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Kim J, Byun I, Kim DY, Joh H, Kim HJ, Lee MJ. Targeted protein degradation directly engaging lysosomes or proteasomes. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3253-3272. [PMID: 38369971 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00344b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) has been established as a viable alternative to attenuate the function of a specific protein of interest in both biological and clinical contexts. The unique TPD mode-of-action has allowed previously undruggable proteins to become feasible targets, expanding the landscape of "druggable" properties and "privileged" target proteins. As TPD continues to evolve, a range of innovative strategies, which do not depend on recruiting E3 ubiquitin ligases as in proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), have emerged. Here, we present an overview of direct lysosome- and proteasome-engaging modalities and discuss their perspectives, advantages, and limitations. We outline the chemical composition, biochemical activity, and pharmaceutical characteristics of each degrader. These alternative TPD approaches not only complement the first generation of PROTACs for intracellular protein degradation but also offer unique strategies for targeting pathologic proteins located on the cell membrane and in the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Insuk Byun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Hyunhi Joh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Hak Joong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Min Jae Lee
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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2
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Sarkar P, Jassar O, Ghanim M. The plant pathogenic bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum induces calcium-regulated autophagy in midgut cells of its insect vector Bactericera trigonica. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0130123. [PMID: 37768086 PMCID: PMC10581152 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01301-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role against pathogen infection in many organisms; however, little has been done with regard to vector-borne plant and animal pathogens, that sometimes replicate and cause deleterious effects in their vectors. Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso) is a fastidious gram-negative phloem-restricted plant pathogen and vectored by the carrot psyllid, Bactericera trigonica. The plant disease caused by this bacterium is called carrot yellows and has recently gained much importance due to worldwide excessive economical losses. Here, we demonstrate that calcium ATPase, cytosolic calcium, and most importantly Beclin-1 have a role in regulating autophagy and its association with Liberibacter inside the psyllid. The presence of CLso generates reactive oxygen species and induces the expression of detoxification enzymes in the psyllid midguts, a main site for bacteria transmission. CLso also induces the expression of both sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+pump (SERCA) and 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (ITPR) in midguts, resulting in high levels of calcium in the cellular cytosol. Silencing these genes individually disrupted the calcium levels in the cytosol and resulted in direct effects on autophagy and subsequently on Liberibacter persistence and transmission. Inhibiting Beclin1-phosphorylation through different calcium-induced kinases altered the expression of autophagy and CLso titers and persistence. Based on our results obtained from the midgut, we suggest the existence of a direct correlation between cytosolic calcium levels, autophagy, and CLso persistence and transmission by the carrot psyllid. IMPORTANCE Plant diseases caused by vector-borne Liberibacter species are responsible for the most important economic losses in many agricultural sectors. Preventing these diseases relies mostly on chemical sprays against the insect vectors. Knowledge-based interference with the bacteria-vector interaction remains a promising approach as a sustainable solution. For unravelling how Liberibacter exploits molecular pathways in its insect vector for transmission, here, we show that the bacterium manipulates calcium levels on both sides of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, resulting in manipulating autophagy. Silencing genes associated with these pathways disrupted the calcium levels in the cytosol and resulted in direct effects on autophagy and Liberibacter transmission. These results demonstrate major pathways that could be exploited for manipulating and controlling the disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Sarkar
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ola Jassar
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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3
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Huang Y, Li S, He S, Li Y, He Q, Wu Y. Chlamydia psittaci inclusion membrane protein CPSIT_0842 induces macrophage apoptosis through MAPK/ERK-mediated autophagy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 157:106376. [PMID: 36716815 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2023.106376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is a multi-host zoonotic pathogen, which mainly infects poultry and inflicts an appreciable economic burden on the livestock farming industry. C. psittaci inclusion membrane proteins are uniquely positioned at the host-pathogen interface and are important virulence proteins. We have previously confirmed that Incs regulate host cell survival to help Chlamydia sp. evade host-cell-mediated defense mechanisms. However, the role of the Inc, CPSIT_0842, in the regulation of cell death following the establishment of persistent C. psittaci infection remains unknown. This study explored the effect of CPSIT_0842 on the crosstalk between the autophagic and apoptotic pathways in macrophages. Results showed that CPSIT_0842 initiated autophagy and blocked autophagic flux in human macrophages, as indicated by autophagy-related protein LC3-II, Beclin-1, and p62 upregulation, autophagosome accumulation, and lysosomal protein LAMP1 diminution. We also showed that the disruption of autophagic flux had a regulatory effect on CPSIT_0842-induced apoptosis. Moreover, the suppression of autophagy initiation by 3-methyladenine attenuated CPSIT_0842-induced apoptosis. By contrast, the induction of autophagic flux by rapamycin did not significantly affect CPSIT_0842-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that CPSIT_0842 induced macrophage apoptosis by initiating incomplete autophagy through the MAPK/ERK/mTOR signaling pathway, which may be instrumental to the ability of C. psittaci to evade the host innate immune response and establish persistent infection. The improved understanding of the autophagic and cell death pathways triggered upon bacterial inclusion will likely help in the development of novel treatment strategies for chlamydia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Huang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Siqin He
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan, China
| | - Qingzhi He
- School of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yimou Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
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4
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Lee YJ, Kim JK, Jung CH, Kim YJ, Jung EJ, Lee SH, Choi HR, Son YS, Shim SM, Jeon SM, Choe JH, Lee SH, Whang J, Sohn KC, Hur GM, Kim HT, Yeom J, Jo EK, Kwon YT. Chemical modulation of SQSTM1/p62-mediated xenophagy that targets a broad range of pathogenic bacteria. Autophagy 2022; 18:2926-2945. [PMID: 35316156 PMCID: PMC9673928 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2054240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-degron pathway is a proteolytic system in which the N-terminal degrons (N-degrons) of proteins, such as arginine (Nt-Arg), induce the degradation of proteins and subcellular organelles via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) or macroautophagy/autophagy-lysosome system (hereafter autophagy). Here, we developed the chemical mimics of the N-degron Nt-Arg as a pharmaceutical means to induce targeted degradation of intracellular bacteria via autophagy, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pyogenes as well as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Upon binding the ZZ domain of the autophagic cargo receptor SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1), these chemicals induced the biogenesis and recruitment of autophagic membranes to intracellular bacteria via SQSTM1, leading to lysosomal degradation. The antimicrobial efficacy was independent of rapamycin-modulated core autophagic pathways and synergistic with the reduced production of inflammatory cytokines. In mice, these drugs exhibited antimicrobial efficacy for S. Typhimurium, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), and Mtb as well as multidrug-resistant Mtb and inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines. This dual mode of action in xenophagy and inflammation significantly protected mice from inflammatory lesions in the lungs and other tissues caused by all the tested bacterial strains. Our results suggest that the N-degron pathway provides a therapeutic target in host-directed therapeutics for a broad range of drug-resistant intracellular pathogens.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy-related gene; BCG: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin; BMDMs: bone marrow-derived macrophages; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CFUs: colony-forming units; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; IL1B/IL-1β: interleukin 1 beta; IL6: interleukin 6; LIR: MAP1LC3/LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; Mtb: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; OPTN: optineurin; PB1: Phox and Bem1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; S. Typhimurium: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; UBA: ubiquitin-associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jee Lee
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chan Hoon Jung
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eui Jung Jung
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Lee
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Rim Choi
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Sung Son
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Mi Shim
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Min Jeon
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Choe
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Lee
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jake Whang
- Korea Mycobacterium Resource Center (KMRC) & Basic Research Section, The Korean Institute of Tuberculosis (KIT), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Cheol Sohn
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gang Min Hur
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Kim
- Chemistry R&D Center, AUTOTAC Bio Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinki Yeom
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,CONTACT Eun-Kyeong Jo Department of Microbiology, and Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon35015, Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Chemistry R&D Center, AUTOTAC Bio Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea,SNU Dementia Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Yong Tae Kwon Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul110-799, Korea
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5
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Jia X, Knyazeva A, Zhang Y, Castro-Gonzalez S, Nakamura S, Carlson LA, Yoshimori T, Corkery DP, Wu YW. V. cholerae MakA is a cholesterol-binding pore-forming toxin that induces non-canonical autophagy. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213518. [PMID: 36194176 PMCID: PMC9536202 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202206040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are important virulence factors produced by many pathogenic bacteria. Here, we show that the Vibrio cholerae toxin MakA is a novel cholesterol-binding PFT that induces non-canonical autophagy in a pH-dependent manner. MakA specifically binds to cholesterol on the membrane at pH < 7. Cholesterol-binding leads to oligomerization of MakA on the membrane and pore formation at pH 5.5. Unlike other cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) which bind cholesterol through a conserved cholesterol-binding motif (Thr-Leu pair), MakA contains an Ile-Ile pair that is essential for MakA-cholesterol interaction. Following internalization, endosomal acidification triggers MakA pore-assembly followed by ESCRT-mediated membrane repair and V-ATPase-dependent unconventional LC3 lipidation on the damaged endolysosomal membranes. These findings characterize a new cholesterol-binding toxin that forms pores in a pH-dependent manner and reveals the molecular mechanism of host autophagy manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Jia
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anastasia Knyazeva
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sergio Castro-Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shuhei Nakamura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lars-Anders Carlson
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Dale P. Corkery
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,Dale P. Corkery:
| | - Yao-Wen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,Correspondence to Yao-Wen Wu:
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6
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Ma R, Hu X, Zhang X, Wang W, Sun J, Su Z, Zhu C. Strategies to prevent, curb and eliminate biofilm formation based on the characteristics of various periods in one biofilm life cycle. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1003033. [PMID: 36211965 PMCID: PMC9534288 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1003033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are colonies of bacteria embedded inside a complicated self-generating intercellular. The formation and scatter of a biofilm is an extremely complex and progressive process in constant cycles. Once formed, it can protect the inside bacteria to exist and reproduce under hostile conditions by establishing tolerance and resistance to antibiotics as well as immunological responses. In this article, we reviewed a series of innovative studies focused on inhibiting the development of biofilm and summarized a range of corresponding therapeutic methods for biological evolving stages of biofilm. Traditionally, there are four stages in the biofilm formation, while we systematize the therapeutic strategies into three main periods precisely:(i) period of preventing biofilm formation: interfering the colony effect, mass transport, chemical bonds and signaling pathway of plankton in the initial adhesion stage; (ii) period of curbing biofilm formation:targeting several pivotal molecules, for instance, polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA (eDNA) via polysaccharide hydrolases, proteases, and DNases respectively in the second stage before developing into irreversible biofilm; (iii) period of eliminating biofilm formation: applying novel multifunctional composite drugs or nanoparticle materials cooperated with ultrasonic (US), photodynamic, photothermal and even immune therapy, such as adaptive immune activated by stimulated dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils and even immunological memory aroused by plasmocytes. The multitargeted or combinational therapies aim to prevent it from developing to the stage of maturation and dispersion and eliminate biofilms and planktonic bacteria simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zheng Su
- *Correspondence: Chen Zhu, ; Zheng Su,
| | - Chen Zhu
- *Correspondence: Chen Zhu, ; Zheng Su,
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7
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Kang S, Dai A, Wang H, Ding PH. Interaction Between Autophagy and Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced Inflammation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:892610. [PMID: 35846745 PMCID: PMC9283780 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.892610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an immune homeostasis process induced by multiple intracellular and extracellular signals. Inflammation is a protective response to harmful stimuli such as pathogen microbial infection and body tissue damage. Porphyromonas gingivalis infection elicits both autophagy and inflammation, and dysregulation of autophagy and inflammation promotes pathology. This review focuses on the interaction between autophagy and inflammation caused by Porphyromonas gingivalis infection, aiming to elaborate on the possible mechanism involved in the interaction.
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8
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Zheng L, Wei F, Li G. The crosstalk between bacteria and host autophagy: host defense or bacteria offense. J Microbiol 2022; 60:451-460. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-2009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Strunov A, Schmidt K, Kapun M, Miller WJ. Restriction of Wolbachia Bacteria in Early Embryogenesis of Neotropical Drosophila Species via Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mediated Autophagy. mBio 2022; 13:e0386321. [PMID: 35357208 PMCID: PMC9040723 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03863-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia are maternally transmitted intracellular bacteria that are not only restricted to the reproductive organs but also found in various somatic tissues of their native hosts. The abundance of the endosymbiont in the soma, usually a dead end for vertically transmitted bacteria, causes a multitude of effects on life history traits of their hosts, which are still not well understood. Thus, deciphering the host-symbiont interactions on a cellular level throughout a host's life cycle is of great importance to understand their homeostatic nature, persistence, and spreading success. Using fluorescent and transmission electron microscopy, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of Wolbachia tropism in soma and germ line of six Drosophila species at the intracellular level during host development. Our data uncovered diagnostic patterns of infections to embryonic primordial germ cells and to particular cells of the soma in three different neotropical Drosophila species that have apparently evolved independently. We further found that restricted patterns of Wolbachia tropism are determined in early embryogenesis via selective autophagy, and their spatially restricted infection patterns are preserved in adult flies. We observed tight interactions of Wolbachia with membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, which might play a scaffolding role for autophagosome formation and subsequent elimination of the endosymbiont. Finally, by analyzing D. simulans lines transinfected with nonnative Wolbachia, we uncovered that the host genetic background regulates tissue tropism of infection. Our data demonstrate a novel and peculiar mechanism to limit and spatially restrict bacterial infection in the soma during a very early stage of host development. IMPORTANCE All organisms are living in close and intimate interactions with microbes that cause conflicts but also cooperation between both unequal genetic partners due to their different innate interests of primarily enhancing their own fitness. However, stable symbioses often result in homeostatic interaction, named mutualism, by balancing costs and benefits, where both partners profit. Mechanisms that have evolved to balance and stably maintain homeostasis in mutualistic relationships are still quite understudied; one strategy is to "domesticate" potentially beneficial symbionts by actively controlling their replication rate below a critical and, hence, costly threshold, and/or to spatially and temporally restrict their localization in the host organism, which, in the latter case, in its most extreme form, is the formation of a specialized housing organ for the microbe (bacteriome). However, questions remain: how do these mutualistic associations become established in their first place, and what are the mechanisms for symbiont control and restriction in their early stages? Here, we have uncovered an unprecedented symbiont control mechanism in neotropical Drosophila species during early embryogenesis. The fruit fly evolved selective autophagy to restrict and control the proliferation of its intracellular endosymbiont Wolbachia in a defined subset of the stem cells as soon as the host's zygotic genome is activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Strunov
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katy Schmidt
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Kapun
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Central Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang J. Miller
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Guo Y, Liu Y, Yang H, Dai N, Zhou F, Yang H, Sun W, Kong J, Yuan X, Gao S. Associations of Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection and Low Beclin1 Expression With Clinicopathological Parameters and Survival of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. Pathol Oncol Res 2021; 27:1609976. [PMID: 34955686 PMCID: PMC8692246 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2021.1609976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The present study focused on exploring the associations of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) infection and low Beclin1 expression with clinicopathological parameters and survival of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients, so as to illustrate its clinical significance and prognostic value. Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect P. gingivalis infection status and Beclin1 expression in 370 ESCC patients. The chi-square test was adopted to illustrate the relationship between categorical variables, and Cohen's kappa coefficient was used for correlation analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival curves with the log-rank test were used to analyse the correlation of P. gingivalis infection and low Beclin1 expression with survival time. The effects of P. gingivalis infection and Beclin1 downregulation on the proliferation, migration and antiapoptotic abilities of ESCC cells in vitro were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8, wound healing and flow cytometry assays. For P. gingivalis infection of ESCC cells, cell culture medium was replaced with antibiotic-free medium when the density of ESCC cells was 70-80%, cells were inoculated with P. gingivalis at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. Result: P. gingivalis infection was negatively correlated with Beclin1 expression in ESCC tissues, and P. gingivalis infection and low Beclin1 expression were associated with differentiation status, tumor invasion depth, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage and prognosis in ESCC patients. In vitro experiments confirmed that P. gingivalis infection and Beclin1 downregulation potentiate the proliferation, migration and antiapoptotic abilities of ESCC cells (KYSE150 and KYSE30). Our results provide evidence that P. gingivalis infection and low Beclin1 expression were associated with the development and progression of ESCC. Conclusion: Long-term smoking and alcohol consumption causes poor oral and esophageal microenvironments and ESCC patients with these features were more susceptible to P. gingivalis infection and persistent colonization, and exhibited lower Beclin1 expression, worse prognosis and more advanced clinicopathological features. Our findings indicate that effectively eliminating P. gingivalis colonization and restoring Beclin1 expression in ESCC patients may contribute to preventation and targeted treatment, and yield new insights into the aetiological research on ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital (College of Clinical Medicine) of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- College of Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital (College of Clinical Medicine) of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Pathology, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, China
| | - Ningtao Dai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Pathology, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, China
| | - Fuyou Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Pathology, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, China
| | - Hong Yang
- School of PE, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital (College of Clinical Medicine) of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jinyu Kong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital (College of Clinical Medicine) of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiang Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital (College of Clinical Medicine) of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Shegan Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital (College of Clinical Medicine) of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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11
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Al-Luhaibi ZII, Dernovics Á, Seprényi G, Ayaydin F, Boldogkői Z, Veréb Z, Megyeri K. IL-36α and Lipopolysaccharide Cooperatively Induce Autophagy by Triggering Pro-Autophagic Biased Signaling. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1541. [PMID: 34829770 PMCID: PMC8615041 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process that controls infections both directly and indirectly via its multifaceted effects on the innate and adaptive immune responses. It has been reported that LPS stimulates this cellular process, whereas the effect of IL-36α on autophagy remains largely unknown. We therefore investigated how IL-36α modulates the endogenous and LPS-induced autophagy in THP-1 cells. The levels of LC3B-II and autophagic flux were determined by Western blotting. The intracellular localization of LC3B was measured by immunofluorescence assay. The activation levels of signaling pathways implicated in autophagy regulation were evaluated by using a phosphokinase array. Our results showed that combined IL-36α and LPS treatment cooperatively increased the levels of LC3B-II and Beclin-1, stimulated the autophagic flux, facilitated intracellular redistribution of LC3B, and increased the average number of autophagosomes per cell. The IL36α/LPS combined treatment increased phosphorylation of STAT5a/b, had minimal effect on the Akt/PRAS40/mTOR pathway, and reduced the levels of phospho-Yes, phospho-FAK, and phospho-WNK1. Thus, this cytokine/PAMP combination triggers pro-autophagic biased signaling by several mechanisms and thus cooperatively stimulates the autophagic cascade. An increased autophagic activity of innate immune cells simultaneously exposed to IL-36α and LPS may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid I. I. Al-Luhaibi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.I.I.A.-L.); (Á.D.)
| | - Áron Dernovics
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.I.I.A.-L.); (Á.D.)
| | - György Seprényi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Kossuth L. sgt. 40, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Ferhan Ayaydin
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine (HCEMM) Nonprofit Ltd., Római krt. 21, H-6723 Szeged, Hungary;
- Biological Research Centre, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Boldogkői
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Somogyi Béla u. 4, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Veréb
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Klára Megyeri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.I.I.A.-L.); (Á.D.)
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12
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Li J, Guo S, Chai F, Sun Q, Li P, Gao L, Dai L, Ouyang X, Zhou Z, Zhou L, Cheng W, Qi S, Lu K, Ren H. Genetically incorporated crosslinkers reveal NleE attenuates host autophagy dependent on PSMD10. eLife 2021; 10:e69047. [PMID: 34254583 PMCID: PMC8324295 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy acts as a pivotal innate immune response against infection. Some virulence effectors subvert the host autophagic machinery to escape the surveillance of autophagy. The mechanism by which pathogens interact with host autophagy remains mostly unclear. However, traditional strategies often have difficulty identifying host proteins that interact with effectors due to the weak, dynamic, and transient nature of these interactions. Here, we found that Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) regulates autophagosome formation in host cells dependent on effector NleE. The 26S Proteasome Regulatory Subunit 10 (PSMD10) was identified as a direct interaction partner of NleE in living cells by employing genetically incorporated crosslinkers. Pairwise chemical crosslinking revealed that NleE interacts with the N-terminus of PSMD10. We demonstrated that PSMD10 homodimerization is necessary for its interaction with ATG7 and promotion of autophagy, but not necessary for PSMD10 interaction with ATG12. Therefore, NleE-mediated PSMD10 in monomeric state attenuates host autophagosome formation. Our study reveals the mechanism through which EPEC attenuates host autophagy activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiang Li
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Shupan Guo
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Fangni Chai
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Qi Sun
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Pan Li
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Li Gao
- Department of General Practice and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of General Practice and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaoxiao Ouyang
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Zhihui Zhou
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Li Zhou
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Wei Cheng
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Shiqian Qi
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Kefeng Lu
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Haiyan Ren
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduChina
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13
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Yue C, Hu C, Xiang P, Zhang S, Xiao H, Zhou W, Jin H, Shi D, Li J, Xu L, Chen Y, Zeng Y. Autophagy is a defense mechanism controlling Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection in murine microglia cells. Vet Microbiol 2021; 258:109103. [PMID: 33991788 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an important swine and human pathogen, causing severe meningitis with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Microglial activation and inflammation are responsible for bacterial meningitis. S. suis has been identified to activate microglia, but the role of autophagy following S. suis infection in microglial cells remains elusive. In this study, using western blot, immunofluorescent staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we demonstrated that S. suis serotype 2 (SS2) triggered autophagosome and enhanced autophagic flux in BV2 microglial cells. Autophagy activators, rapamycin, could further promote autophagy in S. suis-infected BV2 cells. Conversely, autophagy inhibitors including siRNA targeting ATG5, Beclin-1, ATG9a and ATG12 attenuated the autophagic process. Consistent with the in vitro results, autophagy was activated following S. suis infection in brain tissue including frontal cortex and hippocampus in a mouse model of meningitis. Further experiment showed that autophagy serves as a cellular defense mechanism to limit invaded bacteria and microglia inflammation in S. suis-infected BV2 cells. This is the first study reporting that the interaction between autophagy and microglia cells in response to S. suis infection. The possible mechanism involved could additionally suggest potential therapeutic approaches for bacterial meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxiong Yue
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenlu Hu
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Xiang
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Siming Zhang
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongde Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Deshi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinquan Li
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lang Xu
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yushan Chen
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yan Zeng
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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14
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Corkery DP, Nadeem A, Aung KM, Hassan A, Liu T, Cervantes-Rivera R, Lystad AH, Wang H, Persson K, Puhar A, Simonsen A, Uhlin BE, Wai SN, Wu YW. Vibrio cholerae cytotoxin MakA induces noncanonical autophagy resulting in the spatial inhibition of canonical autophagy. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs252015. [PMID: 33106317 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.252015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an essential role in the defense against many microbial pathogens as a regulator of both innate and adaptive immunity. Some pathogens have evolved sophisticated mechanisms that promote their ability to evade or subvert host autophagy. Here, we describe a novel mechanism of autophagy modulation mediated by the recently discovered Vibrio cholerae cytotoxin, motility-associated killing factor A (MakA). pH-dependent endocytosis of MakA by host cells resulted in the formation of a cholesterol-rich endolysosomal membrane aggregate in the perinuclear region. Aggregate formation induced the noncanonical autophagy pathway driving unconventional LC3 (herein referring to MAP1LC3B) lipidation on endolysosomal membranes. Subsequent sequestration of the ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 E3-like enzyme complex, required for LC3 lipidation at the membranous aggregate, resulted in an inhibition of both canonical autophagy and autophagy-related processes, including the unconventional secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). These findings identify a novel mechanism of host autophagy modulation and immune modulation employed by V. cholerae during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale P Corkery
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Aftab Nadeem
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kyaw Min Aung
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Ramón Cervantes-Rivera
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alf Håkon Lystad
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Karina Persson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andrea Puhar
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bernt Eric Uhlin
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sun Nyunt Wai
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yao-Wen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
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15
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Intracellular Density of Wolbachia Is Mediated by Host Autophagy and the Bacterial Cytoplasmic Incompatibility Gene cifB in a Cell Type-Dependent Manner in Drosophila melanogaster. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.02205-20. [PMID: 33436431 PMCID: PMC7844536 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02205-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation pathway involved in innate immunity. Pathogenic bacteria have evolved several mechanisms to escape degradation or exploit autophagy to acquire host nutrients. In the case of endosymbionts, which often have commensal or mutualistic interactions with the host, autophagy is not well characterized. We utilized tissue-specific autophagy mutants to determine if Wolbachia, a vertically transmitted obligate endosymbiont of Drosophila melanogaster, is regulated by autophagy in somatic and germ line cell types. Our analysis revealed core autophagy proteins Atg1 and Atg8 and a selective autophagy-specific protein Ref(2)p negatively regulate Wolbachia in the hub, a male gonad somatic cell type. Furthermore, we determined that the Wolbachia effector protein, CifB, modulates autophagy-Wolbachia interactions, identifying a new host-related pathway which these bacterial proteins interact with. In the female germ line, the cell type necessary for inheritance of Wolbachia through vertical transmission, we discovered that bulk autophagy mediated by Atg1 and Atg8 positively regulates Wolbachia density, whereas Ref(2)p had no effect. Global metabolomics of fly ovaries deficient in germ line autophagy revealed reduced lipid and carbon metabolism, implicating metabolites from these pathways as positive regulators of Wolbachia Our work provides further understanding of how autophagy affects bacteria in a cell type-dependent manner.IMPORTANCE Autophagy is a eukaryotic intracellular degradation pathway which can act as an innate immune response to eliminate pathogens. Conversely, pathogens can evolve proteins which modulate the autophagy pathway to subvert degradation and establish an infection. Wolbachia, a vertically transmitted obligate endosymbiont which infects up to 40% of insect species, is negatively regulated by autophagy in whole animals, but the specific molecular mechanism and tissue which govern this interaction remain unknown. Our studies use cell type-specific autophagy mutants to reveal that Wolbachia is negatively regulated by selective autophagy in the soma, while nonselective autophagy positively regulates Wolbachia in the female germ line. These data provide evidence that cell type can drive different basal autophagy programs which modulate intracellular microbes differently. Additionally, we identified that the Wolbachia effector CifB acts in the selective autophagy pathway to aid in intracellular bacterial survival, providing a new function for CifB beyond its previously identified role in reproductive manipulation.
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16
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Zhao W, Gao B, Liu C, Zhang B, Shan C, Deng J, Wan Q, Wang X, Zhao R, Gao L, Ao P, Xiao P, Gao H. High pathogenicity island is associated with enhanced autophagy in pathogenic Escherichia coli HPI - infected macrophages. Res Vet Sci 2021; 135:113-120. [PMID: 33465603 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
High pathogenicity island (HPI), which is widely distributed in Escherichia coli (E. coli), can enhance the pathogenicity of E. coli. Thus the HPI positive E. coli could pose a threat to human and animal health. It remains to be elucidated how HPI affects the virulence of pathogenic E. coli. Autophagy is an important mechanism to maintain cellular homeostasis and an innate immunity responses of organisms against pathogens. The interaction between pathogenic E. coli possessing HPI (E. coli HPI) and host autophagy system has not been reported. In this study, it was demonstrated that pathogenic E. coli induced autophagy in 3D4/21 macrophages and HPI was associated with enhanced autophagy through transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and real-time PCR. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is an important negative regulatory pathway for autophagy. Through detecting the expression of key genes of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, it was speculated that HPI enhanced the inhibition of the signaling pathway stimulated by pathogenic E. coli. Furthermore, HPI inhibited the secretion of IFN-γ, while the presence of HPI did not significantly affect the secretion of IL-1β. This work is the first attempt to explore the interplay between HPI carried by pathogenic E. coli and host cell autophagy. The findings might enable better understanding of the contribution of HPI to pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhao
- College of food science and technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Bin Gao
- College of food science and technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chunlan Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Quan Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ru Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Libo Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Pingxing Ao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Hong Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
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17
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Sharma S, Tiwari M, Tiwari V. Therapeutic strategies against autophagic escape by pathogenic bacteria. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:704-712. [PMID: 33301978 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Growing multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of various infectious bacterial species are hindering research aiming to eliminate such infections. During a bacterial infection, the host response eliminates the pathogen via fusion of the endocytic vesicles with lysosomes, called xenophagy. However, MDR bacteria have evolved strategies to escape xenophagy. In this review, we propose novel therapeutics for overcoming such escape, including chimeric antibiotics, nanoformulations for the induction of autophagy in infected cells, and small interfering (si)RNA-mediated silencing of genes to inhibit the host-pathogen interaction. We also discuss the role of combinations of antibiotics showing synergy, the administrative routes of differentially capped nanoparticles (NPs), and the use of different types of nanoformulations for eliminating pathogenic bacteria from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305817, India
| | - Monalisa Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305817, India
| | - Vishvanath Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305817, India.
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18
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Disrupting Plasmodium UIS3-host LC3 interaction with a small molecule causes parasite elimination from host cells. Commun Biol 2020; 3:688. [PMID: 33214643 PMCID: PMC7677311 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium obligatorily infects and replicates inside hepatocytes surrounded by a parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM), which is decorated by the host-cell derived autophagy protein LC3. We have previously shown that the parasite-derived, PVM-resident protein UIS3 sequesters LC3 to avoid parasite elimination by autophagy from hepatocytes. Here we show that a small molecule capable of disrupting this interaction triggers parasite elimination in a host cell autophagy-dependent manner. Molecular docking analysis of more than 20 million compounds combined with a phenotypic screen identified one molecule, C4 (4-{[4-(4-{5-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl}benzyl)piperazino]carbonyl}benzonitrile), capable of impairing infection. Using biophysical assays, we established that this impairment is due to the ability of C4 to disrupt UIS3-LC3 interaction, thus inhibiting the parasite's ability to evade the host autophagy response. C4 impacts infection in autophagy-sufficient cells without harming the normal autophagy pathway of the host cell. This study, by revealing the disruption of a critical host-parasite interaction without affecting the host's normal function, uncovers an efficient anti-malarial strategy to prevent this deadly disease.
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19
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Thomas DR, Newton P, Lau N, Newton HJ. Interfering with Autophagy: The Opposing Strategies Deployed by Legionella pneumophila and Coxiella burnetii Effector Proteins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:599762. [PMID: 33251162 PMCID: PMC7676224 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.599762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental and highly conserved eukaryotic process, responsible for maintaining cellular homeostasis and releasing nutrients during times of starvation. An increasingly important function of autophagy is its role in the cell autonomous immune response; a process known as xenophagy. Intracellular pathogens are engulfed by autophagosomes and targeted to lysosomes to eliminate the threat to the host cell. To counteract this, many intracellular bacterial pathogens have developed unique approaches to overcome, evade, or co-opt host autophagy to facilitate a successful infection. The intracellular bacteria Legionella pneumophila and Coxiella burnetii are able to avoid destruction by the cell, causing Legionnaires' disease and Q fever, respectively. Despite being related and employing homologous Dot/Icm type 4 secretion systems (T4SS) to translocate effector proteins into the host cell, these pathogens have developed their own unique intracellular niches. L. pneumophila evades the host endocytic pathway and instead forms an ER-derived vacuole, while C. burnetii requires delivery to mature, acidified endosomes which it remodels into a large, replicative vacuole. Throughout infection, L. pneumophila effectors act at multiple points to inhibit recognition by xenophagy receptors and disrupt host autophagy, ensuring it avoids fusion with destructive lysosomes. In contrast, C. burnetii employs its effector cohort to control autophagy, hypothesized to facilitate the delivery of nutrients and membrane to support the growing vacuole and replicating bacteria. In this review we explore the effector proteins that these two organisms utilize to modulate the host autophagy pathway in order to survive and replicate. By better understanding how these pathogens manipulate this highly conserved pathway, we can not only develop better treatments for these important human diseases, but also better understand and control autophagy in the context of human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hayley J. Newton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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20
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Eren E, Planès R, Bagayoko S, Bordignon P, Chaoui K, Hessel A, Santoni K, Pinilla M, Lagrange B, Burlet‐Schiltz O, Howard JC, Henry T, Yamamoto M, Meunier E. Irgm2 and Gate-16 cooperatively dampen Gram-negative bacteria-induced caspase-11 response. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50829. [PMID: 33124769 PMCID: PMC7645206 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory caspase-11 (rodent) and caspases-4/5 (humans) detect the Gram-negative bacterial component LPS within the host cell cytosol, promoting activation of the non-canonical inflammasome. Although non-canonical inflammasome-induced pyroptosis and IL-1-related cytokine release are crucial to mount an efficient immune response against various bacteria, their unrestrained activation drives sepsis. This suggests that cellular components tightly control the threshold level of the non-canonical inflammasome in order to ensure efficient but non-deleterious inflammatory responses. Here, we show that the IFN-inducible protein Irgm2 and the ATG8 family member Gate-16 cooperatively counteract Gram-negative bacteria-induced non-canonical inflammasome activation, both in cultured macrophages and in vivo. Specifically, the Irgm2/Gate-16 axis dampens caspase-11 targeting to intracellular bacteria, which lowers caspase-11-mediated pyroptosis and cytokine release. Deficiency in Irgm2 or Gate16 induces both guanylate binding protein (GBP)-dependent and GBP-independent routes for caspase-11 targeting to intracellular bacteria. Our findings identify molecular effectors that fine-tune bacteria-activated non-canonical inflammasome responses and shed light on the understanding of the immune pathways they control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Eren
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS)CNRS, UMR5089University of ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Rémi Planès
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS)CNRS, UMR5089University of ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Salimata Bagayoko
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS)CNRS, UMR5089University of ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Pierre‐Jean Bordignon
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS)CNRS, UMR5089University of ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Karima Chaoui
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS)CNRS, UMR5089University of ToulouseToulouseFrance
- Mass Spectrometry Core FacilityInstitute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS)CNRS, UMR5089University of ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Audrey Hessel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS)CNRS, UMR5089University of ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Karin Santoni
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS)CNRS, UMR5089University of ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Miriam Pinilla
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS)CNRS, UMR5089University of ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Brice Lagrange
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en InfectiologieInserm, U1111CNRS, UMR5308École Normale Supérieure de LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1Univ LyonLyonFrance
| | - Odile Burlet‐Schiltz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS)CNRS, UMR5089University of ToulouseToulouseFrance
- Mass Spectrometry Core FacilityInstitute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS)CNRS, UMR5089University of ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Jonathan C Howard
- Fundação Calouste GulbenkianInstituto Gulbenkian de CiênciaOeirasPortugal
| | - Thomas Henry
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en InfectiologieInserm, U1111CNRS, UMR5308École Normale Supérieure de LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1Univ LyonLyonFrance
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of ImmunoparasitologyResearch Institute for Microbial DiseasesOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
- Laboratory of ImmunoparasitologyWPI Immunology Frontier Research CenterOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Etienne Meunier
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS)CNRS, UMR5089University of ToulouseToulouseFrance
- Present address:
Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS)CNRSToulouseFrance
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21
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Wang M, Ma SJ, Wu XY, Zhang X, Abesig J, Xiao ZH, Huang X, Yan HP, Wang J, Chen MS, Tan HZ. Impact of mTOR gene polymorphisms and gene-tea interaction on susceptibility to tuberculosis. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:4320-4330. [PMID: 33083391 PMCID: PMC7559685 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i19.4320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND mTOR gene is a key component of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, and its dysregulation is associated with various diseases. Several studies have demonstrated that tea drinking is a protective factor against tuberculosis (TB). This study was designed to explore five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of mTOR in the Han population of China to determine how their interactions with tea drinking affect susceptibility to TB.
AIM To investigate if the polymorphisms of mTOR gene and the gene-tea interaction are associated with susceptibility to TB.
METHODS In this case-control study, 503 patients with TB and 494 healthy controls were enrolled by a stratified sampling method. The cases were newly registered TB patients from the county-level centers for disease control and prevention, and the healthy controls were permanent residents from Xin’ansi Community, Changsha city. Demographic data and environmental exposure information including tea drinking were obtained from the study participants. We genotyped five potentially functional SNP sites (rs2295080, rs2024627, rs1057079, rs12137958, and rs7525957) of mTOR gene and assessed their associations with the risk of TB using logistic regression analysis, and marginal structural linear odds models were used to estimate the gene-environment interactions.
RESULTS The frequencies of four SNPs (rs2295080, rs2024627, rs1057079, and rs7525957) were found to be associated with susceptibility to TB (P < 0.05). Genotypes GT (OR 1.334), GG (OR 2.224), and GT + GG (OR 1.403) at rs2295080; genotypes CT (OR 1.562) and CT + TT (OR 1.578) at rs2024627, genotypes CT (OR 1.597), CC (OR 2.858), and CT + CC (OR 1.682) at rs1057079; and genotypes CT (OR 1.559) and CT + CC (OR 1.568) at rs7525957 of mTOR gene were significantly more prevalent in TB patients than in healthy controls. The relative excess risk of interaction between the four SNPs (rs2295080, rs2024627, rs1057079, and rs7525957) of mTOR genes and tea drinking were found to be -1.5187 (95%CI: -1.9826, -1.0547, P < 0.05), -1.8270 (95%CI: -2.3587, -1.2952, P < 0.05), -2.3246 (95%CI: -2.9417, -1.7076, P < 0.05) and -0.4235 (95%CI: -0.7756, -0.0714, P < 0.05), respectively, which suggest negative interactions.
CONCLUSION The polymorphisms of mTOR (rs2295080, rs2024627, rs1057079, and rs7525957) are associated with susceptibility to TB, and there is a negative interaction between each of the four SNPs and tea drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shu-Juan Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xin-Yin Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Julius Abesig
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zheng-Hui Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Emergency, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha 410007, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hai-Peng Yan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Emergency, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha 410007, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Meng-Shi Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hong-Zhuan Tan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
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22
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Khalil H, Abd ElHady A, Elawdan KA, Mohamed D, Mohamed DD, Abd El Maksoud AI, El-Chennawi FA, El-Fikiy B, El-Sayed IH. The Mechanical Autophagy as a Part of Cellular Immunity; Facts and Features in Treating the Medical Disorders. Immunol Invest 2020; 51:266-289. [PMID: 32993405 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1828453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular housekeeping process that incorporates lysosomal-degradation to maintain cell survival and energy sources. In recent decades, the role of autophagy has implicated in the initiation and development of many diseases that affect humanity. Among these diseases are autoimmune diseases and neurodegenerative diseases, which connected with the lacking autophagy. Other diseases are connected with the increasing levels of autophagy such as cancers and infectious diseases. Therefore, controlling autophagy with sufficient regulators could represent an effective strategy to overcome such diseases. Interestingly, targeting autophagy can also provide a sufficient method to combat the current epidemic caused by the ongoing coronavirus. In this review, we aim to highlight the physiological function of the autophagic process to understand the circumstances surrounding its role in the cellular immunity associated with the development of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Khalil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Amira Abd ElHady
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Khaled A Elawdan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Dalia Mohamed
- Industrial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Doaa D Mohamed
- Industrial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Abd El Maksoud
- Industrial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Farha A El-Chennawi
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansora University, Mansora, Egypt
| | - Bhgat El-Fikiy
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim H El-Sayed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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23
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Nuclear Receptors as Autophagy-Based Antimicrobial Therapeutics. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091979. [PMID: 32867365 PMCID: PMC7563212 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular process that targets intracellular pathogens for lysosomal degradation. Autophagy is tightly controlled at transcriptional and post-translational levels. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of transcriptional factors that regulate the expression of gene sets involved in, for example, metabolic and immune homeostasis. Several NRs show promise as host-directed anti-infectives through the modulation of autophagy activities by their natural ligands or small molecules (agonists/antagonists). Here, we review the roles and mechanisms of NRs (vitamin D receptors, estrogen receptors, estrogen-related receptors, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) in linking immunity and autophagy during infection. We also discuss the potential of emerging NRs (REV-ERBs, retinoic acid receptors, retinoic acid-related orphan receptors, liver X receptors, farnesoid X receptors, and thyroid hormone receptors) as candidate antimicrobials. The identification of novel roles and mechanisms for NRs will enable the development of autophagy-adjunctive therapeutics for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.
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24
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Yang A, Pantoom S, Wu YW. Distinct Mechanisms for Processing Autophagy Protein LC3-PE by RavZ and ATG4B. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3377-3382. [PMID: 32686895 PMCID: PMC7754449 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process involved in the elimination of proteins, organelles and pathogens in eukaryotic cells. Lipidated LC3 proteins that are conjugated to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) play a key role in autophagosome biogenesis. Endogenous ATG4‐mediated deconjugation of LC3‐PE is required for LC3 recycling. However, the Legionella effector RavZ irreversibly deconjugates LC3‐PE to inhibit autophagy. It is not clear how ATG4 and RavZ process LC3‐PE with distinct modes. Herein, a series of semisynthetic LC3‐PE proteins containing C‐terminal mutations or insertions were used to investigate the relationship of the C‐terminal structure of LC3‐PE with ATG4/RavZ‐mediated deconjugation. Using a combination of molecular docking and biochemical assays, we found that Gln116, Phe119 and Gly120 of LC3‐PE are required for cleavage by both RavZ and ATG4B, whereas Glu117(LC3) is specific to cleavage by RavZ. The molecular ruler mechanism exists in the active site of ATG4B, but not in RavZ. Met63 and Gln64 at the active site of RavZ are involved in accommodating LC3 C‐terminal motif. Our findings show that the distinct binding modes of the LC3 C‐terminal motif (116–120) with ATG4 and RavZ might determine the specificity of cleavage site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Supansa Pantoom
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht-Kossel" Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Yao-Wen Wu
- Department of Chemistry Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.,Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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25
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Bergman P, Raqib R, Rekha RS, Agerberth B, Gudmundsson GH. Host Directed Therapy Against Infection by Boosting Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1209. [PMID: 32595649 PMCID: PMC7304486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against invading pathogens, regulating the normal microbiota and contributes to homeostasis. Today we have obtained detailed knowledge on receptors, signaling pathways, and effector molecules of innate immunity. Our research constellation has focused on ways to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), the production of oxygen species (ROS and NO), and to activate autophagy, during the last two decades. These innate effectors, with different mechanisms of action, constitute a powerful defense armament in phagocytes and in epithelial cells. Innate immunity does not only protect the host from invading pathogens, but also regulates the composition of the microbiota, which is an area of intense research. Notably, some virulent bacteria have the capacity to downregulate innate defenses and can thereby cause invasive disease. Understanding the detailed mechanisms behind pathogen-mediated suppression of innate effectors are currently in progress. This information can be of importance for the development of novel treatments based on counteraction of the downregulation; we have designated this type of treatment as host directed therapy (HDT). The concept to boost innate immunity may be particularly relevant as many pathogens are developing resistance against classical antibiotics. Many pathogens that are resistant to antibiotics are sensitive to the endogenous effectors included in early host defenses, which contain multiple effectors working in cooperation to control infections. Here, we review recent data related to downregulation of AMPs by pathogenic bacteria, induction of innate effector mechanisms, including cytokine-mediated effects, repurposed drugs and the role of antibiotics as direct modulators of host responses. These findings can form a platform for the development of novel treatment strategies against infection and/or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bergman
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Immunodeficiency Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rokeya Sultana Rekha
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Agerberth
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gudmundur H Gudmundsson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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26
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Sharma S, Tiwari M, Tiwari V. Molecular mechanisms of bacteria induced autophagy and its escape strategies. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:303-306. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer 305817, India
| | - Monalisa Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer 305817, India
| | - Vishvanath Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer 305817, India
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27
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Host-Directed Therapy as a Novel Treatment Strategy to Overcome Tuberculosis: Targeting Immune Modulation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9010021. [PMID: 31936156 PMCID: PMC7168302 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, particularly in developing countries, presenting a major threat to the public health. The currently recommended long term treatment regimen with multiple antibiotics is associated with poor patient compliance, which in turn, may contribute to the emergence of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB). The low global treatment efficacy of MDR-TB has highlighted the necessity to develop novel treatment options. Host-directed therapy (HDT) together with current standard anti-TB treatments, has gained considerable interest, as HDT targets novel host immune mechanisms. These immune mechanisms would otherwise bypass the antibiotic bactericidal targets to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which may be mutated to cause antibiotic resistance. Additionally, host-directed therapies against TB have been shown to be associated with reduced lung pathology and improved disease outcome, most likely via the modulation of host immune responses. This review will provide an update of host-directed therapies and their mechanism(s) of action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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