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Philippova J, Shevchenko J, Sennikov S. GD2-targeting therapy: a comparative analysis of approaches and promising directions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1371345. [PMID: 38558810 PMCID: PMC10979305 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1371345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Disialoganglioside GD2 is a promising target for immunotherapy with expression primarily restricted to neuroectodermal and epithelial tumor cells. Although its role in the maintenance and repair of neural tissue is well-established, its functions during normal organism development remain understudied. Meanwhile, studies have shown that GD2 plays an important role in tumorigenesis. Its functions include proliferation, invasion, motility, and metastasis, and its high expression and ability to transform the tumor microenvironment may be associated with a malignant phenotype. Structurally, GD2 is a glycosphingolipid that is stably expressed on the surface of tumor cells, making it a suitable candidate for targeting by antibodies or chimeric antigen receptors. Based on mouse monoclonal antibodies, chimeric and humanized antibodies and their combinations with cytokines, toxins, drugs, radionuclides, nanoparticles as well as chimeric antigen receptor have been developed. Furthermore, vaccines and photoimmunotherapy are being used to treat GD2-positive tumors, and GD2 aptamers can be used for targeting. In the field of cell therapy, allogeneic immunocompetent cells are also being utilized to enhance GD2 therapy. Efforts are currently being made to optimize the chimeric antigen receptor by modifying its design or by transducing not only αβ T cells, but also γδ T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, and macrophages. In addition, immunotherapy can combine both diagnostic and therapeutic methods, allowing for early detection of disease and minimal residual disease. This review discusses each immunotherapy method and strategy, its advantages and disadvantages, and highlights future directions for GD2 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey Sennikov
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
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2
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Zhang Y, Patel RP, Kim KH, Cho H, Jo JC, Jeong SH, Oh SY, Choi YS, Kim SH, Lee JH, Angelos M, Guruprasad P, Cohen I, Ugwuanyi O, Lee YG, Pajarillo R, Cho JH, Carturan A, Paruzzo L, Ghilardi G, Wang M, Kim S, Kim SM, Lee HJ, Park JH, Cui L, Lee TB, Hwang IS, Lee YH, Lee YJ, Porazzi P, Liu D, Lee Y, Kim JH, Lee JS, Yoon DH, Chung J, Ruella M. Safety and efficacy of a novel anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cell product targeting a membrane-proximal domain of CD19 with fast on- and off-rates against non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a first-in-human study. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:200. [PMID: 38066564 PMCID: PMC10709913 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commercial anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies (CART19) are efficacious against advanced B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL); however, most patients ultimately relapse. Several mechanisms contribute to this failure, including CD19-negative escape and CAR T dysfunction. All four commercial CART19 products utilize the FMC63 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) specific to a CD19 membrane-distal epitope and characterized by slow association (on) and dissociation (off) rates. We hypothesized that a novel anti-CD19 scFv that engages an alternative CD19 membrane-proximal epitope independent of FMC63 and that is characterized by faster on- and off-rates could mitigate CART19 failure and improve clinical efficacy. METHODS We developed an autologous CART19 product with 4-1BB co-stimulation using a novel humanized chicken antibody (h1218). This antibody is specific to a membrane-proximal CD19 epitope and harbors faster on/off rates compared to FMC63. We tested h1218-CART19 in vitro and in vivo using FMC63-CART19-resistant models. We conducted a first-in-human multi-center phase I clinical trial to test AT101 (clinical-grade h1218-CART19) in patients with relapsed or refractory (r/r) NHL. RESULTS Preclinically, h1218- but not FMC63-CART19 were able to effectively eradicate lymphomas expressing CD19 point mutations (L174V and R163L) or co-expressing FMC63-CAR19 as found in patients relapsing after FMC63-CART19. Furthermore, h1218-CART19 exhibited enhanced killing of B-cell malignancies in vitro and in vivo compared with FMC63-CART19. Mechanistically, we found that h1218-CART19 had reduced activation-induced cell death (AICD) and enhanced expansion compared to FMC63-CART19 owing to faster on- and off-rates. Based on these preclinical results, we performed a phase I dose-escalation trial, testing three dose levels (DL) of AT101 (the GMP version of h1218) using a 3 + 3 design. In 12 treated patients (7 DLBCL, 3 FL, 1 MCL, and 1 MZL), AT101 showed a promising safety profile with 8.3% grade 3 CRS (n = 1) and 8.3% grade 4 ICANS (n = 1). In the whole cohort, the overall response rate was 91.7%, with a complete response rate of 75.0%, which improved to 100% in DL-2 and -3. AT101 expansion correlates with CR and B-cell aplasia. CONCLUSIONS We developed a novel, safe, and potent CART19 product that recognizes a membrane-proximal domain of CD19 with fast on- and off-rates and showed significant efficacy and promising safety in patients with relapsed B-cell NHL. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT05338931; Date: 2022-04-01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlin Zhang
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, SPE 8-112, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruchi P Patel
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, SPE 8-112, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, AbClon Inc., #1401, Ace Twin Tower1, 285 Digital-Ro, Guro-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyungwoo Cho
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Cheol Jo
- Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | | | - Sung Yong Oh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | | | - Sung Hyun Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Mathew Angelos
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, SPE 8-112, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Puneeth Guruprasad
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, SPE 8-112, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ivan Cohen
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, SPE 8-112, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ositadimma Ugwuanyi
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, SPE 8-112, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yong Gu Lee
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, SPE 8-112, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Raymone Pajarillo
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, SPE 8-112, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Alberto Carturan
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, SPE 8-112, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luca Paruzzo
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, SPE 8-112, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guido Ghilardi
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, SPE 8-112, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Wang
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, SPE 8-112, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Soohwan Kim
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, AbClon Inc., #1401, Ace Twin Tower1, 285 Digital-Ro, Guro-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Min Kim
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, AbClon Inc., #1401, Ace Twin Tower1, 285 Digital-Ro, Guro-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Lee
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, AbClon Inc., #1401, Ace Twin Tower1, 285 Digital-Ro, Guro-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, AbClon Inc., #1401, Ace Twin Tower1, 285 Digital-Ro, Guro-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Leiguang Cui
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, AbClon Inc., #1401, Ace Twin Tower1, 285 Digital-Ro, Guro-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Bum Lee
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, AbClon Inc., #1401, Ace Twin Tower1, 285 Digital-Ro, Guro-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Sik Hwang
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, AbClon Inc., #1401, Ace Twin Tower1, 285 Digital-Ro, Guro-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Ha Lee
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, AbClon Inc., #1401, Ace Twin Tower1, 285 Digital-Ro, Guro-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Jun Lee
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, AbClon Inc., #1401, Ace Twin Tower1, 285 Digital-Ro, Guro-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Patrizia Porazzi
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, SPE 8-112, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Yoon Lee
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, AbClon Inc., #1401, Ace Twin Tower1, 285 Digital-Ro, Guro-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, AbClon Inc., #1401, Ace Twin Tower1, 285 Digital-Ro, Guro-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Seo Lee
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, AbClon Inc., #1401, Ace Twin Tower1, 285 Digital-Ro, Guro-Gu, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Dok Hyun Yoon
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Junho Chung
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Suite 510, Samsung Cancer Research Building, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Marco Ruella
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, SPE 8-112, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Zhang H, Yang Y, Li X, Yuan X, Chu Q. Targeting the Notch signaling pathway and the Notch ligand, DLL3, in small cell lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114248. [PMID: 36645960 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive and poorly differentiated cancer with high-grade neuroendocrine (NE) features, accounting for approximately 15 % of all lung cancers. For decades, chemotherapy and radiotherapy have predominated the treatment strategy for SCLC, but relapses ensue quickly and result in poor survival of patients. Immunotherapy has brought novel insights, yet the efficacy is still restricted to a limited population with SCLC. Notch signaling is identified to play a key role in the initiation and development of SCLC, and the Notch ligand, Delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) is found broadly and specifically expressed in SCLC cells. Thus, Notch signaling is under active exploration as a potential therapeutic target in SCLC. Herein, we summarized and updated the functional relevance of Notch signaling in SCLC, discussed Notch signaling-targeted therapy for SCLC and the correspondent preclinical and clinical trials, and investigated the promising synergy effects of Notch signaling targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China.
| | - Yunkai Yang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China.
| | - Xuchang Li
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China.
| | - Xun Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China.
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China.
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4
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Mao R, Kong W, He Y. The affinity of antigen-binding domain on the antitumor efficacy of CAR T cells: Moderate is better. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1032403. [PMID: 36325345 PMCID: PMC9618871 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1032403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells (CARTs) remain limited in solid tumors despite intensive studies that aim at targeting multiple antigens, enhancing migration, reducing tonic signaling, and improving tumor microenvironment. On the other hand, how the affinity and engaging kinetics of antigen-binding domain (ABD) affects the CART's efficacy has not been carefully investigated. In this article, we first analyzed 38 published solid tumor CART trials and correlated the response rate to their ABD affinity. Not surprisingly, majority (25 trials) of the CARTs utilized high-affinity ABDs, but generated merely 5.7% response rate. In contrast, 35% of the patients treated with the CARTs built from moderate-affinity ABDs had clinical responses. Thus, CARTs with moderate-affinity ABDs not only have less off-target toxicity, but also are more effective. We then reviewed the effects of ABD affinity on the biology and function of CARTs, providing further evidence that moderate-affinity ABDs may be better in CART development. In the end, we propose that a fast-on/fast-off (high Kon and Koff ) kinetics of CART-target engagement in solid tumor allow CARTs to generate sufficient signaling to kill tumor cells without being driven to exhaustion. We believe that studying the ABD affinity and the kinetics of CART-tumor interaction may hold a key to designing effective CARTs for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Mao
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Wanqing Kong
- South Carolina Governors School for Science and Math, Hartsville, SC, United States
| | - Yukai He
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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5
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Espinosa-Cotton M, Cheung NKV. Bispecific antibodies for the treatment of neuroblastoma. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108241. [PMID: 35830901 PMCID: PMC10351215 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAb) are a new generation of antibody-based therapy, conveying artificial specificity to polyclonal T cells or radiohaptens. These drugs have been successfully implemented to cure hematologic malignancies and are under clinical investigation for solid tumors including HRNB. BsAbs designed to engage T cells or increase the therapeutic index of radiotherapy hold the potential to significantly improve the long-term survival of HRNB patients by shrinking bulky tumors and more effectively eliminating micrometastases and preventing relapse. BsAbs can also be used to arm T cells, yielding a product analogous to CAR T cells, possibly with an improved safety profile. A thoughtful and realistic integration of these therapies into the standard of care should benefit more patients worldwide. Here we describe the history of development of BsAbs for HRNB, which dates back almost three decades. We discuss the merits and pitfalls of all relevant BsAbs, including T cell-engagers and agents used for radioimmunotherapy, highlighting the importance of structural design and interdomain spacing for anti-tumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn Espinosa-Cotton
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, NY 10065, New York.
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, NY 10065, New York
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Caraballo Galva LD, Jiang X, Hussein MS, Zhang H, Mao R, Brody P, Peng Y, He AR, Kehinde-Ige M, Sadek R, Qiu X, Shi H, He Y. Novel low-avidity glypican-3 specific CARTs resist exhaustion and mediate durable antitumor effects against HCC. Hepatology 2022; 76:330-344. [PMID: 34897774 PMCID: PMC10568540 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chimeric antigen receptor engineered T cells (CARTs) for HCC and other solid tumors are not as effective as they are for blood cancers. CARTs may lose function inside tumors due to persistent antigen engagement. The aims of this study are to develop low-affinity monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and low-avidity CARTs for HCC and to test the hypothesis that low-avidity CARTs can resist exhaustion and maintain functions in solid tumors, generating durable antitumor effects. METHODS AND RESULTS New human glypican-3 (hGPC3) mAbs were developed from immunized mice. We obtained three hGPC3-specific mAbs that stained HCC tumors, but not the adjacent normal liver tissues. One of them, 8F8, bound an epitope close to that of GC33, the frequently used high-affinity mAb, but with approximately 17-fold lower affinity. We then compared the 8F8 CARTs to GC33 CARTs for their in vitro function and in vivo antitumor effects. In vitro, low-avidity 8F8 CARTs killed both hGPC3high and hGPC3low HCC tumor cells to the same extent as high-avidity GC33 CARTs. 8F8 CARTs expanded and persisted to a greater extent than GC33 CARTs, resulting in durable responses against HCC xenografts. Importantly, compared with GC33 CARTs, there were 5-fold more of 8F8-BBz CARTs in the tumor mass for a longer period of time. Remarkably, the tumor-infiltrating 8F8 CARTs were less exhausted and apoptotic, and more functional than GC33 CARTs. CONCLUSION The low-avidity 8F8-BBz CART resists exhaustion and apoptosis inside tumor lesions, demonstrating a greater therapeutic potential than high-avidity CARTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaotao Jiang
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mohamed S. Hussein
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Huajun Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Rui Mao
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Pierce Brody
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yibing Peng
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aiwu Ruth He
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Mercy Kehinde-Ige
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ramses Sadek
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Huidong Shi
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yukai He
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Chen X, Chen Y, Liang R, Xiang L, Li J, Zhu Y, He H, Huang L, Zuo D, Li W, Liang X, Dong S, Hu S, Ho M, Feng M. Combination Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by GPC3-Targeted Bispecific Antibody and Irinotecan is Potent in Suppressing Tumor Growth in Mice. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 21:149-158. [PMID: 34725191 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a world leading cause of cancer-related mortality, and currently no curative treatment for advanced HCC is available. Glypican-3 (GPC3) is an attractive target for HCC immunotherapy. This study explored the efficacy of six GPC3-targeted bispecific antibodies, alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic drug Irinotecan, for the treatment of HCC. The bispecific antibodies were constructed using three different structures, knob-into-hole (KH), scFv-scFv-hFc, and scFv-hFc-scFv, where CD3-targeting mAb OKT3 (scFv) was paired with two representative GPC3 mAbs hYP7 (scFv) and HN3 (VH only) that target different epitopes. The In vitro cell killing assay revealed that all bispecific antibodies efficiently killed GPC3 positive cancer cells, with hYP7-KH, hYP7-OKT3-hFc, and HN3-KH being most potent. In vivo xenograft mouse studies demonstrated that all bispecific antibodies suppressed tumor growth similarly, with hYP7-OKT3-hFc performing slightly better. Combination of hYP7-OKT3-hFc with Irinotecan dramatically improved the efficacy and arrested tumor growth of HepG2, Hep3B, and G1 in xenograft mice. Our results demonstrated that the cell surface proximal bispecific antibody hYP7-OKT3-hFc was superior in terms of potency and the GPC3-targeted bispecific antibody combined with Irinotecan was much potent to control HCC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanmin Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rong Liang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lanxin Xiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuankui Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huixia He
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Le Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dianbao Zuo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Weihang Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xinjun Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuang Dong
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Mingqian Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China. .,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Zhang M, Zhao Z, Pritykin Y, Hannum M, Scott AC, Kuo F, Sanghvi V, Chan TA, Seshan V, Wendel HG, Schietinger A, Sadelain M, Huse M. Ectopic activation of the miR-200c-EpCAM axis enhances antitumor T cell responses in models of adoptive cell therapy. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabg4328. [PMID: 34524864 PMCID: PMC9374309 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abg4328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) is a promising strategy for treating cancer, but it often fails because of cell intrinsic regulatory programs that limit the degree or duration of T cell function. In this study, we found that ectopic expression of microRNA-200c (miR-200c) markedly enhanced the antitumor activity of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) during ACT in multiple mouse models. CTLs transduced with miR-200c exhibited reduced apoptosis during engraftment and enhanced in vivo persistence, accompanied by up-regulation of the transcriptional regulator T cell factor 1 (TCF1) and the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF). miR-200c elicited these changes by suppressing the transcription factor Zeb1 and thereby inducing genes characteristic of epithelial cells. Overexpression of one of these genes, Epcam, was sufficient to augment therapeutic T cell responses against both solid and liquid tumors. These results identify the miR-200c–EpCAM axis as an avenue for improving ACT and demonstrate that select genetic perturbations can produce phenotypically distinct T cells with advantageous therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Zhang
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zeguo Zhao
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yuri Pritykin
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Computer Science Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Margaret Hannum
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew C Scott
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fengshen Kuo
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Viraj Sanghvi
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Timothy A Chan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Venkatraman Seshan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hans-Guido Wendel
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrea Schietinger
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Morgan Huse
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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9
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Lin TY, Park JA, Long A, Guo HF, Cheung NKV. Novel potent anti-STEAP1 bispecific antibody to redirect T cells for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003114. [PMID: 34497115 PMCID: PMC8438958 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis for metastatic Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (EFT) is still poor despite high-dose chemotherapy and radiation treatment. Immunotherapies hold promise, but cancer antigen-targeting immunotherapies have largely failed to induce effective T cell receptor-mediated antitumor response. However, T cell-engaging bispecific antibodies (T-BsAbs) have yet to be adequately explored. METHODS Rehumanized STEAP1-IgG was used to build T-BsAb (named BC261) using the 2+2 IgG-[L]-scFv platform carrying the anti-CD3 huOKT3 scFv as the second specificity. Its binding epitope mapping, species cross-reactivity, tumor cell line staining, and in vitro cytotoxicity were investigated thoroughly. Its potency in driving tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was quantified using bioluminescence, correlated with in vivo antitumor response against cell line-derived or patient-derived xenografts (CDXs or PDXs) and compared with anti-STEAP1 T-BsAbs built on representative antibody platforms. RESULTS BC261 binding epitope was mapped to its second extracellular domain of STEAP1 shared among canine and primate orthologs. BC261 induced potent cytotoxicity against panels of EFT, prostate cancer, and canine osteosarcoma cell lines despite their low antigen density. BC261 drove significantly more TILs into tumors (30-fold) and exerted superior antitumor effects compared with the other standard BsAb platforms. The antitumor efficacy of BC261 was consistent against EFT and prostate cancer CDXs and PDXs. CONCLUSIONS BC261 was highly efficient in driving T cell infiltration and tumor ablation. Either as stand-alone therapeutics or for ex vivo armed T cells, this novel anti-STEAP1 T-BsAb BC261 has therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yi Lin
- Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeong A Park
- Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alan Long
- Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hong-Fen Guo
- Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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10
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Nakajima M, Guo HF, Hoseini SS, Suzuki M, Xu H, Cheung NK. Potent antitumor effect of T cells armed with anti-GD2 bispecific antibody. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e28971. [PMID: 33844437 PMCID: PMC9347186 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humanized 3F8-bispecific antibody (hu3F8-BsAb) using the IgG(L)-scFv format (where scFv is single-chain variable fragment), where the anti-CD3 huOKT3 scFv is fused with the carboxyl end of the hu3F8 light chain, has potent antitumor cytotoxicity against GD2(+) tumors. To overcome the insufficient number and function of T cells in cancer patients, they can be rejuvenated and expanded ex vivo before arming with hu3F8-BsAb for adoptive transfer, potentially reducing toxic side effects from direct BsAb administration. PROCEDURE T cells from normal volunteers were expanded and activated ex vivo using CD3/CD28 beads for 8 days. Activated T cells (ATCs) were harvested and co-incubated with a Good Manufacturing Practice grade hu3F8-BsAb at room temperature for 20 min. These armed ATCs were tested for cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo against human GD2(+) cell lines and patient-derived xenografts in BALB-Rag2-/- IL-2R-γc-KO mice. RESULTS Hu3F8-BsAb armed ATCs showed robust antigen-specific tumor cytotoxicity against GD2(+) tumors in vitro. In vivo, T cells armed with hu3F8-BsAb were highly cytotoxic against GD2(+) melanoma and neuroblastoma xenografts in mice, accompanied by T-cell infiltration without significant side effects. Only zeptomole (10-21 ) quantities of BsAb per T cell was required for maximal antitumor effects. Tumor response was a function of T-cell dose. CONCLUSION BsAb armed T cells may have clinical utility as the next generation of cytotherapy combined with recombinant BsAb against human tumors for both adult and pediatrics, if autologous T cells can be activated and expanded ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Nakajima
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK), New York, New York,Current Address: Department of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hong-fen Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK), New York, New York
| | | | - Maya Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK), New York, New York,Current Address: Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK), New York, New York
| | - Nai-Kong Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK), New York, New York
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11
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Chen X, Amar N, Zhu Y, Wang C, Xia C, Yang X, Wu D, Feng M. Combined DLL3-targeted bispecific antibody with PD-1 inhibition is efficient to suppress small cell lung cancer growth. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000785. [PMID: 32554616 PMCID: PMC7304844 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for 15% of lung cancers, and the primary treatment of this malignancy is chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Delta-like 3 (DLL3) is an attractive target for SCLC immunotherapy since its expression is highly restricted to SCLC with a neglectable appearance on normal adult tissues. In the current study, we aimed to explore the efficacy of DLL3-targeted SCLC immunotherapy via the engagement of T cell. Methods As a proof of concept, we constructed DLL3-targeted bispecific antibody and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells. In vitro and in vivo tumor-suppression activity of these treatments alone or in combination with a Program Death-1 (PD-1) inhibitory antibody was evaluated. Results In vitro studies showed that both DLL3 bispecific antibody and CAR-T efficiently killed DLL3-positive cancer cells, including the native SCLC cell lines H446, H196, H82, and the artificial A431 cells that were forcefully overexpressing DLL3. In vivo studies in xenograft mouse models demonstrated that both bispecific antibody and CAR-T suppressed the tumor growth, and combination therapy with PD-1 inhibitory antibody dramatically improved the efficacy of the DLL3 bispecific antibody, but not the CAR-T cells. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that DLL3-targeted bispecific antibody plus PD-1 inhibition was effective in controlling SCLC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Norhan Amar
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuankui Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chunguang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jilin University Second Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunjiao Xia
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Hospital of Huazhong Agricultural University, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongde Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mingqian Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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12
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Park JA, Santich BH, Xu H, Lum LG, Cheung NKV. Potent ex vivo armed T cells using recombinant bispecific antibodies for adoptive immunotherapy with reduced cytokine release. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e002222. [PMID: 33986124 PMCID: PMC8126293 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell-based immunotherapies using chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) or bispecific antibodies (BsAb) have produced impressive responses in hematological malignancies. However, major hurdles remained, including cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity, on-target off-tumor effects, reliance on autologous T cells, and failure in most solid tumors. BsAb armed T cells offer a safe alternative. METHODS We generated ex vivo armed T cells (EATs) using IgG-[L]-scFv-platformed BsAb, where the anti-CD3 (huOKT3) scFv was attached to the light chain of a tumor-binding IgG. BsAb density on EAT, in vitro cytotoxicity, cytokine release, in vivo trafficking into tumors, and their antitumor activities were evaluated in multiple cancer cell lines and patient-derived xenograft mouse models. The efficacy of EATs after cryopreservation was studied, and gamma delta (γδ) T cells were investigated as unrelated alternative effector T cells. RESULTS The antitumor potency of BsAb armed T cells was substantially improved using the IgG-[L]-scFv BsAb platform. When compared with separate BsAb and T cell injection, EATs released less TNF-α, and infiltrated tumors faster, while achieving robust antitumor responses. The in vivo potency of EAT therapy depended on BsAb dose for arming, EAT cell number per injection, total number of EAT doses, and treatment schedule intensity. The antitumor efficacy of EATs was preserved following cryopreservation, and EATs using γδ T cells were safe and as effective as αβ T cell-EATs. CONCLUSIONS EATs exerted potent antitumor activities against a broad spectrum of human cancer targets with remarkable safety. The antitumor potency of EATs depended on BsAb dose, cell number and total dose, and schedule. EATs were equally effective after cryopreservation, and the feasibility of third-party γδ-EATs offered an alternative for autologous T cell sources.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/genetics
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/immunology
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/transplantation
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Phenotype
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong A Park
- Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brian H Santich
- Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hong Xu
- Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lawrence G Lum
- Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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13
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Heitmann JS, Walz JS, Pflügler M, Kauer J, Schlenk RF, Jung G, Salih HR. Protocol of a prospective, multicentre phase I study to evaluate the safety, tolerability and preliminary efficacy of the bispecific PSMAxCD3 antibody CC-1 in patients with castration-resistant prostate carcinoma. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039639. [PMID: 33067297 PMCID: PMC7569941 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. When the disease becomes resistant to androgen-deprivation therapy, treatment options are sparse. To address the high medical need in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), we generated a novel PSMAxCD3 bispecific antibody termed CC-1. CC-1 binds to prostate-specific membrane antigen that is expressed on prostate cancer cells and tumour vessels, thereby allowing a dual anticancer effect. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This first in human clinical study is a prospective and multicentre trial which enrols patients with metastatic CRPC after failure of established third-line therapy. CC-1 is applied after prophylactic interleukin-6 receptor blockade with tocilizumab (once 8 mg/kg body weight). Each patient receives at least one cycle of CC-1 over a time course of 7 days in an inpatient setting. If clinical benefit is observed, up to five additional cycles of CC-1 can be applied. The study is divided in two parts: (1) a dose escalation phase with intraindividual dose increase from 28 µg to the target dose of 1156 µg based on a modified fast titration design by Simon et al to determine safety, tolerability and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) as primary endpoints and (2) a dose expansion phase with additional 14 patients on the MTD level of part (1) to identify first signs of efficacy. Secondary endpoints compromise overall safety, tumour response, survival and a translational research programme with, among others, the analysis of CC-1 half-life, the induced immune response, as well as the molecular profiling in liquid biopsies. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The PSMAxCD3 study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The University Hospital Tübingen (100/2019AMG1) and the Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (3684/02). Clinical trial results will be published in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT04104607) and ClinicalTrials.eu Registry (EudraCT2019-000238-20).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas S Heitmann
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) 'Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies', University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juliane S Walz
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) 'Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies', University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Pflügler
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joseph Kauer
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Richard F Schlenk
- National Center of Tumor Diseases-Trial Center, National Center of Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gundram Jung
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Helmut R Salih
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) 'Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies', University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Rodrigues Mantuano N, Natoli M, Zippelius A, Läubli H. Tumor-associated carbohydrates and immunomodulatory lectins as targets for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001222. [PMID: 33020245 PMCID: PMC7537339 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During oncogenesis, tumor cells present specific carbohydrate chains that are new targets for cancer immunotherapy. Whereas these tumor-associated carbohydrates (TACA) can be targeted with antibodies and vaccination approaches, TACA including sialic acid-containing glycans are able to inhibit anticancer immune responses by engagement of immune receptors on leukocytes. A family of immune-modulating receptors are sialic acid-binding Siglec receptors that have been recently described to inhibit antitumor activity mediated by myeloid cells, natural killer cells and T cells. Other TACA-binding receptors including selectins have been linked to cancer progression. Recent studies have shown that glycan-lectin interactions can be targeted to improve cancer immunotherapy. For example, interactions between the immune checkpoint T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 and the lectin galectin-9 are targeted in clinical trials. In addition, an antibody against the lectin Siglec-15 is being tested in an early clinical trial. In this review, we summarize the previous and current efforts to target TACA and to inhibit inhibitory immune receptors binding to TACA including the Siglec-sialoglycan axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Natoli
- Department of Biomedicine, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Department of Biomedicine, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Läubli
- Department of Biomedicine, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Rashidijahanabad Z, Huang X. Recent advances in tumor associated carbohydrate antigen based chimeric antigen receptor T cells and bispecific antibodies for anti-cancer immunotherapy. Semin Immunol 2020; 47:101390. [PMID: 31982247 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) are a class of attractive antigens for the development of anti-cancer immunotherapy. Besides monoclonal antibodies and vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) targeting TACA are exciting directions to harness the power of the immune system to fight cancer. In this review, we focus on two TACAs, i.e., the GD2 ganglioside and the mucin-1 (MUC1) protein. The latest advances in CAR T cells and bispecific antibodies targeting these two antigens are presented. The roles of co-stimulatory molecules, structures of the sequences for antigen binding, methods for CAR and antibody construction, as well as strategies to enhance solid tumor penetration and reduce T cell exhaustion and death are discussed. Furthermore, approaches to reduce "on target, off tumor" side effects are introduced. With further development, CAR T cells and BsAbs targeting GD2 and MUC1 can become powerful agents to effectively treat solid tumor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/genetics
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/metabolism
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/immunology
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Gangliosides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Gangliosides/chemistry
- Gangliosides/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Mucin-1/immunology
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/chemistry
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rashidijahanabad
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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16
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Direct comparison of target-reactivity and cross-reactivity induced by CAR- and BiTE-redirected T cells for the development of antibody-based T-cell therapy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13293. [PMID: 31527633 PMCID: PMC6746725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) has led to the successful application of cancer immunotherapy. The potential reactivity mediated by CAR- and BiTE-redirected T cells needs to be assessed to facilitate the application of these treatment options to a broader range of patients. Here, we have generated CAR and BiTE possessing the same single chain fragment variable (scFv) specific for the HLA-A2/NY-ESO-1157-165 complex (A2/NY-ESO-1157). Using HLA-A2+NY-ESO-1+ myeloma cells and peptides presented by HLA-A2 molecules as a model, both sets of redirected T cells recognized and killed HLA-A2+NY-ESO-1+ myeloma cells in an A2/NY-ESO-1157-specific manner in vitro. Moreover, CAR- and BiTE-activated T cells showed similar functional avidity, as assessed by cytokine production and killing activity, both displaying antitumor reactivity against HLA-A2+NY-ESO-1+ myeloma cells in vivo. Interestingly, cross-reactivity for homologous peptides presented by HLA-A*02:01 and NY-ESO-1157 peptide presented by HLA-A2 alleles was not identical between CAR- and BiTE-redirected T cells, probably due to structural differences of modified antibodies. These results have demonstrated that both antitumor CAR- and BiTE-activated T cells have comparable potential to recognize tumors, while paying attention to unknown off-target reactivity that would differ for each antibody-based modality even if the same scFv was employed.
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17
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Optimization of manufacturing conditions for chimeric antigen receptor T cells to favor cells with a central memory phenotype. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:593-602. [PMID: 30975603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are genetically engineered to recognize tumor-associated antigens and have potent cytolytic activity against tumors. Adoptive therapy with CAR-T cells has been highly successful in B-cell leukemia and lymphoma. However, in solid tumor settings, CAR-T cells face a particularly hostile tumor microenvironment where multiple immune suppressive factors serve to thwart the anti-cancer immune response. Clinical trials of solid tumor antigen-targeted CAR-T cells have shown limited efficacy, and issues for current CAR-T cell therapies include failures of expansion and persistence, tumor entry, deletion and functional exhaustion. METHODS We compared our standard protocol for CAR-T cell manufacturing, currently used to generate CAR-T cells for a phase 1 clinical trial, with two alternative approaches for T-cell activation and expansion. The resulting cultures were analyzed using multicolor flow cytometry, cytokine bead array and xCELLigence cytotoxicity assays. RESULTS We have found that by changing the method of activation we can promote generation of CAR-T cells with enhanced CD62L and CCR7 expression, increased interleukin (IL)-2 production and retention of cytolytic activity, albeit with slower kinetics. DISCUSSION We propose that these phenotypic characteristics are consistent with a central memory phenotype that will better enable CAR-T cell survival and persistence after activation in vivo, and we aim to test this in a continuation of our current phase 1 clinical trial of CAR-T cells in patients with advanced melanoma.
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18
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Keyel ME, Reynolds CP. Spotlight on dinutuximab in the treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma: development and place in therapy. Biologics 2018; 13:1-12. [PMID: 30613134 PMCID: PMC6306059 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s114530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a pediatric cancer of the sympathetic nervous system which accounts for 8% of childhood cancers. Most NBs express high levels of the disialoganglioside GD2. Several antibodies have been developed to target GD2 on NB, including the human/mouse chimeric antibody ch14.18, known as dinutuximab. Dinutuximab used in combination with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-2, and isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid) has a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-registered indication for treating high-risk NB patients who achieved at least a partial response to prior first-line multi-agent, multimodality therapy. The FDA registration resulted from a prospective randomized trial assessing the benefit of adding dinutuximab + cytokines to post-myeloablative maintenance therapy for high-risk NB. Dinutuximab has also shown promising antitumor activity when combined with temozolomide and irinotecan in treating NB progressive disease. Clinical activity of dinutuximab and other GD2-targeted therapies relies on the presence of the GD2 antigen on NB cells. Some NBs have been reported as GD2 low or negative, and such tumor cells could be nonresponsive to anti-GD2 therapy. As dinutuximab relies on complement and effector cells to mediate NB killing, factors affecting those components of patient response may also decrease dinutuximab effectiveness. This review summarizes the development of GD2 antibody-targeted therapy, the use of dinutuximab in both up-front and salvage therapy for high-risk NB, and the potential mechanisms of resistance to dinutuximab.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Patrick Reynolds
- Cancer Center,
- Department of Pediatrics,
- Department of Internal Medicine,
- Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA,
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19
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Majzner RG, Weber EW, Lynn RC, Xu P, Mackall CL. Neurotoxicity Associated with a High-Affinity GD2 CAR-Letter. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:494-495. [PMID: 29610423 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robbie G Majzner
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Evan W Weber
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Rachel C Lynn
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.
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20
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Richman SA, Milone MC. Neurotoxicity Associated with a High-Affinity GD2 CAR-Response. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:496-497. [PMID: 29610424 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Richman
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael C Milone
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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21
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Slaney CY, Wang P, Darcy PK, Kershaw MH. CARs versus BiTEs: A Comparison between T Cell–Redirection Strategies for Cancer Treatment. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:924-934. [DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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22
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Kholodenko IV, Kalinovsky DV, Doronin II, Deyev SM, Kholodenko RV. Neuroblastoma Origin and Therapeutic Targets for Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:7394268. [PMID: 30116755 PMCID: PMC6079467 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7394268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a pediatric solid cancer of heterogeneous clinical behavior. The unique features of this type of cancer frequently hamper the process of determining clinical presentation and predicting therapy effectiveness. The tumor can spontaneously regress without treatment or actively develop and give rise to metastases despite aggressive multimodal therapy. In recent years, immunotherapy has become one of the most promising approaches to the treatment of neuroblastoma. Still, only one drug for targeted immunotherapy of neuroblastoma, chimeric monoclonal GD2-specific antibodies, is used in the clinic today, and its application has significant limitations. In this regard, the development of effective and safe GD2-targeted immunotherapies and analysis of other potential molecular targets for the treatment of neuroblastoma represents an important and topical task. The review summarizes biological characteristics of the origin and development of neuroblastoma and outlines molecular markers of neuroblastoma and modern immunotherapy approaches directed towards these markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Kholodenko
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Pogodinskaya St., Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Daniel V. Kalinovsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Igor I. Doronin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia
- Real Target LLC, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Sergey M. Deyev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia
- Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine (PhysBio), National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - Roman V. Kholodenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia
- Real Target LLC, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia
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23
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Pearce OMT. Cancer glycan epitopes: biosynthesis, structure and function. Glycobiology 2018; 28:670-696. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver M T Pearce
- Centre for Cancer & Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
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24
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Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has been clinically validated as a curative treatment for the difficult to treat malignancies of relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and lymphoma. Here, the CAR-T cells are re-directed towards a single antigen, CD19, which is recognised as a virtually ideal CAR target antigen because it has strong, uniform expression on cancer cells, and is otherwise expressed only on healthy B cells, which are 'dispensable'. Notwithstanding the clinical success of CD19-CAR-T cell therapy, its single specificity has driven therapeutic resistance in 30% or more of cases with CD19-negative leukaemic relapses. Immune checkpoint blockade is also a highly successful cancer immunotherapeutic approach, but it will be less useful for many patients whose malignancies either lack a substantial somatic mutation load or whose tumours are intrinsically resistant. Although CAR-T cell therapy could serve this unmet medical need, it is beset by several major limitations. There is a lack of candidate antigens that would satisfy the requirements for ideal CAR targets. Biological properties such as clonal heterogeneity and micro-environmental conditions hostile to T cells are inherent to many solid tumours. Past clinical studies indicate that on-target, off-tumour toxicities of CAR-T cell therapy may severely hamper its application. Therefore, re-designing CARs to increase the number of antigen specificities recognised by CAR-T cells will broaden tumour antigen coverage, potentially overcoming tumour heterogeneity and limiting tumour antigen escape. Tuning the balance of signalling within bi-specific CAR-T cells may enable tumour targeting while sparing normal tissues, and thus minimise on-target, off-tumour toxicities.
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25
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García-Martínez E, Smith M, Buqué A, Aranda F, de la Peña FA, Ivars A, Cánovas MS, Conesa MAV, Fucikova J, Spisek R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Immunostimulation with recombinant cytokines for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1433982. [PMID: 29872569 PMCID: PMC5980390 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1433982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines regulate virtually aspects of innate and adaptive immunity, including the initiation, execution and extinction of tumor-targeting immune responses. Over the past three decades, the possibility of using recombinant cytokines as a means to elicit or boost clinically relevant anticancer immune responses has attracted considerable attention. However, only three cytokines have been approved so far by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for use in cancer patients, namely, recombinant interleukin (IL)-2 and two variants of recombinant interferon alpha 2 (IFN-α2a and IFN-α2b). Moreover, the use of these cytokines in the clinics is steadily decreasing, mostly as a consequence of: (1) the elevated pleiotropism of IL-2, IFN-α2a and IFN-α2b, resulting in multiple unwarranted effects; and (2) the development of highly effective immunostimulatory therapeutics, such as immune checkpoint blockers. Despite this and other obstacles, research in the field continues as alternative cytokines with restricted effects on specific cell populations are being evaluated. Here, we summarize research preclinical and clinical developments on the use of recombinant cytokines for immunostimulation in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena García-Martínez
- Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | - Melody Smith
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alejandra Ivars
- Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Sanchez Cánovas
- Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
- Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
- Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France
- Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pôle de Biologie, Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, France
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Yu J, Wu X, Yan J, Yu H, Xu L, Chi Z, Sheng X, Si L, Cui C, Dai J, Ma M, Xu T, Kong Y, Guo J. Anti-GD2/4-1BB chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy for the treatment of Chinese melanoma patients. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:1. [PMID: 29298689 PMCID: PMC5751546 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells have demonstrated promising clinical efficacy in patients with B cell lymphoma. However, the application of CAR-T cell therapy in the treatment of other solid tumors has been limited. We incorporated 4-1BB into the anti-GD2 CAR-T cells to test their cytotoxicity in melanoma in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we reported the expression of ganglioside GD2 in non-Caucasian melanoma populations for the first time, thus providing a basis for future clinical research. Methods This study included tumor samples from 288 melanoma patients at the Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute. Clinical data were collected. Immunohistochemical assays using antibodies against ganglioside GD2 were performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens. The ability of ganglioside GD2 CAR-T cells to kill ganglioside GD2+ melanoma cells was evaluated in vitro and in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. Results Among the 288 samples, 49.3% of cases (142/288) demonstrated positive staining with ganglioside GD2. The median survival time in patients exhibiting ganglioside GD2 expression was significantly shorter than that in patients without ganglioside GD2 expression (31 vs. 47.1 months, P < 0.001). In the present study, CAR was constructed using a GD2-specific scFv (14.G2a), T cell receptor CD3ζ chain, and the CD137 (4-1BB) costimulatory motif. In addition, the GD2.BBζ CAR-T cells demonstrated specific lysis of ganglioside GD2-expressing melanoma cells in vitro. In two PDX models, mice that received intravenous or local intratumor injections of GD2.BBζ CAR-T cells experienced rapid tumor regression. Conclusions These data demonstrate that the rate of GD2 expression in Chinese patients is 49.3%. GD2.BBζ CAR-T cells can both efficiently lyse melanoma in a GD2-specific manner and release Th1 cytokines in an antigen-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. Anti-GD2/4-1BB CAR-T cells represent a clinically appealing treatment strategy for Chinese melanoma patients exhibiting GD2 expression and provide a basis for future studies of the clinical application of immunotherapy for melanoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13045-017-0548-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Yu
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xiaowen Wu
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Junya Yan
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Longwen Xu
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhihong Chi
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xinan Sheng
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Lu Si
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Chuanliang Cui
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jie Dai
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Meng Ma
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Tianxiao Xu
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, 100142, China.
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27
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Le TP, Thai TH. The State of Cellular Adoptive Immunotherapy for Neuroblastoma and Other Pediatric Solid Tumors. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1640. [PMID: 29225605 PMCID: PMC5705544 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on adult cancer immunotherapy is proceeding at a rapid pace resulting in an impressive success rate exemplified by a few high profile cases. However, this momentum is not readily extended to pediatric immunotherapy, and it is not for lack of trying. Though reasons for the slower advance are not apparent, some issues can be raised. Pediatric cancer patients represent a distinct demographic group whose immune system is inherently different from that of mature adults. Treating pediatric patients with immunotherapy designed for adults may not yield objective clinical responses. Here, we will present an update on adoptive T-cell and natural killer-cell therapies for neuroblastoma and other childhood solid tumors. Additionally, we will delineate key differences between human fetal/neonatal and adult immune systems. We hope this will generate interests leading to the discussion of potential future directions for improving adoptive cancer immunotherapy for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Phuong Le
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - To-Ha Thai
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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