (NP) and OM, patients with only NP and healthy controls. Bacterial and fungal community compositions were analysed by amplicon sequencing of the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rDNA gene and the ITS1 region, respectively. RESULTS Psoriatic OM patients had higher bacterial and fungal alpha diversities. Taxonomic analysis revealed a significantly lower relative abundance of Trichophyton rubrum (32.88% vs 82.18%, p < .001) and an increased trend of the abundance of Candida in psoriatic patients with OM than in nonpsoriatic patients. Nonpsoriatic patients with OM had a higher abundance of Staphylococcus than healthy controls (59.66% vs 45.76%, p < .05). Trichophyton, Alternaria and Malassezia could accurately differentiate psoriatic and nonpsoriatic patients with OM, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.86. The severity of OM was positively correlated with the relative abundance of Trichophyton rubrum. Further, Trichophyton was positively correlated with Staphylococcus and negatively correlated with Corynebacterium, Anaerococcus, Malassezia and Alternaria. CONCLUSIONS The nail microbiome in psoriatic patients with OM has distinct bacterial and fungal signatures, suggesting that different dysbiosis is associated with the pathogenesis of OM in psoriatic and nonpsoriatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Dermatoses, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Beijing, China
| | - Yinggai Song
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Dermatoses, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Wan
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Dermatoses, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Dermatoses, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Beijing, China
| | - Ruojun Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Dermatoses, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Dermatoses, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Beijing, China
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5
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Ma Y, Wang X, Li R. Cutaneous and subcutaneous fungal infections: recent developments on host-fungus interactions. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 62:93-102. [PMID: 34098513 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of skin fungal infections is increasing at an alarming rate worldwide, presenting a major challenge to health professionals. Cutaneous and subcutaneous fungal infections are caused by pathogenic or opportunistic organisms varying from mold, yeasts, to dimorphic fungi. Recently, skin fungal have been increasingly reported and studied, giving rise to crucial breakthroughs in etiology and pathogenesis. This review aims to summarize recent insights into the clinical and etiological characteristics of common skin fungal infections according to different fungal species, as well as remarkable advances in the immune mechanisms. We hope it will be helpful to understand these diverse skin fungal infections, and bring about the latest developments that may facilitate novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to improve the outcomes in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Ma
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, China; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, China; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, China; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing 100034, China.
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6
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The Role of IL-17-Producing Cells in Cutaneous Fungal Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115794. [PMID: 34071562 PMCID: PMC8198319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the outermost layer of the body and is exposed to many environmental stimuli, which cause various inflammatory immune responses in the skin. Among them, fungi are common microorganisms that colonize the skin and cause cutaneous fungal diseases such as candidiasis and dermatophytosis. The skin exerts inflammatory responses to eliminate these fungi through the cooperation of skin-component immune cells. IL-17 producing cells are representative immune cells that play a vital role in anti-fungal action in the skin by producing antimicrobial peptides and facilitating neutrophil infiltration. However, the actual impact of IL-17-producing cells in cutaneous fungal infections remains unclear. In this review, we focused on the role of IL-17-producing cells in a series of cutaneous fungal infections, the characteristics of skin infectious fungi, and the recognition of cell components that drive cutaneous immune cells.
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7
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Celestrino GA, Verrinder Veasey J, Benard G, Sousa MGT. Host immune responses in dermatophytes infection. Mycoses 2021; 64:477-483. [PMID: 33480106 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a skin infection caused by keratinophilic, filamentous fungi. These are highly prevalent, common mycoses, affecting approximately 20% of the population. These fungi invade the stratum corneum, and other keratinised tissues, like nails and hair, where they grow by secreting enzymes and degrading keratin to obtain nutrients. Clinical presentation is variable and may depend on many factors, such as the infection site, the host's immunity and the dermatophyte's virulence. Generally, patients with acute superficial dermatophytosis mount cell-mediated immune responses. However, those suffering from chronic or recurrent infections are unable to develop this response, for reasons yet unknown. Several reports have described severe and occasionally life-threatening invasive diseases (deep dermatophytosis) associated with genetic mutations in the innate immunity-associated molecule CARD9, displaying the need to better understand its immune response. These dermatoses have substantial clinical consequences, producing chronic and difficult to treat skin lesions. They also lead to a decline in the patient's quality of life and impact their self-esteem. This review summarises findings on the immune response against dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Azevedo Celestrino
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica - LIM-53, Divisão de Dermatologia Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas and Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gil Benard
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica - LIM-53, Divisão de Dermatologia Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas and Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Glória Teixeira Sousa
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica - LIM-53, Divisão de Dermatologia Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas and Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Wang X, Wang S, Guo B, Su Y, Tan Z, Chang M, Diao J, Zhao Y, Wang Y. Human primary epidermal organoids enable modeling of dermatophyte infections. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:35. [PMID: 33414472 PMCID: PMC7790817 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Technology of generating human epidermal derivatives with physiological relevance to in vivo epidermis is continuously investigated for improving their effects on modeling of human natural dermatological status in basic and clinical studies. Here, we report a method of robust establishment and expansion of human primary epidermal organoids (hPEOs) under a chemically defined condition. hPEOs reconstruct morphological, molecular, and functional features of human epidermis and can expand for 6 weeks. Remarkably, hPEOs are permissive for dermatophyte infections caused by Trichophyton Rubrum (T. rubrum). The T. rubrum infections on hPEOs reflect many aspects of known clinical pathological reactions and reveal that the repression on IL-1 signaling may contribute to chronic and recurrent infections with the slight inflammation caused by T. rubrum in human skin. Thus, our present study provides a new insight into the pathogenesis of T. rubrum infections and indicates that hPEOs are a potential ex vivo model for both basic studies of skin diseases and clinical studies of testing potential antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital, Beijing, 102218, China
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Shuyong Wang
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research, the 8th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Baolin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yuxin Su
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital, Beijing, 102218, China
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zuolong Tan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Mingyang Chang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jinmei Diao
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital, Beijing, 102218, China.
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
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9
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Cellular and Molecular Response of Macrophages THP-1 during Co-Culture with Inactive Trichophyton rubrum Conidia. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040363. [PMID: 33322794 PMCID: PMC7770574 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is causing an increasing number of invasive infections, especially in immunocompromised and diabetic patients. The fungal invasive infectious process is complex and has not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms during the interaction of macrophages and T. rubrum. For this purpose, we used a co-culture of previously germinated and heat-inactivated T. rubrum conidia placed in contact with human macrophages cell line THP-1 for 24 h. This interaction led to a higher level of release of interleukins IL-6, IL-2, nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, demonstrating the cellular defense by macrophages against dead fungal elements. Cell viability assays showed that 70% of macrophages remained viable during co-culture. Human microRNA expression is involved in fungal infection and may modulate the immune response. Thus, the macrophage expression profile of microRNAs during co-culture revealed the modulation of 83 microRNAs, with repression of 33 microRNAs and induction of 50 microRNAs. These data were analyzed using bioinformatics analysis programs and the modulation of the expression of some microRNAs was validated by qRT-PCR. In silico analysis showed that the target genes of these microRNAs are related to the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, apoptosis, drug resistance, and cell proliferation.
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10
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Burstein VL, Beccacece I, Guasconi L, Mena CJ, Cervi L, Chiapello LS. Skin Immunity to Dermatophytes: From Experimental Infection Models to Human Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:605644. [PMID: 33343578 PMCID: PMC7738607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.605644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytoses (ringworms) are among the most frequent skin infections and are a highly prevalent cause of human disease worldwide. Despite the incidence of these superficial mycoses in healthy people and the compelling evidence on chronic and deep infections in immunocompromised individuals, the mechanisms controlling dermatophyte invasion in the skin are scarcely known. In the last years, the association between certain primary immunodeficiencies and the susceptibility to severe dermatophytosis as well as the evidence provided by novel experimental models mimicking human disease have significantly contributed to deciphering the basic immunological mechanisms against dermatophytes. In this review, we outline the current knowledge on fungal virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of dermatophytoses and recent evidence from human infections and experimental models that shed light on the cells and molecules involved in the antifungal cutaneous immune response. The latest highlights emphasize the contribution of C-type lectin receptors signaling and the cellular immune response mediated by IL-17 and IFN-γ in the anti-dermatophytic defense and skin inflammation control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica L. Burstein
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología Experimental. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Beccacece
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología Experimental. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lorena Guasconi
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología Experimental. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristian J. Mena
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología Experimental. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Cervi
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología Experimental. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura S. Chiapello
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología Experimental. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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11
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Wang D, Duncan B, Li X, Shi J. The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in infection-related, immune-mediated and autoimmune skin diseases. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 98:146-151. [PMID: 32173167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are large intracellular multi-protein signaling complexes which are responsible for the activation of inflammatory responses. Among multifarious subtypes of inflammasomes, NLRP3 has been associated with a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune skin conditions, including dermatophytosis, psoriasis, acne, urticaria and bullous pemphigoid and other different skin diseases which have been a subject of intensive investigation. NLRP3 is considered to be a sensor of microbial and other danger signals and plays a crucial role in immune responses, dysregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation is involved in skin diseases. With the in-depth research, targeting NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream signaling will provide new insights into the development of future therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation as well as the current knowledge on the contribution of the NLRP3 inflammasome in infection-related, immune-mediated and autoimmune skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | | | - Xizhe Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Jian Shi
- Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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12
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Deng W, Liang P, Zheng Y, Su Z, Gong Z, Chen J, Feng P, Chen J. Differential gene expression in HaCaT cells may account for the various clinical presentation caused by anthropophilic and geophilic dermatophytes infections. Mycoses 2019; 63:21-29. [PMID: 31610041 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the worldwide prevalence of dermatophyte infections, only a few genes are reported to be related to dermatophyte infections. In addition, the mechanism by which different ecological dermatophytes infection leads to varying intensity of inflammation remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To investigate the mechanism of varying intensity of skin inflammation caused by different ecological dermatophytes infection. METHODS We infected HaCaT cells with anthropophilic and geophilic dermatophytes to mimic various ecological dermatophyte infections. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was employed to identify the change in the gene expression of HaCaT cells. To verify the expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we selected 18 HaCaT cells genes to conduct qPCR experiments. In addition, immunoblotting was conducted to validate key genes from the MAPK signalling pathway. RESULTS After HaCaT cells were infected with the anthropophilic Trichophyton rubrum (T rubrum) and the geophilic Microsporum gypseum (M gypseum), 118 and 619 differentially expressed genes were identified in HaCaT cells, respectively. These genes may provide a clue as to how keratinocytes respond to anthropophilic and geophilic dermatophytes. We also found that JUN may play a critical role in keratinocytes infected with M gypseum. CONCLUSIONS Differential gene expression in HaCaT cells may account for the various clinical presentation caused by anthropophilic and geophilic dermatophytes infections. In addition, the intense inflammatory reaction of M gypseum infection may be triggered by activating the JNK-JUN signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Deng
- Dermatology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Panpan Liang
- Clinical laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Dermatology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Su
- Dermatology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijian Gong
- Dermatology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqin Chen
- Dermatology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiying Feng
- Dermatology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Dermatology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Bitencourt TA, Rezende CP, Quaresemin NR, Moreno P, Hatanaka O, Rossi A, Martinez-Rossi NM, Almeida F. Extracellular Vesicles From the Dermatophyte Trichophyton interdigitale Modulate Macrophage and Keratinocyte Functions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2343. [PMID: 30356863 PMCID: PMC6190888 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of biomolecules critically affects all pathogens and their establishment of diseases. For the export of several biomolecules in diverse species, the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is considered to represent an alternative transport mechanism, but no study to date has investigated EVs from dermatophytes. Here, we describe biologically active EVs from the dermatophyte Trichophyton interdigitale, a causative agent of mycoses worldwide. EV preparations from T. interdigitale were examined using nanoparticle-tracking analysis, which revealed vesicular structures 20–380 nm in diameter. These vesicles induced the production of proinflammatory mediators by bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and keratinocytes in a dose-dependent manner, and an addition of the EVs to BMDMs also stimulated the transcription of the M1-polarization marker iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) and diminished the expression of the M2 markers arginase-1 and Ym-1. The observed M1 macrophages' polarization triggered by EVs was abolished in cells obtained from knockout Toll-like receptor-2 mice. Also, the EVs-induced productions of pro-inflammatory mediators were blocked too. Furthermore, the EVs from T. interdigitale enhanced the fungicidal activity of BMDMs. These results suggest that EVs from T. interdigitale can modulate the innate immune response of the host and influence the interaction between T. interdigitale and host immune cells. Our findings thus open new areas of investigation into the host-parasite relationship in dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Patini Rezende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Otavio Hatanaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Fausto Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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14
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Heinen MP, Cambier L, Fievez L, Mignon B. Are Th17 Cells Playing a Role in Immunity to Dermatophytosis? Mycopathologia 2016; 182:251-261. [PMID: 27878642 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite their superficial localization in the skin, pathogenic dermatophytes can induce a complex but still misunderstood immune response in their hosts. The cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is correlated with both clinical recovery and protection against reinfection, and CD4+ T lymphocytes have been recognized as a crucial component of the immune defense against dermatophytes. Before the discovery of the Th17 pathway, CMI was considered to be only dependent of Th1 cells, and thus most studies on the immunology of dermatophytosis have focused on the Th1 pathway. Nevertheless, the fine comparative analysis of available scientific data on immunology of dermatophytosis in one hand and on the Th17 pathway mechanisms involved in opportunistic mucosal fungal infections in the other hand reveals that some key elements of the Th17 pathway can be activated by dermatophytes. Stimulation of the Th17 pathway could occur through the activation of some C-type lectin-like receptors and inflammasome in antigen-presenting cells. The Th17 cells could go back to the affected skin and by the production of signature cytokines could induce the effector mechanisms like the recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. In conclusion, besides the Th1 pathway, which is important to the immune response against dermatophytes, there are also growing evidences for the involvement of the Th17 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Heinen
- Veterinary Mycology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 6, B-43a, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ludivine Cambier
- Veterinary Mycology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 6, B-43a, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurence Fievez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Research, Quartier Hôpital, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, B-34, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Mignon
- Veterinary Mycology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 6, B-43a, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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15
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An In Vitro Model for the Study of the Macrophage Response Upon Trichophyton rubrum Challenge. Mycopathologia 2016; 182:241-250. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Relevant Animal Models in Dermatophyte Research. Mycopathologia 2016; 182:229-240. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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The Role of Phagocytes and NETs in Dermatophytosis. Mycopathologia 2016; 182:263-272. [PMID: 27659806 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the host first line of defense against pathogens. However, only in recent years, we are beginning to better understand the ways it operates. A key player is this branch of the immune response that are the phagocytes, as macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils. These cells act as sentinels, employing specialized receptors in the sensing of invaders and host injury, and readily responding to them by production of inflammatory mediators. They afford protection not only by ingesting and destroying pathogens, but also by providing a suitable biochemical environment that shapes the adaptive response. In this review, we aim to present a broad perspective about the role of phagocytes in dermatophytosis, focusing on the mechanisms possibly involved in protective and non-protective responses. A full understanding of how phagocytes fit in the pathogenesis of these infections may open the venue for the development of new and more effective therapeutic approaches.
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18
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Martinez-Rossi NM, Peres NTA, Rossi A. Pathogenesis of Dermatophytosis: Sensing the Host Tissue. Mycopathologia 2016; 182:215-227. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Yoshikawa FSY, Yabe R, Iwakura Y, de Almeida SR, Saijo S. Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 promote control of the fungal pathogen Trichophyton rubrum independently of IL-17 and adaptive immunity in experimental deep dermatophytosis. Innate Immun 2016; 22:316-24. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425916645392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytoses are chronic fungal infections, the main causative agent of which is Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum). Despite their high occurrence worldwide, the immunological mechanisms underlying these diseases remain largely unknown. Here, we uncovered the C-type lectin receptors, Dectin-1 and Dectin-2, as key elements in the immune response to T. rubrum infection in a model of deep dermatophytosis . In vitro, we observed that deficiency in Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 severely compromised cytokine production by dendritic cells. In vivo, mice lacking Dectin-1 and/or Dectin-2 showed an inadequate pro-inflammatory cytokine production in response to T. rubrum infection, impairing its resolution. Strikingly, neither adaptive immunity nor IL-17 response were required for fungal clearance, highlighting innate immunity as the main checkpoint in the pathogenesis of T. rubrum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio SY Yoshikawa
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rikio Yabe
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sandro R de Almeida
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shinobu Saijo
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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20
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Baltazar LM, Santos DA. Perspective on animal models of dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum. Virulence 2015; 6:372-5. [PMID: 26065321 PMCID: PMC4601506 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1027480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Matos Baltazar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY USA
| | - Daniel Assis Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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