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Saijo A, Ogino H, Butowski NA, Tedesco MR, Gibson D, Watchmaker PB, Okada K, Wang AS, Shai A, Salazar AM, Molinaro AM, Rabbitt JE, Shahin M, Perry A, Clarke JL, Taylor JW, Daras M, Oberheim Bush NA, Hervey-Jumper SL, Phillips JJ, Chang SM, Hilf N, Mayer-Mokler A, Keler T, Berger MS, Okada H. A combinatory vaccine with IMA950 plus varlilumab promotes effector memory T-cell differentiation in the peripheral blood of patients with low-grade gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:335-347. [PMID: 37758193 PMCID: PMC10836773 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system (CNS) WHO grade 2 low-grade glioma (LGG) patients are at high risk for recurrence and with unfavorable long-term prognosis due to the treatment resistance and malignant transformation to high-grade glioma. Considering the relatively intact systemic immunity and slow-growing nature, immunotherapy may offer an effective treatment option for LGG patients. METHODS We conducted a prospective, randomized pilot study to evaluate the safety and immunological response of the multipeptide IMA950 vaccine with agonistic anti-CD27 antibody, varlilumab, in CNS WHO grade 2 LGG patients. Patients were randomized to receive combination therapy with IMA950 + poly-ICLC and varlilumab (Arm 1) or IMA950 + poly-ICLC (Arm 2) before surgery, followed by adjuvant vaccines. RESULTS A total of 14 eligible patients were enrolled in the study. Four patients received pre-surgery vaccines but were excluded from postsurgery vaccines due to the high-grade diagnosis of the resected tumor. No regimen-limiting toxicity was observed. All patients demonstrated a significant increase of anti-IMA950 CD8+ T-cell response postvaccine in the peripheral blood, but no IMA950-reactive CD8+ T cells were detected in the resected tumor. Mass cytometry analyses revealed that adding varlilumab promoted T helper type 1 effector memory CD4+ and effector memory CD8+ T-cell differentiation in the PBMC but not in the tumor microenvironment. CONCLUSION The combinational immunotherapy, including varlilumab, was well-tolerated and induced vaccine-reactive T-cell expansion in the peripheral blood but without a detectable response in the tumor. Further developments of strategies to overcome the blood-tumor barrier are warranted to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy for LGG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuro Saijo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokushima Prefecture Naruto Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Ogino
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Nicholas A Butowski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meghan R Tedesco
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Gibson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Payal B Watchmaker
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaori Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Albert S Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anny Shai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Annette M Molinaro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jane E Rabbitt
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maryam Shahin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arie Perry
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Clarke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennie W Taylor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mariza Daras
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nancy Ann Oberheim Bush
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shawn L Hervey-Jumper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susan M Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Norbert Hilf
- Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Mayer-Mokler
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Theraepeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ, USA
| | - Mitchel S Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Chen W, Wang Y, Ren C, Yu S, Wang C, Xing J, Xu J, Yan S, Zhang T, Li Q, Peng X, Shao Y, Zhang R, Zhang D, Xing D. The role of TNC in atherosclerosis and drug development opportunities. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:127-136. [PMID: 38164188 PMCID: PMC10750296 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.89890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Tenascin C (TNC), a rich glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix, exhibits a pro-atherosclerosis or anti-atherosclerosis effect depending on its location. TNC, especially its C domain/isoform (TNC-C), is strongly overexpressed in atherosclerotic plaque active areas but virtually undetectable in most normal adult tissues, suggesting that TNC is a promising delivery vector target for atherosclerosis-targeted drugs. Many delivery vectors were investigated by recognizing TNC-C, including G11, G11-iRGD, TN11, PL1, and PL3. F16 and FNLM were also investigated by recognizing TNC-A1 and TNC, respectively. Notably, iRGD was undergoing clinical trials. PL1 not only recognizes TNC-C but also the extra domain-B (EDB) of fibronectin (FN), which is also a promising delivery vector for atherosclerosis-targeted drugs, and several conjugate agents are undergoing clinical trials. The F16-conjugate agent F16IL2 is undergoing clinical trials. Therefore, G11-iRGD, PL1, and F16 have great development value. Furthermore, ATN-RNA and IMA950 were investigated in clinical trials as therapeutic drugs and vaccines by targeting TNC, respectively. Therefore, targeting TNC could greatly improve the success rate of atherosclerosis-targeted drugs and/or specific drug development. This review discussed the role of TNC in atherosclerosis, atherosclerosis-targeted drug delivery vectors, and agent development to provide knowledge for drug development targeting TNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujun Chen
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Chunling Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's and Children's Hospital Afliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao Women's and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
| | - Sha Yu
- Obstetrical Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Jiyao Xing
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Jiazhen Xu
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Saisai Yan
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Qian Li
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Xiaojin Peng
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Yingchun Shao
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Renshuai Zhang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Daijun Zhang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Dongming Xing
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Zhou Q, Wang Y, Xin C, Wei X, Yao Y, Xia L. Identification of telomere-associated gene signatures to predict prognosis and drug sensitivity in glioma. Comput Biol Med 2024; 168:107750. [PMID: 38029531 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gliomas are a heterogeneous group of brain tumors with distinct biological and clinical properties, leading to significant mortality and morbidity. Emerging evidence shows telomere maintenance has implicated in glioma susceptibility and prognosis. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed gene signatures related to telomere maintenance in glioma and their predictive values for predicting the prognosis and drug sensitivity in glioma. METHODS We initially identified telomere-related genes differentially expressed between low-grade glioma (LGG) and glioblastoma (GBM) and accordingly developed a risk model by univariate and multivariate Cox analysis to assess the expressions of telomere-related genes across the risk groups. Finally, to assess these genes in immune function the anti-tumor medications often used in the clinical treatment of glioma, we computed immune cell infiltration analysis and drug sensitivity analysis. RESULTS The consensus clustering analysis identified 20 telomere-related genes which split LGG patients into two distinct subtypes. The patient survival, the expressions of key telomere-related DEGs, and immune cell infiltration significantly differed between Cluster 1 and Cluster 2. The LASSO risk model [riskScore=(0.086)*HOXA7+(0.242)*WEE1+(0.247)*IGF2BP3+(0.052)*DUSP10] showed significant differences regarding the 1-, 3-, 5-year overall survival, immune cell infiltration, and drug sensitivity between high- and low-risk groups. The predictive nomogram constructed to quantify the survival probability of each sample at 1, 3, and 5 years was consistent with the actual patient survival. CONCLUSION Our comprehensive characterization of telomere-associated gene signatures in glioma reveals their possible roles in the development, tumor microenvironment, and prognosis. The study provides some suggestive relationships between four telomere-related genes (HOXA7, WEE1, IGF2BP3, and DUSP10) and glioma prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou First People's Hospital, Jingzhou, 434000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yamei Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou First People's Hospital, Jingzhou, 434000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenqi Xin
- Department of Scientific Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou First People's Hospital, Jingzhou, 434000, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoMing Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou First People's Hospital, Jingzhou, 434000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou First People's Hospital, Jingzhou, 434000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liang Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital) Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Alamdari-Palangi V, Jaberi KR, Shahverdi M, Naeimzadeh Y, Tajbakhsh A, Khajeh S, Razban V, Fallahi J. Recent advances and applications of peptide-agent conjugates for targeting tumor cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:15249-15273. [PMID: 37581648 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer, being a complex disease, presents a major challenge for the scientific and medical communities. Peptide therapeutics have played a significant role in different medical practices, including cancer treatment. METHOD This review provides an overview of the current situation and potential development prospects of anticancer peptides (ACPs), with a particular focus on peptide vaccines and peptide-drug conjugates for cancer treatment. RESULTS ACPs can be used directly as cytotoxic agents (molecularly targeted peptides) or can act as carriers (guiding missile) of chemotherapeutic agents and radionuclides by specifically targeting cancer cells. More than 60 natural and synthetic cationic peptides are approved in the USA and other major markets for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Compared to traditional cancer treatments, peptides exhibit anticancer activity with high specificity and the ability to rapidly kill target cancer cells. ACP's target and kill cancer cells via different mechanisms, including membrane disruption, pore formation, induction of apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and regulation of the immune system. Modified peptides have been developed as carriers for drugs, vaccines, and peptide-drug conjugates, which have been evaluated in various phases of clinical trials for the treatment of different types of solid and leukemia cancer. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the potential of ACPs as a promising therapeutic option for cancer treatment, particularly through the use of peptide vaccines and peptide-drug conjugates. Despite the limitations of peptides, such as poor metabolic stability and low bioavailability, modified peptides show promise in addressing these challenges. Various mechanism of action of anticancer peptides. Modes of action against cancer cells including: inducing apoptosis by cytochrome c release, direct cell membrane lysis (necrosis), inhibiting angiogenesis, inducing autophagy-mediated cell death and immune cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahab Alamdari-Palangi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 7133654361, Iran
| | - Khojaste Rahimi Jaberi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahshid Shahverdi
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Yasaman Naeimzadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 7133654361, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 7133654361, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sahar Khajeh
- Bone and Joint Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahid Razban
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 7133654361, Iran.
| | - Jafar Fallahi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 7133654361, Iran.
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5
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Van Gool SW, Van de Vliet P, Kampers LFC, Kosmal J, Sprenger T, Reich E, Schirrmacher V, Stuecker W. Methods behind oncolytic virus-based DC vaccines in cancer: Toward a multiphase combined treatment strategy for Glioblastoma (GBM) patients. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 183:51-113. [PMID: 38548421 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains an orphan cancer disease with poor outcome. Novel treatment strategies are needed. Immunotherapy has several modes of action. The addition of active specific immunotherapy with dendritic cell vaccines resulted in improved overall survival of patients. Integration of DC vaccination within the first-line combined treatment became a challenge, and immunogenic cell death immunotherapy during chemotherapy was introduced. We used a retrospective analysis using real world data to evaluate the complex combined treatment, which included individualized multimodal immunotherapy during and after standard of care, and which required adaptations during treatment, and found a further improvement of overall survival. We also discuss the use of real world data as evidence. Novel strategies to move the field of individualized multimodal immunotherapy forward for GBM patients are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ella Reich
- Immun-onkologisches Zentrum Köln, Cologne, Germany
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6
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Carrera-Aubesart A, Gallo M, Defaus S, Todorovski T, Andreu D. Topoisomeric Membrane-Active Peptides: A Review of the Last Two Decades. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2451. [PMID: 37896211 PMCID: PMC10610229 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, bioactive peptides have been gaining recognition in various biomedical areas, such as intracellular drug delivery (cell-penetrating peptides, CPPs) or anti-infective action (antimicrobial peptides, AMPs), closely associated to their distinct mode of interaction with biological membranes. Exploiting the interaction of membrane-active peptides with diverse targets (healthy, tumoral, bacterial or parasitic cell membranes) is opening encouraging prospects for peptides in therapeutics. However, ordinary peptides formed by L-amino acids are easily decomposed by proteases in biological fluids. One way to sidestep this limitation is to use topoisomers, namely versions of the peptide made up of D-amino acids in either canonic (enantio) or inverted (retroenantio) sequence. Rearranging peptide sequences in this fashion provides a certain degree of native structure mimicry that, in appropriate contexts, may deliver desirable biological activity while avoiding protease degradation. In this review, we will focus on recent accounts of membrane-active topoisomeric peptides with therapeutic applications as CPP drug delivery vectors, or as antimicrobial and anticancer candidates. We will also discuss the most common modes of interaction of these peptides with their membrane targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Carrera-Aubesart
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.-A.); (M.G.); (S.D.); (T.T.)
| | - Maria Gallo
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.-A.); (M.G.); (S.D.); (T.T.)
| | - Sira Defaus
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.-A.); (M.G.); (S.D.); (T.T.)
| | - Toni Todorovski
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.-A.); (M.G.); (S.D.); (T.T.)
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - David Andreu
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.-A.); (M.G.); (S.D.); (T.T.)
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7
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Papadimitriou E, Kanellopoulou VK. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Zeta 1 as a Potential Target in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098093. [PMID: 37175798 PMCID: PMC10178973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor zeta 1 (PTPRZ1) is a type V transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase that is highly expressed during embryonic development, while its expression during adulthood is limited. PTPRZ1 is highly detected in the central nervous system, affecting oligodendrocytes' survival and maturation. In gliomas, PTPRZ1 expression is significantly upregulated and is being studied as a potential cancer driver and as a target for therapy. PTPRZ1 expression is also increased in other cancer types, but there are no data on the potential functional significance of this finding. On the other hand, low PTPRZ1 expression seems to be related to a worse prognosis in some cancer types, suggesting that in some cases, it may act as a tumor-suppressor gene. These discrepancies may be due to our limited understanding of PTPRZ1 signaling and tumor microenvironments. In this review, we present evidence on the role of PTPRZ1 in angiogenesis and cancer and discuss the phenomenal differences among the different types of cancer, depending on the regulation of its tyrosine phosphatase activity or ligand binding. Clarifying the involved signaling pathways will lead to its efficient exploitation as a novel therapeutic target or as a biomarker, and the development of proper therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Papadimitriou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Vasiliki K Kanellopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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8
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Wang J, Weiss T, Neidert MC, Toussaint NC, Naghavian R, Sellés Moreno C, Foege M, Tomas Ojer P, Medici G, Jelcic I, Schulz D, Rushing E, Dettwiler S, Schrörs B, Shin JH, McKay R, Wu CJ, Lutterotti A, Sospedra M, Moch H, Greiner EF, Bodenmiller B, Regli L, Weller M, Roth P, Martin R. Vaccination with Designed Neopeptides Induces Intratumoral, Cross-reactive CD4+ T-cell Responses in Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:5368-5382. [PMID: 36228153 PMCID: PMC9751771 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The low mutational load of some cancers is considered one reason for the difficulty to develop effective tumor vaccines. To overcome this problem, we developed a strategy to design neopeptides through single amino acid mutations to enhance their immunogenicity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Exome and RNA sequencing as well as in silico HLA-binding predictions to autologous HLA molecules were used to identify candidate neopeptides. Subsequently, in silico HLA-anchor placements were used to deduce putative T-cell receptor (TCR) contacts of peptides. Single amino acids of TCR contacting residues were then mutated by amino acid replacements. Overall, 175 peptides were synthesized and sets of 25 each containing both peptides designed to bind to HLA class I and II molecules applied in the vaccination. Upon development of a tumor recurrence, the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were characterized in detail both at the bulk and clonal level. RESULTS The immune response of peripheral blood T cells to vaccine peptides, including natural peptides and designed neopeptides, gradually increased with repetitive vaccination, but remained low. In contrast, at the time of tumor recurrence, CD8+ TILs and CD4+ TILs responded to 45% and 100%, respectively, of the vaccine peptides. Furthermore, TIL-derived CD4+ T-cell clones showed strong responses and tumor cell lysis not only against the designed neopeptide but also against the unmutated natural peptides of the tumor. CONCLUSIONS Turning tumor self-peptides into foreign antigens by introduction of designed mutations is a promising strategy to induce strong intratumoral CD4+ T-cell responses in a cold tumor like glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marian C. Neidert
- Clinical Neuroscience Center and Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Nora C. Toussaint
- NEXUS Personalized Health Technologies, ETH Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reza Naghavian
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carla Sellés Moreno
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Foege
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paula Tomas Ojer
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gioele Medici
- Clinical Neuroscience Center and Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Jelcic
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schulz
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Rushing
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Dettwiler
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Schrörs
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ron McKay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Catherine J. Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Mireia Sospedra
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Bernd Bodenmiller
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Regli
- Clinical Neuroscience Center and Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Roth
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Corresponding Author: Roland Martin, Institute for Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland. Phone: 41-44-2551125; E-mail:
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9
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Zhang X, Zhao L, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Ju H, Wang X, Ren H, Zhu X, Dong Y. The immunosuppressive microenvironment and immunotherapy in human glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1003651. [PMID: 36466873 PMCID: PMC9712217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1003651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant intracranial tumor in adults, characterized by extensive infiltrative growth, high vascularization, and resistance to multiple therapeutic approaches. Among the many factors affecting the therapeutic effect, the immunosuppressive GBM microenvironment that is created by cells and associated molecules via complex mechanisms plays a particularly important role in facilitating evasion of the tumor from the immune response. Accumulating evidence is also revealing a close association of the gut microbiota with the challenges in the treatment of GBM. The gut microbiota establishes a connection with the central nervous system through bidirectional signals of the gut-brain axis, thus affecting the occurrence and development of GBM. In this review, we discuss the key immunosuppressive components in the tumor microenvironment, along with the regulatory mechanism of the gut microbiota involved in immunity and metabolism in the GBM microenvironment. Lastly, we concentrate on the immunotherapeutic strategies currently under investigation, which hold promise to overcome the hurdles of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and improve the therapeutic outcome for patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Leilei Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yurui Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Huanyu Ju
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hongda Hospital, Jinxiang, China
| | - Huan Ren
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yucui Dong
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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10
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Lai G, Zhong X, Liu H, Deng J, Li K, Xie B. Development of a Hallmark Pathway-Related Gene Signature Associated with Immune Response for Lower Grade Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911971. [PMID: 36233273 PMCID: PMC9570050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although some biomarkers have been used to predict prognosis of lower-grade gliomas (LGGs), a pathway-related signature associated with immune response has not been developed. A key signaling pathway was determined according to the lowest adjusted p value among 50 hallmark pathways. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and stepwise multivariate Cox analyses were performed to construct a pathway-related gene signature. Somatic mutation, drug sensitivity and prediction of immunotherapy analyses were conducted to reveal the value of this signature in targeted therapies. In this study, an allograft rejection (AR) pathway was considered as a crucial signaling pathway, and we constructed an AR-related five-gene signature, which can independently predict the prognosis of LGGs. High-AR LGG patients had higher tumor mutation burden (TMB), Immunophenscore (IPS), IMmuno-PREdictive Score (IMPRES), T cell-inflamed gene expression profile (GEP) score and MHC I association immunoscore (MIAS) than low-AR patients. Most importantly, our signature can be validated in four immunotherapy cohorts. Furthermore, IC50 values of the six classic chemotherapeutic drugs were significantly elevated in the low-AR group compared with the high-AR group. This signature might be regarded as an underlying biomarker in predicting prognosis for LGGs, possibly providing more therapeutic strategies for future clinical research.
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11
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Lath A, Santal AR, Kaur N, Kumari P, Singh NP. Anti-cancer peptides: their current trends in the development of peptide-based therapy and anti-tumor drugs. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022; 39:45-84. [PMID: 35699384 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2082157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human cancer remains a cause of high mortality throughout the world. The conventional methods and therapies currently employed for treatment are followed by moderate-to-severe side effects. They have not generated curative results due to the ineffectiveness of treatments. Besides, the associated high costs, technical requirements, and cytotoxicity further characterize their limitations. Due to relatively higher presidencies, bioactive peptides with anti-cancer attributes have recently become treatment choices within the therapeutic arsenal. The peptides act as potential anti-cancer agents explicitly targeting tumor cells while being less toxic to normal cells. The anti-cancer peptides are isolated from various natural sources, exhibit high selectivity and high penetration efficiency, and could be quickly restructured. The therapeutic benefits of compatible anti-cancer peptides have contributed to the significant expansion of cancer treatment; albeit, the mechanisms by which bioactive peptides inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells remain unclear. This review will provide a framework for assessing anti-cancer peptides' structural and functional aspects. It shall provide appropriate information on their mode of action to support and strengthen efforts to improve cancer prevention. The article will mention the therapeutic health benefits of anti-cancer peptides. Their importance in clinical studies is elaborated for reducing cancer incidences and developing sustainable treatment models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Lath
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Anita Rani Santal
- Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Nameet Kaur
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Poonam Kumari
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility, CIL and UCIM, Punjab University, Chandigarh, Inida
| | - Nater Pal Singh
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
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12
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Charoenkwan P, Schaduangrat N, Lio' P, Moni MA, Manavalan B, Shoombuatong W. NEPTUNE: A novel computational approach for accurate and large-scale identification of tumor homing peptides. Comput Biol Med 2022; 148:105700. [PMID: 35715261 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor homing peptides (THPs) play a crucial role in recognizing and specifically binding to cancer cells. Although experimental approaches can facilitate the precise identification of THPs, they are usually time-consuming, labor-intensive, and not cost-effective. However, computational approaches can identify THPs by utilizing sequence information alone, thus highlighting their great potential for large-scale identification of THPs. Herein, we propose NEPTUNE, a novel computational approach for the accurate and large-scale identification of THPs from sequence information. Specifically, we constructed variant baseline models from multiple feature encoding schemes coupled with six popular machine learning algorithms. Subsequently, we comprehensively assessed and investigated the effects of these baseline models on THP prediction. Finally, the probabilistic information generated by the optimal baseline models is fed into a support vector machine-based classifier to construct the final meta-predictor (NEPTUNE). Cross-validation and independent tests demonstrated that NEPTUNE achieved superior performance for THP prediction compared with its constituent baseline models and the existing methods. Moreover, we employed the powerful SHapley additive exPlanations method to improve the interpretation of NEPTUNE and elucidate the most important features for identifying THPs. Finally, we implemented an online web server using NEPTUNE, which is available at http://pmlabstack.pythonanywhere.com/NEPTUNE. NEPTUNE could be beneficial for the large-scale identification of unknown THP candidates for follow-up experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phasit Charoenkwan
- Modern Management and Information Technology, College of Arts, Media and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nalini Schaduangrat
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Pietro Lio'
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- Artificial Intelligence & Digital Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Balachandran Manavalan
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Watshara Shoombuatong
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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13
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Development of Anticancer Peptides Using Artificial Intelligence and Combinational Therapy for Cancer Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050997. [PMID: 35631583 PMCID: PMC9147327 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a group of diseases causing abnormal cell growth, altering the genome, and invading or spreading to other parts of the body. Among therapeutic peptide drugs, anticancer peptides (ACPs) have been considered to target and kill cancer cells because cancer cells have unique characteristics such as a high negative charge and abundance of microvilli in the cell membrane when compared to a normal cell. ACPs have several advantages, such as high specificity, cost-effectiveness, low immunogenicity, minimal toxicity, and high tolerance under normal physiological conditions. However, the development and identification of ACPs are time-consuming and expensive in traditional wet-lab-based approaches. Thus, the application of artificial intelligence on the approaches can save time and reduce the cost to identify candidate ACPs. Recently, machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and hybrid learning (ML combined DL) have emerged into the development of ACPs without experimental analysis, owing to advances in computer power and big data from the power system. Additionally, we suggest that combination therapy with classical approaches and ACPs might be one of the impactful approaches to increase the efficiency of cancer therapy.
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14
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Charoenkwan P, Chiangjong W, Nantasenamat C, Moni MA, Lio’ P, Manavalan B, Shoombuatong W. SCMTHP: A New Approach for Identifying and Characterizing of Tumor-Homing Peptides Using Estimated Propensity Scores of Amino Acids. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010122. [PMID: 35057016 PMCID: PMC8779003 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-homing peptides (THPs) are small peptides that can recognize and bind cancer cells specifically. To gain a better understanding of THPs’ functional mechanisms, the accurate identification and characterization of THPs is required. Although some computational methods for in silico THP identification have been proposed, a major drawback is their lack of model interpretability. In this study, we propose a new, simple and easily interpretable computational approach (called SCMTHP) for identifying and analyzing tumor-homing activities of peptides via the use of a scoring card method (SCM). To improve the predictability and interpretability of our predictor, we generated propensity scores of 20 amino acids as THPs. Finally, informative physicochemical properties were used for providing insights on characteristics giving rise to the bioactivity of THPs via the use of SCMTHP-derived propensity scores. Benchmarking experiments from independent test indicated that SCMTHP could achieve comparable performance to state-of-the-art method with accuracies of 0.827 and 0.798, respectively, when evaluated on two benchmark datasets consisting of Main and Small datasets. Furthermore, SCMTHP was found to outperform several well-known machine learning-based classifiers (e.g., decision tree, k-nearest neighbor, multi-layer perceptron, naive Bayes and partial least squares regression) as indicated by both 10-fold cross-validation and independent tests. Finally, the SCMTHP web server was established and made freely available online. SCMTHP is expected to be a useful tool for rapid and accurate identification of THPs and for providing better understanding on THP biophysical and biochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phasit Charoenkwan
- Modern Management and Information Technology, College of Arts, Media and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Wararat Chiangjong
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Chanin Nantasenamat
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand;
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- Artificial Intelligence & Digital Health Data Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Pietro Lio’
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FD, UK;
| | - Balachandran Manavalan
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (W.S.)
| | - Watshara Shoombuatong
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand;
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (W.S.)
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15
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Hwang EI, Sayour EJ, Flores CT, Grant G, Wechsler-Reya R, Hoang-Minh LB, Kieran MW, Salcido J, Prins RM, Figg JW, Platten M, Candelario KM, Hale PG, Blatt JE, Governale LS, Okada H, Mitchell DA, Pollack IF. The current landscape of immunotherapy for pediatric brain tumors. NATURE CANCER 2022; 3:11-24. [PMID: 35121998 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric central nervous system tumors are the most common solid malignancies in childhood, and aggressive therapy often leads to long-term sequelae in survivors, making these tumors challenging to treat. Immunotherapy has revolutionized prospects for many cancer types in adults, but the intrinsic complexity of treating pediatric patients and the scarcity of clinical studies of children to inform effective approaches have hampered the development of effective immunotherapies in pediatric settings. Here, we review recent advances and ongoing challenges in pediatric brain cancer immunotherapy, as well as considerations for efficient clinical translation of efficacious immunotherapies into pediatric settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene I Hwang
- Division of Oncology, Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Elias J Sayour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Catherine T Flores
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gerald Grant
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Robert Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lan B Hoang-Minh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Robert M Prins
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John W Figg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael Platten
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, Heidelberg University and CCU Brain Tumor Immunology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kate M Candelario
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Paul G Hale
- Children's Brain Trust, Coral Springs, FL, USA
| | - Jason E Blatt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lance S Governale
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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16
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In Silico Model Estimates the Clinical Trial Outcome of Cancer Vaccines. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113048. [PMID: 34831269 PMCID: PMC8616443 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 30 years after the first cancer vaccine clinical trial (CT), scientists still search the missing link between immunogenicity and clinical responses. A predictor able to estimate the outcome of cancer vaccine CTs would greatly benefit vaccine development. Published results of 94 CTs with 64 therapeutic vaccines were collected. We found that preselection of CT subjects based on a single matching HLA allele does not increase immune response rates (IRR) compared with non-preselected CTs (median 60% vs. 57%, p = 0.4490). A representative in silico model population (MP) comprising HLA-genotyped subjects was used to retrospectively calculate in silico IRRs of CTs based on the percentage of MP-subjects having epitope(s) predicted to bind ≥ 1–4 autologous HLA allele(s). We found that in vitro measured IRRs correlated with the frequency of predicted multiple autologous allele-binding epitopes (AUC 0.63–0.79). Subgroup analysis of multi-antigen targeting vaccine CTs revealed correlation between clinical response rates (CRRs) and predicted multi-epitope IRRs when HLA threshold was ≥ 3 (r = 0.7463, p = 0.0004) but not for single HLA allele-binding epitopes (r = 0.2865, p = 0.2491). Our results suggest that CRR depends on the induction of broad T-cell responses and both IRR and CRR can be predicted when epitopes binding to multiple autologous HLAs are considered.
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17
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Chuntova P, Chow F, Watchmaker PB, Galvez M, Heimberger AB, Newell EW, Diaz A, DePinho RA, Li MO, Wherry EJ, Mitchell D, Terabe M, Wainwright DA, Berzofsky JA, Herold-Mende C, Heath JR, Lim M, Margolin KA, Chiocca EA, Kasahara N, Ellingson BM, Brown CE, Chen Y, Fecci PE, Reardon DA, Dunn GP, Liau LM, Costello JF, Wick W, Cloughesy T, Timmer WC, Wen PY, Prins RM, Platten M, Okada H. Unique challenges for glioblastoma immunotherapy-discussions across neuro-oncology and non-neuro-oncology experts in cancer immunology. Meeting Report from the 2019 SNO Immuno-Oncology Think Tank. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:356-375. [PMID: 33367885 PMCID: PMC7992879 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has made remarkable advances with over 50 separate Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals as first- or second-line indications since 2015. These include immune checkpoint blocking antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor-transduced T cells, and bispecific T-cell-engaging antibodies. While multiple cancer types now benefit from these immunotherapies, notable exceptions thus far include brain tumors, such as glioblastoma. As such, it seems critical to gain a better understanding of unique mechanistic challenges underlying the resistance of malignant gliomas to immunotherapy, as well as to acquire insights into the development of future strategies. An Immuno-Oncology Think Tank Meeting was held during the 2019 Annual Society for Neuro-Oncology Scientific Conference. Discussants in the fields of neuro-oncology, neurosurgery, neuro-imaging, medical oncology, and cancer immunology participated in the meeting. Sessions focused on topics such as the tumor microenvironment, myeloid cells, T-cell dysfunction, cellular engineering, and translational aspects that are critical and unique challenges inherent with primary brain tumors. In this review, we summarize the discussions and the key messages from the meeting, which may potentially serve as a basis for advancing the field of immune neuro-oncology in a collaborative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Chuntova
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Frances Chow
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Mildred Galvez
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Evan W Newell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Aaron Diaz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ming O Li
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Duane Mitchell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Masaki Terabe
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kim A Margolin
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Benjamin M Ellingson
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Yvonne Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David A Reardon
- Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gavin P Dunn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Linda M Liau
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Wolfgang Wick
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timothy Cloughesy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - William C Timmer
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert M Prins
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael Platten
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK CCU Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
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18
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Forlani G, Michaux J, Pak H, Huber F, Marie Joseph EL, Ramia E, Stevenson BJ, Linnebacher M, Accolla RS, Bassani-Sternberg M. CIITA-Transduced Glioblastoma Cells Uncover a Rich Repertoire of Clinically Relevant Tumor-Associated HLA-II Antigens. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100032. [PMID: 33592498 PMCID: PMC8724627 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cell responses are crucial for inducing and maintaining effective anticancer immunity, and the identification of human leukocyte antigen class II (HLA-II) cancer-specific epitopes is key to the development of potent cancer immunotherapies. In many tumor types, and especially in glioblastoma (GBM), HLA-II complexes are hardly ever naturally expressed. Hence, little is known about immunogenic HLA-II epitopes in GBM. With stable expression of the class II major histocompatibility complex transactivator (CIITA) coupled to a detailed and sensitive mass spectrometry-based immunopeptidomics analysis, we here uncovered a remarkable breadth of the HLA-ligandome in HROG02, HROG17, and RA GBM cell lines. The effect of CIITA expression on the induction of the HLA-II presentation machinery was striking in each of the three cell lines, and it was significantly higher compared with interferon gamma (IFNɣ) treatment. In total, we identified 16,123 unique HLA-I peptides and 32,690 unique HLA-II peptides. In order to genuinely define the identified peptides as true HLA ligands, we carefully characterized their association with the different HLA allotypes. In addition, we identified 138 and 279 HLA-I and HLA-II ligands, respectively, most of which are novel in GBM, derived from known GBM-associated tumor antigens that have been used as source proteins for a variety of GBM vaccines. Our data further indicate that CIITA-expressing GBM cells acquired an antigen presenting cell-like phenotype as we found that they directly present external proteins as HLA-II ligands. Not only that CIITA-expressing GBM cells are attractive models for antigen discovery endeavors, but also such engineered cells have great therapeutic potential through massive presentation of a diverse antigenic repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Forlani
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology "Giovanna Tosi", Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Justine Michaux
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - HuiSong Pak
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florian Huber
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elodie Lauret Marie Joseph
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elise Ramia
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology "Giovanna Tosi", Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Michael Linnebacher
- Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Roberto S Accolla
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology "Giovanna Tosi", Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Michal Bassani-Sternberg
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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19
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Nejo T, Mende A, Okada H. The current state of immunotherapy for primary and secondary brain tumors: similarities and differences. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2020; 50:1231-1245. [PMID: 32984905 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyaa164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment and resolution of primary and metastatic brain tumors have long presented a challenge to oncologists. In response to the dismal survival outcomes associated with conventional therapies, various immunotherapy modalities, such as checkpoint inhibitors, vaccine, cellular immunotherapy and viral immunotherapy have been actively explored over the past couple of decades. Although improved patient survival has been more frequently noted in treatment of brain metastases, little progress has been made in improving patient survival in cases of primary brain tumors, specifically glioblastoma, which is the representative primary brain tumor discussed in this review. Herein, we will first overview the findings of recent clinical studies for treatment of primary and metastatic brain tumors with immunotherapeutic interventions. The clinical efficacy of these immunotherapies will be discussed in the context of their ability or inability to overcome inherent characteristics of the tumor as well as restricted antigen presentation and its immunosuppressive microenvironment. Additionally, this review aims to briefly inform clinicians in the field of neuro-oncology on the relevant aspects of the immune system as it pertains to the central nervous system, with special focus on the differing modes of antigen presentation and tumor microenvironment of primary and metastatic brain tumors and the role these differences may play in the efficacy of immunotherapy in eradicating the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Nejo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Abigail Mende
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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20
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Xueqing H, Jun Z, Yueqiang J, Xin L, Liya H, Yuanyuan F, Yuting Z, Hao Z, Hua W, Jian L, Tiejun Y. IGF2BP3 May Contributes to Lung Tumorigenesis by Regulating the Alternative Splicing of PKM. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:679. [PMID: 32984260 PMCID: PMC7492387 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA binding proteins (RBPs) play a key role in genome regulation. Here we report the post-transcript regulation of IGF2BP3, which belongs to the insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein family. We used iRIP-seq and RNA-seq to analyze the transcript regulation and alternative splicing on IGF2BP3 treated with overexpression cells and control. Overexpressed IGF2BP3 has broadly increased genes expression which involved in G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway, positive regulation of cell proliferation, and signal transduction. IGF2BP3 regulated alternative splicing of multiple genes mainly clustered at response to hypoxia, negative regulation of transcription, and embryonic development. This study first provides alternative splicing analysis on transcription level of IGF2BP3 regulation, which laid the foundation for later research on IGF2BP3 critical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Xueqing
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhang Jun
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Yueqiang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liao Xin
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hu Liya
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Yuanyuan
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhang Yuting
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeng Hao
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wu Hua
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liu Jian
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Tiejun
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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21
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Schetters STT, Li RJE, Kruijssen LJW, Engels S, Ambrosini M, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, Kalay H, Unger WWJ, van Kooyk Y. Adaptable antigen matrix platforms for peptide vaccination strategies and T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Biomaterials 2020; 262:120342. [PMID: 32905903 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Injection of antigenic peptides has been widely used as a vaccine strategy to boost T cell immunity. However, the poor immunogenicity of single peptides can potentially be strengthened through modification of the tertiary structure and the selection of the accompanying adjuvant. Here, we generated antigenic peptides into non-linear trimers by solid phase peptide synthesis, thereby enhancing antigen presentation by dendritic cells to CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. CD8+ T cells from mice vaccinated with trimers showed an KLRG1+ effector phenotype and were able to recognize and kill antigen-expressing tumor cells ex vivo. Importantly, trimers outperformed synthetic long peptide in terms of T cell response even when equal number of epitopes were used for immunization. To improve the synthesis of trimers containing difficult peptide sequences, we developed a novel small molecule that functions as conjugation platform for synthetic long peptides. This platform , termed Antigen MAtriX (AMAX) improved yield, purity and solubility of trimers over conventional solid phase synthesis strategies. AMAX outperformed synthetic long peptides in terms of both CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses and allowed functionalization with DC-SIGN-binding carbohydrates for in vivo dendritic cell targeting strategies, boosting T cell responses even further. Moreover, we show that agonistic CD40 antibody combined with MF59 (AddaVax) emulsion synergistically improves the antigen-specific T cell response of the AMAX in vivo. Also, tumor-associated antigens and neo-antigens could be incorporated in AMAX for tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Importantly, immunization with a mix of neoantigen AMAX could reduce tumor growth in a pre-clinical syngeneic mouse model. Hence, we provide pre-clinical support for the induction of effector CD8+ T cells through the adaptable AMAX platform as easy implementable peptidic vaccination strategy against any antigen of choice, including neoantigens for anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd T T Schetters
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - R J Eveline Li
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura J W Kruijssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Steef Engels
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martino Ambrosini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Juan J Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wendy W J Unger
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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22
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Young JS, Gogos AJ, Morshed RA, Hervey-Jumper SL, Berger MS. Molecular characteristics of diffuse lower grade gliomas: what neurosurgeons need to know. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2020; 162:1929-1939. [PMID: 32472378 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-020-04426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The importance of genomic information in intrinsic brain tumors is highlighted in the World Health Organization (WHO) 2016 classification of gliomas, which now incorporates both phenotype and genotype data to assign a diagnosis. By using genetic markers to both categorize tumors and advise patients on prognosis, this classification system has minimized the risk of tissue sampling error, improved diagnostic accuracy, and reduced inter-rater variability. In the neurosurgical community, it is critical to understand the role genetics plays in tumor biology, what certain mutations mean for the patient's prognosis and adjuvant treatment, and how to interpret the results of sequencing data that are generated following tumor resection. In this review, we examine the critical role of genetics for diagnosis and prognosis and highlight the importance of tumor genetics for neurosurgeons caring for patients with diffuse lower grade gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Young
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Andrew J Gogos
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ramin A Morshed
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shawn L Hervey-Jumper
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mitchel S Berger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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23
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Chiangjong W, Chutipongtanate S, Hongeng S. Anticancer peptide: Physicochemical property, functional aspect and trend in clinical application (Review). Int J Oncol 2020; 57:678-696. [PMID: 32705178 PMCID: PMC7384845 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is currently ineffectively treated using therapeutic drugs, and is also able to resist drug action, resulting in increased side effects following drug treatment. A novel therapeutic strategy against cancer cells is the use of anticancer peptides (ACPs). The physicochemical properties, amino acid composition and the addition of chemical groups on the ACP sequence influences their conformation, net charge and orientation of the secondary structure, leading to an effect on targeting specificity and ACP-cell interaction, as well as peptide penetrating capability, stability and efficacy. ACPs have been developed from both naturally occurring and modified peptides by substituting neutral or anionic amino acid residues with cationic amino acid residues, or by adding a chemical group. The modified peptides lead to an increase in the effectiveness of cancer therapy. Due to this effectiveness, ACPs have recently been improved to form drugs and vaccines, which have sequentially been evaluated in various phases of clinical trials. The development of the ACPs remains focused on generating newly modified ACPs for clinical application in order to decrease the incidence of new cancer cases and decrease the mortality rate. The present review could further facilitate the design of ACPs and increase efficacious ACP therapy in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wararat Chiangjong
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Somchai Chutipongtanate
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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24
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25
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Wang H, Xu T, Huang Q, Jin W, Chen J. Immunotherapy for Malignant Glioma: Current Status and Future Directions. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:123-138. [PMID: 31973881 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common intracranial primary malignancy, with limited treatment options and a poor overall survival (OS). Immunotherapy has been used successfully in various cancers, leading to the development of similar therapies that activate the patient's immune system to eliminate glioma. In this review, we introduce the diverse immunotherapeutic approaches available for treating glioma, highlighting the successes and challenges resulting from current clinical trials. Additionally, we emphasize the effect of multiple clinical factors on immunotherapy to help optimize individualized treatment regimens. Finally, we also highlight several novel concepts and technologies that could be used to design new and/or improve existing immunotherapies. Such approaches will delineate a new blueprint for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Qilin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Weilin Jin
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China; Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, PR China.
| | - Juxiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, PR China.
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26
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Vanmeerbeek I, Sprooten J, De Ruysscher D, Tejpar S, Vandenberghe P, Fucikova J, Spisek R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Garg AD. Trial watch: chemotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death in immuno-oncology. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1703449. [PMID: 32002302 PMCID: PMC6959434 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1703449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The term ‘immunogenic cell death’ (ICD) denotes an immunologically unique type of regulated cell death that enables, rather than suppresses, T cell-driven immune responses that are specific for antigens derived from the dying cells. The ability of ICD to elicit adaptive immunity heavily relies on the immunogenicity of dying cells, implying that such cells must encode and present antigens not covered by central tolerance (antigenicity), and deliver immunostimulatory molecules such as damage-associated molecular patterns and cytokines (adjuvanticity). Moreover, the host immune system must be equipped to detect the antigenicity and adjuvanticity of dying cells. As cancer (but not normal) cells express several antigens not covered by central tolerance, they can be driven into ICD by some therapeutic agents, including (but not limited to) chemotherapeutics of the anthracycline family, oxaliplatin and bortezomib, as well as radiation therapy. In this Trial Watch, we describe current trends in the preclinical and clinical development of ICD-eliciting chemotherapy as partner for immunotherapy, with a focus on trials assessing efficacy in the context of immunomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaure Vanmeerbeek
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) unit, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jenny Sprooten
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) unit, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk De Ruysscher
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sabine Tejpar
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenberghe
- Department of Haematology, UZ Leuven, and Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) unit, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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27
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Chemical complementarity between immune receptor CDR3s and IDH1 mutants correlates with increased survival for lower grade glioma. Oncogene 2019; 39:1773-1783. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Qi J, Esfahani DR, Huang T, Ozark P, Bartom E, Hashizume R, Bonner ER, An S, Horbinski CM, James CD, Saratsis AM. Tenascin-C expression contributes to pediatric brainstem glioma tumor phenotype and represents a novel biomarker of disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:75. [PMID: 31092287 PMCID: PMC6518697 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), an infiltrative, high grade glioma (HGG) affecting young children, has the highest mortality rate of all pediatric cancers. Despite treatment, average survival is less than twelve months, and five-year survival under 5%. We previously detected increased expression of Tenascin-C (TNC) protein in DIPG cerebrospinal fluid and tumor tissue relative to normal specimens. TNC is an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein that mediates cell-matrix interactions, guides migrating neurons during normal brain development and is thought to maintain the periventricular stem cell niche in the developing brain. Tumor TNC expression is reported in adult glioma and other cancers. However, the pattern and effects of TNC expression in DIPG has not been previously explored. Here, we characterize TNC expression in patient derived pediatric supratentorial HGG (n = 3) and DIPG (n = 6) cell lines, as well as pediatric glioma tumor (n = 50) and normal brain tissue specimens (n = 3). We found tumor specific TNC gene and protein overexpression that directly correlated with higher tumor grade (WHO III and IV, p = 0.05), H3K27 M mutation (p = 0.012), shorter progression free survival (p = 0.034), and poorer overall survival (0.041) in association with these factors. TNC knockdown via lentiviral shRNA transfection of HGG (n = 1) and DIPG (n = 3) cell lines resulted in decreased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro (p < 0.01), while TNC cDNA transfection resulted in increased cell migration, invasion and proliferation (p < 0.01) as well as altered cell morphology in H3K27 M mutant DIPG lines. Whole transcriptome sequencing analysis (RNA-Seq) on DIPG (n = 3) and HGG (n = 2) cell lines after TNC cDNA, shRNA, and empty vector control transfection revealed the effects of TNC expression level on global gene expression profiles. Together, our findings reveal TNC expression in DIPG in association with H3K27 M mutation and VEGF signaling, and suggest that TNC may contribute to DIPG tumor phenotype, and serve as a clinically detectable biomarker for DIPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Qi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - D. R. Esfahani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - T. Huang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - P. Ozark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - E. Bartom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - R. Hashizume
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - E. R. Bonner
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC 20010 USA
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC USA
| | - S. An
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - C. M. Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - C. D. James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - A. M. Saratsis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
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29
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Xia Z, Ouyang D, Li Q, Li M, Zou Q, Li L, Yi W, Zhou E. The Expression, Functions, Interactions and Prognostic Values of PTPRZ1: A Review and Bioinformatic Analysis. J Cancer 2019; 10:1663-1674. [PMID: 31205522 PMCID: PMC6548002 DOI: 10.7150/jca.28231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Available studies demonstrate that receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase zeta (PTPRZ1) is expressed in different tumor tissues, and functions in cell proliferation, cell adhesion and migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cells and treatment resistance by interacting with or binding to several molecules. These included pleiotrophin (PTN), midkine, interleukin-34, β-catenin, VEGF, NF-κB, HIF-2, PSD-95, MAGI-3, contactin and ErbB4. PTPRZ1 was involved in survival signaling and could predict the prognosis of several tumors. This review discusses: the current knowledge about PTPRZ1, its expression, co-receptors, ligands, functions, signaling pathway, prognostic values and therapeutic agents that target PTPRZ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkun Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dengjie Ouyang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianying Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Moyun Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiongyan Zou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lun Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Yi
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Enxiang Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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30
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DNA demethylation is associated with malignant progression of lower-grade gliomas. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1903. [PMID: 30760837 PMCID: PMC6374451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanisms of malignant progression of lower-grade glioma, molecular profiling using methylation array, whole-exome sequencing, and RNA sequencing was performed for 122, 36 and 31 gliomas, respectively. This cohort included 24 matched pairs of initial lower-grade gliomas and recurrent tumors, most of which showed malignant progression. Nearly half of IDH-mutant glioblastomas that had progressed from lower-grade gliomas exhibited characteristic partial DNA demethylation in previously methylated genomic regions of their corresponding initial tumors, which had the glioma CpG island methylator phenotype (G-CIMP). In these glioblastomas, cell cycle-related genes, RB and PI3K-AKT pathway genes were frequently altered. Notably, late-replicating domain was significantly enriched in the demethylated regions that were mostly located in non-regulatory regions, suggesting that the loss of DNA methylation during malignant transformation may involve mainly passive demethylation due to a delay in maintenance of methylation during accelerated cell division. Nonetheless, a limited number of genes including IGF2BP3, which potentially drives cell proliferation, were presumed to be upregulated due to demethylation of their promoter. Our data indicated that demethylation of the G-CIMP profile found in a subset of recurrent gliomas reflects accelerated cell divisions accompanied by malignant transformation. Oncogenic genes activated by such epigenetic change represent potential therapeutic targets.
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31
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Smith M, García-Martínez E, Pitter MR, Fucikova J, Spisek R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Toll-like receptor agonists in cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1526250. [PMID: 30524908 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1526250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists demonstrate therapeutic promise as immunological adjuvants for anticancer immunotherapy. To date, three TLR agonists have been approved by US regulatory agencies for use in cancer patients. Additionally, the potential of hitherto experimental TLR ligands to mediate clinically useful immunostimulatory effects has been extensively investigated over the past few years. Here, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical advances in the development of TLR agonists for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Smith
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena García-Martínez
- Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | - Michael R Pitter
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/ Paris V, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1138, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pôle de Biologie, Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP; Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/ Paris V, Paris, France.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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García-Martínez E, Smith M, Buqué A, Aranda F, de la Peña FA, Ivars A, Cánovas MS, Conesa MAV, Fucikova J, Spisek R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Immunostimulation with recombinant cytokines for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1433982. [PMID: 29872569 PMCID: PMC5980390 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1433982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines regulate virtually aspects of innate and adaptive immunity, including the initiation, execution and extinction of tumor-targeting immune responses. Over the past three decades, the possibility of using recombinant cytokines as a means to elicit or boost clinically relevant anticancer immune responses has attracted considerable attention. However, only three cytokines have been approved so far by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for use in cancer patients, namely, recombinant interleukin (IL)-2 and two variants of recombinant interferon alpha 2 (IFN-α2a and IFN-α2b). Moreover, the use of these cytokines in the clinics is steadily decreasing, mostly as a consequence of: (1) the elevated pleiotropism of IL-2, IFN-α2a and IFN-α2b, resulting in multiple unwarranted effects; and (2) the development of highly effective immunostimulatory therapeutics, such as immune checkpoint blockers. Despite this and other obstacles, research in the field continues as alternative cytokines with restricted effects on specific cell populations are being evaluated. Here, we summarize research preclinical and clinical developments on the use of recombinant cytokines for immunostimulation in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena García-Martínez
- Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | - Melody Smith
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alejandra Ivars
- Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Sanchez Cánovas
- Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
- Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
- Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France
- Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pôle de Biologie, Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, France
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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