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Katsipoulaki M, Stappers MHT, Malavia-Jones D, Brunke S, Hube B, Gow NAR. Candida albicans and Candida glabrata: global priority pathogens. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0002123. [PMID: 38832801 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00021-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYA significant increase in the incidence of Candida-mediated infections has been observed in the last decade, mainly due to rising numbers of susceptible individuals. Recently, the World Health Organization published its first fungal pathogen priority list, with Candida species listed in medium, high, and critical priority categories. This review is a synthesis of information and recent advances in our understanding of two of these species-Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Of these, C. albicans is the most common cause of candidemia around the world and is categorized as a critical priority pathogen. C. glabrata is considered a high-priority pathogen and has become an increasingly important cause of candidemia in recent years. It is now the second most common causative agent of candidemia in many geographical regions. Despite their differences and phylogenetic divergence, they are successful as pathogens and commensals of humans. Both species can cause a broad variety of infections, ranging from superficial to potentially lethal systemic infections. While they share similarities in certain infection strategies, including tissue adhesion and invasion, they differ significantly in key aspects of their biology, interaction with immune cells, host damage strategies, and metabolic adaptations. Here we provide insights on key aspects of their biology, epidemiology, commensal and pathogenic lifestyles, interactions with the immune system, and antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Katsipoulaki
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark H T Stappers
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Dhara Malavia-Jones
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Neil A R Gow
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Kunanopparat A, Dinh TTH, Ponpakdee P, Padungros P, Kaewduangduen W, Ariya-Anandech K, Tummamunkong P, Samaeng A, Sae-Ear P, Leelahavanichkul A, Hirankarn N, Ritprajak P. Complement receptor 3-dependent engagement by Candida glabrata β-glucan modulates dendritic cells to induce regulatory T-cell expansion. Open Biol 2024; 14:230315. [PMID: 38806144 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an important pathogen causing invasive infection associated with a high mortality rate. One mechanism that causes the failure of Candida eradication is an increase in regulatory T cells (Treg), which play a major role in immune suppression and promoting Candida pathogenicity. To date, how C. glabrata induces a Treg response remains unclear. Dendritic cells (DCs) recognition of fungi provides the fundamental signal determining the fate of the T-cell response. This study investigated the interplay between C. glabrata and DCs and its effect on Treg induction. We found that C. glabrata β-glucan was a major component that interacted with DCs and consequently mediated the Treg response. Blocking the binding of C. glabrata β-glucan to dectin-1 and complement receptor 3 (CR3) showed that CR3 activation in DCs was crucial for the induction of Treg. Furthermore, a ligand-receptor binding assay showed the preferential binding of C. glabrata β-glucan to CR3. Our data suggest that C. glabrata β-glucan potentially mediates the Treg response, probably through CR3-dependent activation in DCs. This study contributes new insights into immune modulation by C. glabrata that may lead to a better design of novel immunotherapeutic strategies for invasive C. glabrata infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areerat Kunanopparat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Truc Thi Huong Dinh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
- Medical Microbiology Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Vietnam
| | - Pranpariya Ponpakdee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Production and Environmental Remediation Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panuwat Padungros
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Production and Environmental Remediation Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Warerat Kaewduangduen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kasirapat Ariya-Anandech
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phawida Tummamunkong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amanee Samaeng
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pannagorn Sae-Ear
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Biology Research Center, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattiya Hirankarn
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patcharee Ritprajak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
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Yazdi M, Behnaminia N, Nafari A, Sepahvand A. Genetic Susceptibility to Fungal Infections. Adv Biomed Res 2023; 12:248. [PMID: 38192892 PMCID: PMC10772798 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_259_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Reports of fungal infections have increased over the past decades, making them a major threat to human health. In this study, we review the effects of genetic defects on susceptibility to fungal diseases. To identify all relevant literature, we searched Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus and profiled studies published between 2008 and 2021. The results of several studies conducted on this subject have shown the significant effects of genetic variations such as hyper-IgE syndrome, Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy syndrome, dectin-1 deficiency, CARD9 mutations, STAT1 mutations, and IL17 mutationson the host immune system's response, which has an important impact on susceptibility to fungal infections. The underlying immune system-related genetic profile affects the susceptibility of individuals to different fungal infections; therefore, this subject should be further studied for better treatment of fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yazdi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Nima Behnaminia
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Nafari
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Asghar Sepahvand
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Satala D, Bras G, Kozik A, Rapala-Kozik M, Karkowska-Kuleta J. More than Just Protein Degradation: The Regulatory Roles and Moonlighting Functions of Extracellular Proteases Produced by Fungi Pathogenic for Humans. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010121. [PMID: 36675942 PMCID: PMC9865821 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular proteases belong to the main virulence factors of pathogenic fungi. Their proteolytic activities plays a crucial role in the acquisition of nutrients from the external environment, destroying host barriers and defenses, and disrupting homeostasis in the human body, e.g., by affecting the functions of plasma proteolytic cascades, and playing sophisticated regulatory roles in various processes. Interestingly, some proteases belong to the group of moonlighting proteins, i.e., they have additional functions that contribute to successful host colonization and infection development, but they are not directly related to proteolysis. In this review, we describe examples of such multitasking of extracellular proteases that have been reported for medically important pathogenic fungi of the Candida, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cryptococcus, Rhizopus, and Pneumocystis genera, as well as dermatophytes and selected endemic species. Additional functions of proteinases include supporting binding to host proteins, and adhesion to host cells. They also mediate self-aggregation and biofilm formation. In addition, fungal proteases affect the host immune cells and allergenicity, understood as the ability to stimulate a non-standard immune response. Finally, they play a role in the proper maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Knowledge about the multifunctionality of proteases, in addition to their canonical roles, greatly contributes to an understanding of the mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Satala
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grazyna Bras
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Hans S, Fatima Z, Ahmad A, Hameed S. Magnesium impairs Candida albicans immune evasion by reduced hyphal damage, enhanced β-glucan exposure and altered vacuole homeostasis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270676. [PMID: 35834579 PMCID: PMC9282612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With a limited arsenal of available antifungal drugs and drug-resistance emergence, strategies that seek to reduce Candida immune evasion and virulence could be a promising alternative option. Harnessing metal homeostasis against C. albicans has gained wide prominence nowadays as a feasible antifungal strategy. Herein, the effect of magnesium (Mg) deprivation on the immune evasion mechanisms of C. albicans is demonstrated. We studied host pathogen interaction by using the THP-1 cell line model and explored the avenue that macrophage-mediated killing was enhanced under Mg deprivation, leading to altered cytokine (TNFα, IL-6 and IL10) production and reduced pyroptosis. Insights into the mechanisms revealed that hyphal damage inside the macrophage was diminished under Mg deprivation. Additionally, Mg deprivation led to cell wall remodelling; leading to enhanced β-1,3-glucan exposure, crucial for immune recognition, along with concomitant alterations in chitin and mannan levels. Furthermore, vacuole homeostasis was disrupted under Mg deprivation, as revealed by abrogated morphology and defective acidification of the vacuole lumen. Together, we demonstrated that Mg deprivation affected immune evasion mechanisms by: reduced hyphal damage, enhanced β-1,3-glucan exposure and altered vacuole functioning. The study establishes that Mg availability is indispensable for successful C. albicans immune evasion and specific Mg dependent pathways could be targeted for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Hans
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram, India
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram, India
- * E-mail: (ZF); (SH)
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Infection Control, National Health Laboratory Service, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Saif Hameed
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram, India
- * E-mail: (ZF); (SH)
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Yu S, Paderu P, Lee A, Eirekat S, Healey K, Chen L, Perlin DS, Zhao Y. Histone Acetylation Regulator Gcn5 Mediates Drug Resistance and Virulence of Candida glabrata. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0096322. [PMID: 35658596 PMCID: PMC9241792 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00963-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is poised to adapt to drug pressure rapidly and acquire antifungal resistance leading to therapeutic failure. Given the limited antifungal armamentarium, there is an unmet need to explore new targets or therapeutic strategies for antifungal treatment. The lysine acetyltransferase Gcn5 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of C. albicans. Yet how Gcn5 functions and impacts antifungal resistance in C. glabrata is unknown. Disrupting GCN5 rendered C. glabrata cells more sensitive to various stressors, partially reverted resistance in drug-resistant mutants, and attenuated the emergence of resistance compared to wild-type cells. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed transcriptomic changes involving multiple biological processes and different transcriptional responses to antifungal drugs in gcn5Δ cells compared to wild-type cells. GCN5 deletion also resulted in reduced intracellular survival within THP-1 macrophages. In summary, Gcn5 plays a critical role in modulating the virulence of C. glabrata and regulating its response to antifungal pressure and host defense. IMPORTANCE As an important and successful human pathogen, Candida glabrata is known for its swift adaptation and rapid acquisition of resistance to the most commonly used antifungal agents, resulting in therapeutic failure in clinical settings. Here, we describe that the histone acetyltransferase Gcn5 is a key factor in adapting to antifungal pressure and developing resistance in C. glabrata. The results provide new insights into epigenetic control over the drug response in C. glabrata and may be useful for drug target discovery and the development of new therapeutic strategies to combat fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Yu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases (BZ0447), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Padmaja Paderu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Annie Lee
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sami Eirekat
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kelley Healey
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey, USA
| | - Liang Chen
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - David S. Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
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Balakrishnan SN, Yamang H, Lorenz MC, Chew SY, Than LTL. Role of Vaginal Mucosa, Host Immunity and Microbiota in Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060618. [PMID: 35745472 PMCID: PMC9230866 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a prevalent gynaecological disease characterised by vaginal wall inflammation that is caused by Candida species. VVC impacts almost three-quarters of all women throughout their reproductive years. As the vaginal mucosa is the first point of contact with microbes, vaginal epithelial cells are the first line of defence against opportunistic Candida infection by providing a physical barrier and mounting immunological responses. The mechanisms of defence against this infection are displayed through the rapid shedding of epithelial cells, the presence of pattern recognition receptors, and the release of inflammatory cytokines. The bacterial microbiota within the mucosal layer presents another form of defence mechanism within the vagina through acidic pH regulation, the release of antifungal peptides and physiological control against dysbiosis. The significant role of the microbiota in maintaining vaginal health promotes its application as one of the potential treatment modalities against VVC with the hope of alleviating the burden of VVC, especially the recurrent disease. This review discusses and summarises current progress in understanding the role of vaginal mucosa and host immunity upon infection, together with the function of vaginal microbiota in VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subatrra Nair Balakrishnan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.N.B.); (H.Y.)
| | - Haizat Yamang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.N.B.); (H.Y.)
| | - Michael C. Lorenz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Shu Yih Chew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.N.B.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (S.Y.C.); (L.T.L.T.)
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.N.B.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (S.Y.C.); (L.T.L.T.)
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Shantal CJN, Juan CC, Lizbeth BUS, Carlos HGJ, Estela GPB. Candida glabrata is a successful pathogen: an artist manipulating the immune response. Microbiol Res 2022; 260:127038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Taban Q, Mumtaz PT, Masoodi KZ, Haq E, Ahmad SM. Scavenger receptors in host defense: from functional aspects to mode of action. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:2. [PMID: 34980167 PMCID: PMC8721182 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00812-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptors belong to a superfamily of proteins that are structurally heterogeneous and encompass the miscellaneous group of transmembrane proteins and soluble secretory extracellular domain. They are functionally diverse as they are involved in various disorders and biological pathways and their major function in innate immunity and homeostasis. Numerous scavenger receptors have been discovered so far and are apportioned in various classes (A-L). Scavenger receptors are documented as pattern recognition receptors and known to act in coordination with other co-receptors such as Toll-like receptors in generating the immune responses against a repertoire of ligands such as microbial pathogens, non-self, intracellular and modified self-molecules through various diverse mechanisms like adhesion, endocytosis and phagocytosis etc. Unlike, most of the scavenger receptors discussed below have both membrane and soluble forms that participate in scavenging; the role of a potential scavenging receptor Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 has also been discussed whereby only its soluble form might participate in preventing the pathogen entry and replication, unlike its membrane-bound form. This review majorly gives an insight on the functional aspect of scavenger receptors in host defence and describes their mode of action extensively in various immune pathways involved with each receptor type. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qamar Taban
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology - Kashmir, Shuhama, 190006, India.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | | | - Khalid Z Masoodi
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Transcriptomics Laboratory, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, India
| | - Ehtishamul Haq
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | - Syed Mudasir Ahmad
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology - Kashmir, Shuhama, 190006, India.
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Functionalized niosomes as a smart delivery device in cancer and fungal infection. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 168:106052. [PMID: 34740786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Various diseases remain untreated due to lack of suitable therapeutic moiety or a suitable drug delivery device, especially where toxicities and side effects are the primary reason for concern. Cancer and fungal infections are diseases where treatment schedules are not completed due to severe side effects or lengthy treatment protocols. Advanced treatment approaches such as active targeting and inhibition of angiogenesis may be preferred method for the treatment for malignancy over the conventional method. Niosomes may be a better alternative drug delivery carrier for various therapeutic moieties (either hydrophilic or hydrophobic) and also due to ease of surface modification, non-immunogenicity and economical. Active targeting approach may be done by targeting the receptors through coupling of suitable ligand on niosomal surface. Moreover, various receptors (CD44, folate, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) & Vascular growth factor receptor (VGFR)) expressed by malignant cells have also been reviewed. The preparation of suitable niosomal formulation also requires considerable attention, and its formulation depends upon various factors such as selection of non-ionic surfactant, method of fabrication, and fabrication parameters. A combination therapy (dual drug and immunotherapy) has been proposed for the treatment of fungal infection with special consideration for surface modification with suitable ligand on niosomal surface to sensitize the receptors (C-type lectin receptors, Toll-like receptors & Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors) present on immune cells involved in fungal immunity. Certain gene silencing concept has also been discussed as an advanced alternative treatment for cancer by silencing the mRNA at molecular level using short interfering RNA (si-RNA).
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Investigating Candida glabrata Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Mice Using Bioluminescence Imaging. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100844. [PMID: 34682265 PMCID: PMC8538756 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are quite common and mainly caused by bacteria such as Escherichia coli. However, when patients have urinary catheters, fungal infections comprise up to 15% of these types of infections. Moreover, fungal UTIs have a high mortality, due to rapid spreading of the fungi to the kidneys. Most fungal UTIs are caused by Candida species, among which Candida albicans and Candida glabrata are the most common. C. glabrata is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast, phylogenetically quite close to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Even though it is commonly isolated from the urinary tract and rapidly acquires resistance to antifungals, its pathogenesis has not been studied extensively in vivo. In vivo studies require high numbers of animals, which can be overcome by the use of non-invasive imaging tools. One such tool, bioluminescence imaging, has been used successfully to study different types of C. albicans infections. For C. glabrata, only biofilms on subcutaneously implanted catheters have been imaged using this tool. In this work, we investigated the progression of C. glabrata UTIs from the bladder to the kidneys and the spleen. Furthermore, we optimized expression of a red-shifted firefly luciferase in C. glabrata for in vivo use. We propose the first animal model using bioluminescence imaging to visualize C. glabrata in mouse tissues. Additionally, this UTI model can be used to monitor antifungal activity in vivo over time.
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Nguyen GT, Xu S, Adams W, Leong JM, Bunnell SC, Mansour MK, Sykes DB, Mecsas J. Neutrophils require SKAP2 for reactive oxygen species production following C-type lectin and Candida stimulation. iScience 2021; 24:102871. [PMID: 34386732 PMCID: PMC8346660 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling cascades converting the recognition of pathogens to efficient inflammatory responses by neutrophils are critical for host survival. SKAP2, an adaptor protein, is required for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation following neutrophil stimulation by integrins, formyl peptide receptors, and for host defense against the Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Using neutrophils from murine HoxB8-immortalized progenitors, we show that SKAP2 in neutrophils is crucial for maximal ROS response to purified C-type lectin receptor agonists and to the fungal pathogens, Candida glabrata and Candida albicans, and for robust killing of C. glabrata. Inside-out signaling to integrin and Syk phosphorylation occurred independently of SKAP2 after Candida infection. However, Pyk2, ERK1/2, and p38 phosphorylation were significantly reduced after infection with C. glabrata and K. pneumoniae in Skap2-/- neutrophils. These data demonstrate the importance of SKAP2 in ROS generation and host defense beyond antibacterial immunity to include CLRs and Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang T. Nguyen
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Shuying Xu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Walter Adams
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - John M. Leong
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Stephen C. Bunnell
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Michael K. Mansour
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David B. Sykes
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joan Mecsas
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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13
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Zhao W, Wang X, Zhao C, Yan Z. Immunomodulatory mechanism of Bacillus subtilis R0179 in RAW 264.7 cells against Candida albicans challenge. Microb Pathog 2021; 157:104988. [PMID: 34044051 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to explore the immunomodulatory and anti-Candida mechanisms of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) R0179 in macrophages. RAW 264.7 cells were first challenged with B. subtilis R0179. B. subtilis R0179 was found to down-regulate the signals of Dectin-1, Card9, P-Iκ-Bα, Iκ-Bα, and NF-κB. Meanwhile, it reduced the levels of cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, but increased the level of cytokine IL-10. Then RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with B. subtilis R0179 before challenged with Candida albicans (C. albicans) or RAW 264.7 cells were co-treated with B. subtilis R0179 and C. albicans. In the presence of C. albicans, B. subtilis R0179 also showed the similar immunomodulatory effects on RAW 264.7 cells. Hence, this study provides the first insight into the immunomodulatory mechanisms of B. subtilis R0179 on the Dectin-1-related downstream signaling pathways in macrophages, which may prevent tissue damage caused by excessive pro-inflammatory response during the infection of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhao
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China; Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China; National Center of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China; Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China; National Center of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China; Department of Oral Medicine, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200070, PR China
| | - Zhimin Yan
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China; Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China; National Center of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China.
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14
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Fu YL, Harrison RE. Microbial Phagocytic Receptors and Their Potential Involvement in Cytokine Induction in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662063. [PMID: 33995386 PMCID: PMC8117099 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an essential process for the uptake of large (>0.5 µm) particulate matter including microbes and dying cells. Specialized cells in the body perform phagocytosis which is enabled by cell surface receptors that recognize and bind target cells. Professional phagocytes play a prominent role in innate immunity and include macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. These cells display a repertoire of phagocytic receptors that engage the target cells directly, or indirectly via opsonins, to mediate binding and internalization of the target into a phagosome. Phagosome maturation then proceeds to cause destruction and recycling of the phagosome contents. Key subsequent events include antigen presentation and cytokine production to alert and recruit cells involved in the adaptive immune response. Bridging the innate and adaptive immunity, macrophages secrete a broad selection of inflammatory mediators to orchestrate the type and magnitude of an inflammatory response. This review will focus on cytokines produced by NF-κB signaling which is activated by extracellular ligands and serves a master regulator of the inflammatory response to microbes. Macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNFα, IL1β, IL6, IL8 and IL12 which together increases vascular permeability and promotes recruitment of other immune cells. The major anti-inflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages include IL10 and TGFβ which act to suppress inflammatory gene expression in macrophages and other immune cells. Typically, macrophage cytokines are synthesized, trafficked intracellularly and released in response to activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) or inflammasomes. Direct evidence linking the event of phagocytosis to cytokine production in macrophages is lacking. This review will focus on cytokine output after engagement of macrophage phagocytic receptors by particulate microbial targets. Microbial receptors include the PRRs: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), scavenger receptors (SRs), C-type lectin and the opsonic receptors. Our current understanding of how macrophage receptor stimulation impacts cytokine production is largely based on work utilizing soluble ligands that are destined for endocytosis. We will instead focus this review on research examining receptor ligation during uptake of particulate microbes and how this complex internalization process may influence inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin Fu
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rene E. Harrison
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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del Hierro I, Mélida H, Broyart C, Santiago J, Molina A. Computational prediction method to decipher receptor-glycoligand interactions in plant immunity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1710-1726. [PMID: 33316845 PMCID: PMC8048873 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microbial and plant cell walls have been selected by the plant immune system as a source of microbe- and plant damage-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs/DAMPs) that are perceived by extracellular ectodomains (ECDs) of plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) triggering immune responses. From the vast number of ligands that PRRs can bind, those composed of carbohydrate moieties are poorly studied, and only a handful of PRR/glycan pairs have been determined. Here we present a computational screening method, based on the first step of molecular dynamics simulation, that is able to predict putative ECD-PRR/glycan interactions. This method has been developed and optimized with Arabidopsis LysM-PRR members CERK1 and LYK4, which are involved in the perception of fungal MAMPs, chitohexaose (1,4-β-d-(GlcNAc)6 ) and laminarihexaose (1,3-β-d-(Glc)6 ). Our in silico results predicted CERK1 interactions with 1,4-β-d-(GlcNAc)6 whilst discarding its direct binding by LYK4. In contrast, no direct interaction between CERK1/laminarihexaose was predicted by the model despite CERK1 being required for laminarihexaose immune activation, suggesting that CERK1 may act as a co-receptor for its recognition. These in silico results were validated by isothermal titration calorimetry binding assays between these MAMPs and recombinant ECDs-LysM-PRRs. The robustness of the developed computational screening method was further validated by predicting that CERK1 does not bind the DAMP 1,4-β-d-(Glc)6 (cellohexaose), and then probing that immune responses triggered by this DAMP were not impaired in the Arabidopsis cerk1 mutant. The computational predictive glycan/PRR binding method developed here might accelerate the discovery of protein-glycan interactions and provide information on immune responses activated by glycoligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene del Hierro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP)Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo‐UPM28223Pozuelo de Alarcón, MadridSpain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaAlimentaria y de BiosistemasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)28040MadridSpain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP)Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo‐UPM28223Pozuelo de Alarcón, MadridSpain
- Present address:
Área de Fisiología VegetalDepartamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias AgrariasUniversidad de León24071LeónSpain
| | - Caroline Broyart
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire Végétale (DBMV)University of Lausanne (UNIL)Biophore Building, UNIL SorgeCH‐1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Julia Santiago
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire Végétale (DBMV)University of Lausanne (UNIL)Biophore Building, UNIL SorgeCH‐1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP)Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Campus de Montegancedo‐UPM28223Pozuelo de Alarcón, MadridSpain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaAlimentaria y de BiosistemasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)28040MadridSpain
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16
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Thompson A, da Fonseca DM, Walker L, Griffiths JS, Taylor PR, Gow NAR, Orr SJ. Dependence on Mincle and Dectin-2 Varies With Multiple Candida Species During Systemic Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:633229. [PMID: 33717025 PMCID: PMC7951061 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.633229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 95% of invasive Candida infections are caused by four Candida spp. (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis). C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs), such as Dectin-1, Dectin-2, and Mincle mediate immune responses to C. albicans. Dectin-1 promotes clearance of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis, however, dependence on Dectin-1 for specific immune responses varies with the different Candida spp. Dectin-2 is important for host immunity to C. albicans and C. glabrata, and Mincle is important for the immune response to C. albicans. However, whether Dectin-2 drives host immunity to C. tropicalis or C. parapsilosis, and whether Mincle mediates host immunity to C. glabrata, C. tropicalis or C. parapsilosis is unknown. Therefore, we compared the roles of Dectin-2 and Mincle in response to these four Candida spp. We demonstrate that these four Candida spp. cell walls have differential mannan contents. Mincle and Dectin-2 play a key role in regulating cytokine production in response to these four Candida spp. and Dectin-2 is also important for clearance of all four Candida spp. during systemic infection. However, Mincle was only important for clearance of C. tropicalis during systemic infection. Our data indicate that multiple Candida spp. have different mannan contents, and dependence on the mannan-detecting CLRs, Mincle, and Dectin-2 varies between different Candida spp. during systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiysha Thompson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Diogo M. da Fonseca
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Walker
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - James S. Griffiths
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip R. Taylor
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Selinda J. Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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17
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Bojang E, Ghuman H, Kumwenda P, Hall RA. Immune Sensing of Candida albicans. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020119. [PMID: 33562068 PMCID: PMC7914548 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans infections range from superficial to systemic and are one of the leading causes of fungus-associated nosocomial infections. The innate immune responses during these various infection types differ, suggesting that the host environment plays a key role in modulating the host–pathogen interaction. In addition, C. albicans is able to remodel its cell wall in response to environmental conditions to evade host clearance mechanisms and establish infection in niches, such as the oral and vaginal mucosa. Phagocytes play a key role in clearing C. albicans, which is primarily mediated by Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP)–Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) interactions. PRRs such as Dectin-1, DC-SIGN, and TLR2 and TLR4 interact with PAMPs such as β-glucans, N-mannan and O-mannan, respectively, to trigger the activation of innate immune cells. Innate immune cells exhibit distinct yet overlapping repertoires of PAMPs, resulting in the preferential recognition of particular Candida morphotypes by them. The role of phagocytes in the context of individual infection types also differs, with neutrophils playing a prominent role in kidney infections, and dendritic cells playing a prominent role in skin infections. In this review, we provide an overview of the key receptors involved in the detection of C. albicans and discuss the differential innate immune responses to C. albicans seen in different infection types such as vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrima Bojang
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.B.); (H.G.); (P.K.)
| | - Harlene Ghuman
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.B.); (H.G.); (P.K.)
| | - Pizga Kumwenda
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.B.); (H.G.); (P.K.)
| | - Rebecca A. Hall
- Kent Fungal Group, Division of Natural Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
- Correspondence:
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18
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Beheshti-Maal A, Shahrokh S, Ansari S, Mirsamadi ES, Yadegar A, Mirjalali H, Zali MR. Gut mycobiome: The probable determinative role of fungi in IBD patients. Mycoses 2021; 64:468-476. [PMID: 33421192 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multi-factorial autoimmune disorder that its causative agents are unknown. The gut microbiota comprises of bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa that its role in IBD has remained controversially. Bacteria constitute more than 99% of the gut microbiota composition, and the main core of the gut microbiota is composed from Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. The gut microbiota plays an important role in training, development and haemostasis of the immune responses during the life. Fungi compose a very small portion of gut microbiota, but play determinative roles in homeostasis of the gut bacterial composition and the mucosal immune responses. An interkingdom correlation between bacteria and fungi has been suggested. For example, the presence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium reduces the viability and colonisation of C albicans. Alterations in the composition and function of the gut microbiota, which is known as dysbiosis, are a usual event in patients who suffer from IBD. Although the main reason for this alteration is not clear, the interaction between gut bacteria and gut fungi seems to be an important subject in IBD patients. This review covers new findings on the interaction between fungi and bacteria and the role of fungi in the pathophysiology of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Beheshti-Maal
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Shahrokh
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saham Ansari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Sadat Mirsamadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Zhang S, Zhao Q, Xue W, Li Y, Guo Y, Wu X, Huo S, Li Y, Li C. The isolation and identification of Candida glabrata from avian species and a study of the antibacterial activities of Chinese herbal medicine in vitro. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101003. [PMID: 33676095 PMCID: PMC8046950 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, a fungus was isolated from a diseased pigeon group clinically suspected of being infected with Candida. The fungus was subsequently identified as Candida glabrata using morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology testing methods. In the present study, to determine the controlling effects of Chinese herbal medicine for C. glabrata, the bacteriostatic effects of the ethanol extracts Acorus gramineus, Sophora flavescens, Polygonum hydropiper, Cassia obtusifolia, Pulsatilla chinensis, Dandelion, and Cortex phellodendri on C. glabrata in vitro were analyzed. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC80) of Cortex phellodendri was 0.25 μg/μL. Meanwhile, that of S. flavescens was 32 μg/μL; C. obtusifolia was 56 μg/μL; A. gramineus and Polygonum hydropiper was 64 μg/μL; and P. chinensis was 112 μg/μL. However, MIC80 for Dandelion was undetectable. In addition, improved drug sensitivity tests revealed that colonies had grown after 24 h in the blank group, as well as the Polygonum hydropiper, P. chinensis, Dandelion, and ethanol groups. The colonies first appeared at the 48-hour point in the other drug-sensitive medium of Chinese herbal medicine. However, no colony growth was found in Cortex phellodendri medium, and the formation of the maximum colony diameter in that group was later than the blank group (e.g., 96 h in the blank group and 120 h in the Chinese herbal medicine group). It was observed that only 17 colony-forming units had grown in 125 μg/μL of the S. flavescens medium, which was significantly different from other groups. Also, the final colony diameter was significantly smaller than that of the other experimental groups. Therefore, it was determined that the A. gramineus, S. flavescens, Polygonum hydropiper, Cassia obtusifolia, P. chinensis, and Cortex phellodendri had certain inhibitory effects on the growth of the C. glabrata. Among those, it was observed that the Cortex phellodendri had the strongest inhibitory effects, followed by the S. flavescens. In the future, these Chinese herbal medicines are expected to be used to treat the fungal infections related to C. glabrata in poultry to improve production performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Qianhui Zhao
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Wenhui Xue
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yurong Li
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yu Guo
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xianjun Wu
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Shuying Huo
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China.
| | - Yong Li
- The Dingnong Corporation of Hebei, Dingzhou County, Hebei 073000, China
| | - Chenyao Li
- The Dingnong Corporation of Hebei, Dingzhou County, Hebei 073000, China
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20
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Rasheed M, Battu A, Kaur R. Host-pathogen interaction in Candida glabrata infection: current knowledge and implications for antifungal therapy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:1093-1103. [PMID: 32668993 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1792773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida glabrata poses a clinical challenge in the successful treatment of invasive Candida infections, owing to its low inherent susceptibility toward azole antifungals and the recent acquisition of coresistance toward azole and echinocandin drugs. Compared to other prevalent Candida bloodstream pathogens, C. glabrata neither exhibits secreted proteolytic activity nor invokes a strong immune response in a variety of host cells and is less virulent. It also does not form true hyphae, and the success of C. glabrata, therefore, as a prevalent human fungal pathogen, appears to be built upon a distinct set of virulence attributes. AREAS COVERED The focus of this review is to outline, in brief, the interaction of C. glabrata with the host, deduced from the knowledge gained from different in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo model systems. In addition, we briefly discuss the current antifungals, antifungal resistance mechanisms, and the development of new antifungal therapies, along with the available information on the host response. EXPERT OPINION A detailed understanding of stresses, selection pressures and differential immune responses in the presence and absence of antifungals that C. glabrata encounters in varied niches of the host, is required to design effective antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashshir Rasheed
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics , Hyderabad, India
| | - Anamika Battu
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics , Hyderabad, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics , Hyderabad, India
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21
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Wu J, Wu D, Ma K, Wang T, Shi G, Shao J, Wang C, Yan G. Paeonol ameliorates murine alcohol liver disease via mycobiota-mediated Dectin-1/IL-1β signaling pathway. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:199-214. [PMID: 32129526 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0120-325rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is caused by long-term consumption of alcohol and has become an important social and medical problem. Intestinal fungal flora (mycobiota) play an important role in ALD, so we used the mycobiota as an entry point to explore the mechanism of action of Paeonol against ALD. Here, we found that Paeonol is effective against ALD inflammatory lesions and relieves liver fat lesions. Furthermore, we found that after the treatment of Paeonol, the fungal dysbiosis is improved, and the fungal abundance is reduced, and the translocation of β-glucan to the liver and its mediated Dectin-1/IL-1β signaling pathway is blocked. Our study shows that paeonol ameliorated acute ALD-related inflammatory injury to the liver by alleviating intestinal fungal dysbiosis and inhibiting the mycobiota-mediated Dectin-1/IL-1β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadi Wu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Daqiang Wu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Research Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Compound Formula in Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Kelong Ma
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Compound Formula in Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Gaoxiang Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Research Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Compound Formula in Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Changzhong Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Research Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Compound Formula in Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Guiming Yan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Research Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Compound Formula in Anhui Province, Hefei, China
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22
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Thermotolerance in the pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is linked to antigen masking via mRNA decay-dependent reprogramming. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4950. [PMID: 31666517 PMCID: PMC6821889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A common feature shared by systemic fungal pathogens of environmental origin, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, is their ability to adapt to mammalian core body temperature. In C. neoformans, this adaptation is accompanied by Ccr4-mediated decay of ribosomal protein mRNAs. Here we use the related, but thermo-intolerant species Cryptococcus amylolentus to demonstrate that this response contributes to host-temperature adaptation and pathogenicity of cryptococci. In a C. neoformans ccr4Δ mutant, stabilized ribosomal protein mRNAs are retained in the translating pool, and stress-induced transcriptomic changes are reduced in comparison with the wild type strain, likely due to ineffective translation of transcription factors. In addition, the mutant displays increased exposure of cell wall glucans, and recognition by Dectin-1 results in increased phagocytosis by lung macrophages, linking mRNA decay to adaptation and immune evasion. The fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans can adapt to mammalian core body temperature. Here, Bloom et al. show that Ccr4-mediated decay of ribosomal protein mRNAs is important for thermotolerance and immune evasion by promoting masking of cell wall glucans.
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Paulovičová L, Paulovičová E, Farkaš P, Čížová A, Bystrický P, Jančinová V, Turánek J, Pericolini E, Gabrielli E, Vecchiarelli A, Hrubiško M. Bioimmunological activities of Candida glabrata cellular mannan. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 19:5303726. [PMID: 30689830 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is a second most common human opportunistic pathogen which causes superficial but also life-threatening systemic candidosis. According to the localisation of mannans and mannoproteins in the outermost layer of the cell wall, mannan detection could be one of the first steps in the cell recognition of Candida cells by the host innate immune system. Mannans from the cell wall provide important immunomodulatory activities, comprising stimulation of cytokine production, induction of dendritic cells (DCs) maturation and T-cell immunity. The model of DCs represents a promising tool to study immunomodulatory interventions throughout the vaccine development. Activated DCs induce, activate and polarise T-cell responses by expression of distinct maturation markers and cytokines regulating the adaptive immune responses. In addition, they are uniquely adept at decoding the fungus-associated information and translate it in qualitatively different T helper responses. We find out, that C. glabrata mannan is able to induce proliferation of splenocytes and to increase the production of TNF-α and IL-4. Next, increased the expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 and the proportion of CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD28+ T cells during in vitro stimulation of splenocytes. Reported results provide C. glabrata mannan capability to modulate cytokine production, DCs activation and antigen presentation activity, influencing T-cell phenotype in response to stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Paulovičová
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ema Paulovičová
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Farkaš
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alžbeta Čížová
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Bystrický
- Division of Neurosciences, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University, Malá Hora, 10701/4A, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Viera Jančinová
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Turánek
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Veterinary Research Institute, v.v.i., Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Pericolini
- Microbiology Section, Department of Medicine,University of Perugia, Sant' Andrea delle Fratte, 061 32 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinic and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 411 25 Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Gabrielli
- Microbiology Section, Department of Medicine,University of Perugia, Sant' Andrea delle Fratte, 061 32 Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Vecchiarelli
- Microbiology Section, Department of Medicine,University of Perugia, Sant' Andrea delle Fratte, 061 32 Perugia, Italy
| | - Martin Hrubiško
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Oncology Institute of St. Elisabeth, Heydukova 10, 812 50 Bratislava, Slovakia
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24
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Thompson A, Griffiths JS, Walker L, da Fonseca DM, Lee KK, Taylor PR, Gow NAR, Orr SJ. Dependence on Dectin-1 Varies With Multiple Candida Species. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1800. [PMID: 31447813 PMCID: PMC6691182 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Four Candida spp. (albicans, glabrata, tropicalis, parapsilosis) cause >95% of invasive Candida infections. C. albicans elicits immune responses via pathogen recognition receptors including C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs). The CLR, Dectin-1 is important for host immunity to C. albicans and C. glabrata, however, whether Dectin-1 is important for host defense against C. tropicalis or C. parapsilosis is unknown. Therefore, we compared the involvement of Dectin-1 in response to these four diverse Candida spp. We found that Dectin-1 mediates innate cytokine responses to these Candida spp. in a species- and cell-dependent manner. Dectin-1 KO mice succumbed to infection with highly virulent C. albicans while they mostly survived infection with less virulent Candida spp. However, Dectin-1 KO mice displayed increased fungal burden following infection with each Candida spp. Additionally, T cells from Dectin-1 KO mice displayed enhanced effector functions likely due to the inability of Dectin-1 KO mice to clear the infections. Together, these data indicate that Dectin-1 is important for host defense to multiple Candida spp., although the specific roles for Dectin-1 varies with different Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiysha Thompson
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James S Griffiths
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Walker
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Diogo M da Fonseca
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Keunsook K Lee
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A R Gow
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Selinda J Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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25
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Galocha M, Pais P, Cavalheiro M, Pereira D, Viana R, Teixeira MC. Divergent Approaches to Virulence in C. albicans and C. glabrata: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092345. [PMID: 31083555 PMCID: PMC6539081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Candida glabrata are the two most prevalent etiologic agents of candidiasis worldwide. Although both are recognized as pathogenic, their choice of virulence traits is highly divergent. Indeed, it appears that these different approaches to fungal virulence may be equally successful in causing human candidiasis. In this review, the virulence mechanisms employed by C. albicans and C. glabrata are analyzed, with emphasis on the differences between the two systems. Pathogenesis features considered in this paper include dimorphic growth, secreted enzymes and signaling molecules, and stress resistance mechanisms. The consequences of these traits in tissue invasion, biofilm formation, immune system evasion, and macrophage escape, in a species dependent manner, are discussed. This review highlights the observation that C. albicans and C. glabrata follow different paths leading to a similar outcome. It also highlights the lack of knowledge on some of the specific mechanisms underlying C. glabrata pathogenesis, which deserve future scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Galocha
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Diana Pereira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Romeu Viana
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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26
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Candida glabrata: A Lot More Than Meets the Eye. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7020039. [PMID: 30704135 PMCID: PMC6407134 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen that causes superficial mucosal and life-threatening bloodstream infections in individuals with a compromised immune system. Evolutionarily, it is closer to the non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae than to the most prevalent Candida bloodstream pathogen, C. albicans. C. glabrata is a haploid budding yeast that predominantly reproduces clonally. In this review, we summarize interactions of C. glabrata with the host immune, epithelial and endothelial cells, and the ingenious strategies it deploys to acquire iron and phosphate from the external environment. We outline various attributes including cell surface-associated adhesins and aspartyl proteases, biofilm formation and stress response mechanisms, that contribute to the virulence of C. glabrata. We further discuss how, C. glabrata, despite lacking morphological switching and secreted proteolytic activity, is able to disarm macrophage, dampen the host inflammatory immune response and replicate intracellularly.
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27
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Pombinho R, Sousa S, Cabanes D. Scavenger Receptors: Promiscuous Players during Microbial Pathogenesis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:685-700. [PMID: 30318962 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1493716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the most broadly effective host defense, being essential to clear the majority of microbial infections. Scavenger Receptors comprise a family of sensors expressed in a multitude of host cells, whose dual role during microbial pathogenesis gained importance over recent years. SRs regulate the recruitment of immune cells and control both host inflammatory response and bacterial load. In turn, pathogens have evolved different strategies to overcome immune response, avoid recognition by SRs and exploit them to favor infection. Here, we discuss the most relevant findings regarding the interplay between SRs and pathogens, discussing how these multifunctional proteins recognize a panoply of ligands and act as bacterial phagocytic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pombinho
- a Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Sandra Sousa
- a Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Didier Cabanes
- a Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
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28
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López-Fuentes E, Gutiérrez-Escobedo G, Timmermans B, Van Dijck P, De Las Peñas A, Castaño I. Candida glabrata's Genome Plasticity Confers a Unique Pattern of Expressed Cell Wall Proteins. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4020067. [PMID: 29874814 PMCID: PMC6023349 DOI: 10.3390/jof4020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is the second most common cause of candidemia, and its ability to adhere to different host cell types, to microorganisms, and to medical devices are important virulence factors. Here, we consider three characteristics that confer extraordinary advantages to C. glabrata within the host. (1) C. glabrata has a large number of genes encoding for adhesins most of which are localized at subtelomeric regions. The number and sequence of these genes varies substantially depending on the strain, indicating that C. glabrata can tolerate high genomic plasticity; (2) The largest family of CWPs (cell wall proteins) is the EPA (epithelial adhesin) family of adhesins. Epa1 is the major adhesin and mediates adherence to epithelial, endothelial and immune cells. Several layers of regulation like subtelomeric silencing, cis-acting regulatory regions, activators, nutritional signaling, and stress conditions tightly regulate the expression of many adhesin-encoding genes in C. glabrata, while many others are not expressed. Importantly, there is a connection between acquired resistance to xenobiotics and increased adherence; (3) Other subfamilies of adhesins mediate adherence to Candida albicans, allowing C. glabrata to efficiently invade the oral epithelium and form robust biofilms. It is noteworthy that every C. glabrata strain analyzed presents a unique pattern of CWPs at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice López-Fuentes
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), División de Biología Molecular, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78216, Mexico.
| | - Guadalupe Gutiérrez-Escobedo
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), División de Biología Molecular, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78216, Mexico.
| | - Bea Timmermans
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31 bus 2438, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31 bus 2438, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Alejandro De Las Peñas
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), División de Biología Molecular, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78216, Mexico.
| | - Irene Castaño
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), División de Biología Molecular, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78216, Mexico.
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29
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Goyal S, Castrillón-Betancur JC, Klaile E, Slevogt H. The Interaction of Human Pathogenic Fungi With C-Type Lectin Receptors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1261. [PMID: 29915598 PMCID: PMC5994417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi, usually present as commensals, are a major cause of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Such infections, if not diagnosed or treated properly, can prove fatal. However, in most cases healthy individuals are able to avert the fungal attacks by mounting proper antifungal immune responses. Among the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are the major players in antifungal immunity. CLRs can recognize carbohydrate ligands, such as β-glucans and mannans, which are mainly found on fungal cell surfaces. They induce proinflammatory immune reactions, including phagocytosis, oxidative burst, cytokine, and chemokine production from innate effector cells, as well as activation of adaptive immunity via Th17 responses. CLRs such as Dectin-1, Dectin-2, Mincle, mannose receptor (MR), and DC-SIGN can recognize many disease-causing fungi and also collaborate with each other as well as other PRRs in mounting a fungi-specific immune response. Mutations in these receptors affect the host response and have been linked to a higher risk in contracting fungal infections. This review focuses on how CLRs on various immune cells orchestrate the antifungal response and on the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms in these receptors toward the risk of developing such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Goyal
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Juan Camilo Castrillón-Betancur
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,International Leibniz Research School for Microbial and Biomolecular Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology/Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Esther Klaile
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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30
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Salazar F, Brown GD. Antifungal Innate Immunity: A Perspective from the Last 10 Years. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:373-397. [PMID: 29768268 DOI: 10.1159/000488539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens can rarely cause diseases in immunocompetent individuals. However, commensal and normally nonpathogenic environmental fungi can cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals. Over the last few decades, there has been a huge increase in the incidence of invasive opportunistic fungal infections along with a worrying increase in antifungal drug resistance. As a consequence, research focused on understanding the molecular and cellular basis of antifungal immunity has expanded tremendously in the last few years. This review will provide an overview of the most exciting recent advances in innate antifungal immunity, discoveries that are helping to pave the way for the development of new strategies that are desperately needed to combat these devastating diseases.
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31
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Fusarium solani Activates Dectin-1 in Experimentally Induced Keratomycosis. Curr Med Sci 2018; 38:153-159. [PMID: 30074165 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the response of Dectin-1 on macrophages to Fusarium solani (F. solani) and the expression patterns of Dectin-1 in experimentally F. solani-induced keratomycosis were investigated. Peritoneal macrophages isolated after intraperitoneal injection of sodium thioglycollate were co-cultured with laminarin and spores of F. solani for 12 h. The expression levels of Dectin-1 and CARD9 were detected by immunofluorescence and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A mouse model of fungal keratitis was established by substromal inoculation with spores of F. solani. Corneal lesions and inflammatory responses were observed by slit-lamp and histopathology at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 day(s) after infection. Dectin-1 expression was significantly upregulated on macrophages stimulated by spores of F. solani. Dectin-1 was not detected in normal corneas of C57BL/6 mice, but detected in infected corneas from the first day after inoculation, with high mRNA levels observed on days 2 and 3. CARD9, a key transducer of Dectin-1 signaling, was also upregulated in infected corneas. In conclusion, Dectin-1 is an important recognition receptor in F. solani-induced keratitis, but the molecular mechanisms warrant further investigation.
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Abstract
Over the last decade, invasive fungal infections have emerged as a growing threat to human health worldwide and novel treatment strategies are urgently needed. In this context, investigations into host-pathogen interactions represent an important and promising field of research. Antigen presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells are strategically located at the frontline of defence against potential invaders. Importantly, these cells express germline encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which sense conserved entities from pathogens and orchestrate innate immune responses. Herein, we review the latest findings regarding the biology and functions of the different classes of PRRs involved in pathogenic fungal recognition. We also discuss recent literature on PRR collaboration/crosstalk and the mechanisms involved in inhibiting/regulating PRR signalling. Finally, we discuss how the accumulated knowledge on PRR biology, especially Dectin-1, has been used for the design of new immunotherapies against fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel C Patin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Aiysha Thompson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Selinda J Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom.
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33
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Rasheed M, Battu A, Kaur R. Aspartyl proteases in Candida glabrata are required for suppression of the host innate immune response. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6410-6433. [PMID: 29491142 PMCID: PMC5925793 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.813741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of 11 cell surface-associated aspartyl proteases (CgYps1-11), also referred as yapsins, is a key virulence factor in the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata However, the mechanism by which CgYapsins modulate immune response and facilitate survival in the mammalian host remains to be identified. Here, using RNA-Seq analysis, we report that genes involved in cell wall metabolism are differentially regulated in the Cgyps1-11Δ mutant. Consistently, the mutant contained lower β-glucan and mannan levels and exhibited increased chitin content in the cell wall. As cell wall components are known to regulate the innate immune response, we next determined the macrophage transcriptional response to C. glabrata infection and observed differential expression of genes implicated in inflammation, chemotaxis, ion transport, and the tumor necrosis factor signaling cascade. Importantly, the Cgyps1-11Δ mutant evoked a different immune response, resulting in an enhanced release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in THP-1 macrophages. Further, Cgyps1-11Δ-induced IL-1β production adversely affected intracellular proliferation of co-infected WT cells and depended on activation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) signaling in the host cells. Accordingly, the Syk inhibitor R406 augmented intracellular survival of the Cgyps1-11Δ mutant. Finally, we demonstrate that C. glabrata infection triggers elevated IL-1β production in mouse organs and that the CgYPS genes are required for organ colonization and dissemination in the murine model of systemic infection. Altogether, our results uncover the basis for macrophage-mediated killing of Cgyps1-11Δ cells and provide the first evidence that aspartyl proteases in C. glabrata are required for suppression of IL-1β production in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashshir Rasheed
- From the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039 and.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Anamika Battu
- From the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039 and.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- From the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039 and
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34
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Del Fresno Sánchez C. Dectin-1 embraces Candida glabrata. Virulence 2017; 8:1478-1480. [PMID: 28727942 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1358350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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