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Chapagain P, Ali A, Kidane DT, Farone M, Salem M. Characterisation of sRNAs enriched in outer membrane vesicles of pathogenic Flavobacterium psychrophilum causing Bacterial Cold Water Disease in rainbow trout. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 3:e161. [PMID: 38947174 PMCID: PMC11212332 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum (Fp) causes Bacterial Cold Water Disease in salmonids. During host-pathogen interactions, gram-negative bacteria, such as Fp, release external membrane vesicles (OMVs) harbouring cargos, such as DNA, RNA and virulence factors. This study aimed to characterise the potential role of the OMVs' small RNAs (sRNAs) in the Fp-rainbow trout host-pathogen interactions. sRNAs carried within OMVs were isolated from Fp. RNA-Seq datasets from whole-cell Fp and their isolated OMVs indicated substantial enrichment of specific sRNAs in the OMVs compared to the parent cell. Many of the OMV-packaged sRNAs were located in the pathogenicity islands of Fp. Conservation of sRNAs in 65 strains with variable degrees of virulence was reported. Dual RNA-Seq of host and pathogen transcriptomes on day 5 post-infection of Fp -resistant and -susceptible rainbow trout genetic lines revealed correlated expression of OMV-packaged sRNAs and their predicted host's immune gene targets. In vitro, treatment of the rainbow trout epithelial cell line RTgill-W1 with OMVs showed signs of cytotoxicity accompanied by dynamic changes in the expression of host genes when profiled 24 h following treatment. The OMV-treated cells, similar to the Fp -resistant fish, showed downregulated expression of the suppressor of cytokine signalling 1 (SOCS1) gene, suggesting induction of phagosomal maturation. Other signs of modulating the host gene expression following OMV-treatment include favouring elements from the phagocytic, endocytic and antigen presentation pathways in addition to HSP70, HSP90 and cochaperone proteins, which provide evidence for a potential role of OMVs in boosting the host immune response. In conclusion, the study identified novel microbial targets and inherent characteristics of OMVs that could open up new avenues of treatment and prevention of fish infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Chapagain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Ali Ali
- Department of Animal and Avian SciencesUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | - Destaalem T. Kidane
- Department of Biology and Molecular Bioscience ProgramMiddle Tennessee State UniversityMurfreesboroTennesseeUSA
| | - Mary Farone
- Department of Biology and Molecular Bioscience ProgramMiddle Tennessee State UniversityMurfreesboroTennesseeUSA
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Animal and Avian SciencesUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
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Marinacci B, Krzyżek P, Pellegrini B, Turacchio G, Grande R. Latest Update on Outer Membrane Vesicles and Their Role in Horizontal Gene Transfer: A Mini-Review. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:860. [PMID: 37999346 PMCID: PMC10673008 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13110860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical, lipid-based nano-structures, which are released by Gram-negative bacteria in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The size and composition of OMVs depend on not only the producer bacterial species but also cells belonging to the same strain. The mechanism of vesicles' biogenesis has a key role in determining their cargo and the pattern of macromolecules exposed on their surface. Thus, the content of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules defines the properties of OMVs and their beneficial or harmful effects on human health. Many studies have provided evidence that OMVs can be involved in a plethora of biological processes, including cell-to-cell communication and bacteria-host interactions. Moreover, there is a growing body of literature supporting their role in horizontal gene transfer (HGT). During this process, OMVs can facilitate the spreading of genes involved in metabolic pathways, virulence, and antibiotic resistance, guaranteeing bacterial proliferation and survival. For this reason, a deeper understanding of this new mechanism of genetic transfer could improve the development of more efficient strategies to counteract infections sustained by Gram-negative bacteria. In line with this, the main aim of this mini-review is to summarize the latest evidence concerning the involvement of OMVs in HGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Marinacci
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (B.M.); (B.P.)
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Paweł Krzyżek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Benedetta Pellegrini
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (B.M.); (B.P.)
| | - Gabriele Turacchio
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore” (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Rossella Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (B.M.); (B.P.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Wang Z, Zhu D, Zhang Y, Xia F, Zhu J, Dai J, Zhuge X. Extracellular vesicles produced by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) activate macrophage proinflammatory response and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation through TLR4 signaling. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:177. [PMID: 37689682 PMCID: PMC10492386 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the major pathogen causing important avian diseases in poultry. As an important subtype of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli, APEC has zoonotic potential and is considered a foodborne pathogen. APEC extracellular vesicles (EVs) may play vital roles in the interaction of the pathogen with its host cells. However, the precise roles played by APEC EVs are still not completely clear, especially in immune cells. RESULTS In this study, we investigated the relationships between APEC EVs and immune cells. The production and characteristics of the EVs of APEC isolate CT265 were identified. Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) triggered the cellular immune responses when it interacted with APEC EVs. APEC EVs induced a significant release of proinflammatory cytokines in THP-1 macrophages. APEC EVs induced the macrophage inflammatory response via the TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, which participated in the activation of the APEC-EV-induced NLRP3 inflammasome. However, the loss of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from APEC EVs reduced the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome mediated by TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB signaling. Because APEC EVs activated the macrophage inflammatory response and cytokines release, we speculated that the interaction between APEC EVs and macrophages activated and promoted neutrophil migration during APEC extraintestinal infection. This study is the first to report that APEC EVs induce the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and chicken heterophil extracellular traps. Treatment with APEC EVs induced SAPK/JNK activation in neutrophils. The inhibition of TLR4 signaling suppressed APEC-EV-induced NET formation. However, although APEC EVs activated the immune response of macrophages and initiated NET formation, they also damaged macrophages, causing their apoptosis. The loss of LPS from APEC EVs did not prevent this process. CONCLUSION APEC-derived EVs induced inflammatory responses in macrophages and NETs in neutrophils, and that TLR4 was involved in the APEC-EV-activated inflammatory response. These findings provided a basis for the further study of APEC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxing Wang
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang road, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, No.9 Seyuan road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P.R. China
| | - Dongyu Zhu
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang road, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, No.9 Seyuan road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, No.9 Seyuan road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P.R. China
| | - Fufang Xia
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang road, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, No.9 Seyuan road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P.R. China
| | - Jiaying Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang road, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Xiangkai Zhuge
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang road, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, No.9 Seyuan road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P.R. China.
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Gan Y, Zhao G, Wang Z, Zhang X, Wu MX, Lu M. Bacterial Membrane Vesicles: Physiological Roles, Infection Immunology, and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301357. [PMID: 37357142 PMCID: PMC10477901 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial or fungal membrane vesicles, traditionally considered as microbial metabolic wastes, are secreted mainly from the outer membrane or cell membrane of microorganisms. However, recent studies have shown that these vesicles play essential roles in direct or indirect communications among microorganisms and between microorganisms and hosts. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of the physiological functions and emerging applications of bacterial membrane vesicles, with a focus on their biogenesis, mechanisms of adsorption and invasion into host cells, immune stimulatory effects, and roles in the much-concerned problem of bacterial resistance. Additionally, the potential applications of these vesicles as biomarkers, vaccine candidates, and drug delivery platforms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Gan
- Department of Transfusion MedicineHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040P. R. China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- Department of Transfusion MedicineHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040P. R. China
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
| | - Mei X. Wu
- Wellman Center for PhotomedicineMassachusetts General HospitalDepartment of DermatologyHarvard Medical School, 50 Blossom StreetBostonMA02114USA
| | - Min Lu
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200240P. R. China
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Woo JH, Kim S, Lee T, Lee JC, Shin JH. Production of Membrane Vesicles in Listeria monocytogenes Cultured with or without Sub-Inhibitory Concentrations of Antibiotics and Their Innate Immune Responses In Vitro. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:415. [PMID: 33805671 PMCID: PMC7998634 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeriosis is a food-borne illness caused by Listeria monocytogenes. Ampicillin (AMP) alone or in combination with gentamicin (GEN) is the first-line treatment option. Membrane vesicle (MV) production in L. monocytogenes under antibiotic stress conditions and pathologic roles of these MVs in hosts have not been reported yet. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the production of MVs in L. monocytogenes cultured with sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of AMP, GEN, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) and determine pathologic effects of these MVs in colon epithelial Caco-2 cells. L. monocytogenes cultured in tryptic soy broth with 1/2 MIC of AMP, GEN, or SXT produced 6.0, 2.9, or 1.5 times more MV particles, respectively, than bacteria cultured without antibiotics. MVs from L. monocytogenes cultured with AMP (MVAMP), GEN (MVGEN), or SXT (MVSXT) were more cytotoxic to Caco-2 cell than MVs obtained from cultivation without antibiotics (MVTSB). MVAMP induced more expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α gene than MVTSB, MVGEN and MVSXT, whereas MVTSB induced more expression of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-8 genes than other MVs. Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes by L. monocytogenes MVs was significantly inhibited by proteinase K treatment of MVs. In conclusion, antibiotic stress can trigger the biogenesis of MVs in L. monocytogenes and MVs produced by L. monocytogenes exposed to sub-MIC of AMP can induce strong pro-inflammatory responses by expressing TNF-α gene in host cells, which may contribute to the pathology of listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwa Woo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (J.-H.W.); (S.K.)
| | - Shukho Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (J.-H.W.); (S.K.)
| | - Taewon Lee
- Department of Applied Mathematics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea;
| | - Je-Chul Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (J.-H.W.); (S.K.)
| | - Ji-Hyun Shin
- Institute of Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
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Terán LC, Distefano M, Bellich B, Petrosino S, Bertoncin P, Cescutti P, Sblattero D. Proteomic Studies of the Biofilm Matrix including Outer Membrane Vesicles of Burkholderia multivorans C1576, a Strain of Clinical Importance for Cystic Fibrosis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1826. [PMID: 33228110 PMCID: PMC7699398 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are aggregates of microbial cells encased in a highly hydrated matrix made up of self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) which consist of polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. While biofilm matrix polysaccharides are unraveled, there is still poor knowledge about the identity and function of matrix-associated proteins. With this work, we performed a comprehensive proteomic approach to disclose the identity of proteins associated with the matrix of biofilm-growing Burkholderia multivorans C1576 reference strain, a cystic fibrosis clinical isolate. Transmission electron microscopy showed that B. multivorans C1576 also releases outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in the biofilm matrix, as already demonstrated for other Gram-negative species. The proteomic analysis revealed that cytoplasmic and membrane-bound proteins are widely represented in the matrix, while OMVs are highly enriched in outer membrane proteins and siderophores. Our data suggest that cell lysis and OMVs production are the most important sources of proteins for the B. multivorans C1576 biofilm matrix. Of note, some of the identified proteins are lytic enzymes, siderophores, and proteins involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. These proteins might help B. multivorans C1576 in host tissue invasion and defense towards immune system assaults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniele Sblattero
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (L.C.T.); (M.D.); (B.B.); (S.P.); (P.B.); (P.C.)
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