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Makhene NL, Steyn H, Vorster M, Lubbe MS, Burger JR. Assessment of pharmacovigilance guidelines in the Southern African Development Community: A document review. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2024; 33:e5755. [PMID: 38362654 DOI: 10.1002/pds.5755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of harmonization in pharmacovigilance (PV) practice in resource-limited states in Africa has led to differentiation and marginalization, thus creating an environment where weak or absent PV systems may benefit from regional guidelines. PURPOSE To compare the PV guidelines of Southern African Development Community (SADC) member states to international guidelines and identify areas for improvement for aligning PV practice within the SADC region. METHODS We utilized a 73-item checklist to assess the PV guidelines of the SADC member states. Checklist parameters were rated using binary scoring. RESULTS Only seven (Botswana, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) of the 16 SADC member states had guidelines to assess. Of these, only four had supporting legislation. All seven national medicines regulatory authorities (NMRA)'s guidelines required reporting of local serious adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Four NMRAs implemented device vigilance; none specified submission timelines for ADRs associated with substandard or falsified medicines. Only three NMRAs required electronic transmission of individual case safety reports in the E2B format. Five NMRAs mandated safety monitoring during interventional clinical trials. Five NMRAs required aggregate reporting through periodic safety update reports. Only two NMRAs required submission of the development safety update report. Regarding risk management, four NMRAs required notification of actions taken by foreign NMRAs and four NMRAs expected to review Dear Healthcare Professional Letters before distribution by the marketing authorization holder. CONCLUSIONS Areas for improvement of guidelines to establish common process standards and allow for synchronized submissions of comparable data to SADC NMRAs are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nokuthula L Makhene
- Medicine Usage in South Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Hanlie Steyn
- Medicine Usage in South Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Martine Vorster
- Medicine Usage in South Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Martha S Lubbe
- Medicine Usage in South Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Johanita R Burger
- Medicine Usage in South Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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2
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Delara M, Vadlamudi NK, Sadarangani M. Strategies to Prevent Early and Late-Onset Group B Streptococcal Infection via Interventions in Pregnancy. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020229. [PMID: 36839501 PMCID: PMC9959229 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus is a Gram-positive bacterium that typically colonizes 10-30% of pregnant women, causing chorioamnionitis, preterm birth, and stillbirth, as well as neonatal sepsis and meningitis with early-onset disease (EOD) or late-onset disease (LOD) due to ascending infection or transmission during delivery. While there are some differences between EOD and LOD in terms of route of transmission, risk factors, and serotypes, the only preventive approach currently is maternal intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) which will not be able to fully address the burden of the disease since this has no impact on LOD. Probiotics and immunization in pregnancy may be more effective than IAP for both EOD and LOD. There is mixed evidence of probiotic effects on the prevention of GBS colonization, and the data from completed and ongoing clinical trials investigating different GBS vaccines are promising. Current vaccine candidates target bacterial proteins or the polysaccharide capsule and include trivalent, tetravalent, and hexavalent protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. Some challenges in developing novel GBS vaccines include the lack of a correlate of protection, the potential for serotype switching, a need to understand interactions with other vaccines, and optimal timing of administration in pregnancy to maximize protection for both term and preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Delara
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 0B3, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Nirma Khatri Vadlamudi
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 0B3, Canada
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 0B3, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (M.S.)
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3
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Moradpour J, Chit A, Besada-Lombana S, Grootendorst P. Overview of the global vaccine ecosystem. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:749-763. [PMID: 37608523 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2250433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccination is an effective, relatively inexpensive, and easy to deliver approach to combating infectious diseases. Widespread vaccination of children has led to the eradication of smallpox and allowed for regional elimination or control of diseases like polio, measles, mumps, tetanus, diphtheria, and whooping cough. But, as we learned from efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, a successful global vaccination program must overcome several hurdles. Failure at any stage can limit vaccine uptake and disease control. AREAS COVERED In this review, we break down the vaccine journey from research and development to delivery into several steps. We also list all the important international organizations trying to support this ecosystem. Then we identify the role of each of these organizations in supporting each of the necessary steps for a successful vaccination program. EXPERT OPINION The bottlenecks in vaccination can be different for different countries, based on their income and geography. Policy makers need to identify the weaknesses of this ecosystem in different regions of the world and make sure there is adequate global and local support to fill the gaps in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Moradpour
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ayman Chit
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Medical, Medical Head for International Region Sanofi, Lyon, France
| | | | - Paul Grootendorst
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Baptista S, Naidoo S, Suliman S, Nepolo E, Kanoi BN, Gitaka J, Blessing OM, Enany S. COVID-19 vaccinology landscape in Africa. Front Immunol 2022; 13:955168. [PMID: 36544758 PMCID: PMC9760752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.955168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
More than two years after the start of COVID-19 pandemic, Africa still lags behind in terms vaccine distribution. This highlights the predicament of Africa in terms of vaccine development, deployment, and sustainability, not only for COVID-19, but for other major infectious diseases that plague the continent. This opinion discusses the challenges Africa faces in its race to vaccinate its people, and offers recommendations on the way forward. Specifically, to get out of the ongoing vaccine shortage trap, Africa needs to diversify investment not only to COVID-19 but also other diseases that burden the population. The continent needs to increase its capacity to acquire vaccines more equitably, improve access to technologies to enable local manufacture of vaccines, increase awareness on vaccines both in rural and urban areas to significantly reduce disease incidence of COVID-19 and as well as other prevalent diseases on the African continent such as HIV and TB. Such efforts will go a long way to reduce the disease burden in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baptista
- Department of Biology & Physiology of Malaria, Next Einstein Forum Community of Scientists, Kigali, Rwanda,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Biology & Physiology of Malaria, Next Einstein Forum Community of Scientists, Kigali, Rwanda,Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sara Suliman
- Department of Biology & Physiology of Malaria, Next Einstein Forum Community of Scientists, Kigali, Rwanda,Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Emmanuel Nepolo
- Department of Biology & Physiology of Malaria, Next Einstein Forum Community of Scientists, Kigali, Rwanda,Department of Human, Biological and Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Bernard N. Kanoi
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
| | - Jesse Gitaka
- Department of Biology & Physiology of Malaria, Next Einstein Forum Community of Scientists, Kigali, Rwanda,Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
| | - Oyedemi Mbaebie Blessing
- Department of Biology & Physiology of Malaria, Next Einstein Forum Community of Scientists, Kigali, Rwanda,Department of Biotechnology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
| | - Shymaa Enany
- Department of Biology & Physiology of Malaria, Next Einstein Forum Community of Scientists, Kigali, Rwanda,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt,*Correspondence: Shymaa Enany,
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5
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Chapagain RH, Adhikari S, Giri BR, Ray P, Shrestha NJ, Prajapati B, Joshi P, Pokharel S, Tamang SM, Gupta BP, Wartel TA, Sahastrabuddhe S, Rai GK, Saluja T. Factors affecting willingness to participate in vaccine clinical trials in an underdeveloped country: perspective from Nepal. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2051413. [PMID: 35353657 PMCID: PMC9225427 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2051413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the inherent complex nature of clinical trials, individual’s willingness to participate and hence, enrollment in a clinical trial maybe challenging. When it comes to vaccine clinical trial in children, informed consent needs to be secured from the parents or legally acceptable representatives (LARs). Some of the factors which contribute to hesitancy in taking part in clinical trials are based on the level of education, living standards, part of the world they live, associated burden of disease, fear of different procedures in clinical trial, side effects, limited understanding, limited time, and mistrust with Investigational product. This study included 201 parents/LARs, who approached Kanti Children Hospital site in Kathmandu with the interest to get their children enrolled in a vaccine clinical trial with objectives of describing the reasons for agreeing or disagreeing to participate in the vaccine clinical trial, factors affecting decision making, and finding the major concerns of parents/LARs. The acceptance for the study vaccine was 136 (67.7%) whereas denial was 65 (32.3%). This study showed that age, education level, family structure, advice from family and friends, and medical guidance play important roles in willingness of parents to get their child enrolled in the trial. If a proper counseling is done, fear of blood sampling is not a big factor which is contrary to the belief among clinical researchers. Safety of vaccine, frequency of injections, and cost of vaccine were the main concerns of the parents, which need to be addressed extensively while planning for any clinical trial in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santosh Adhikari
- Department of Pediatrics, Kanti Children's Hospital, Maharajgunj, Nepal
| | - Bishnu Rath Giri
- Department of Pediatrics, Kanti Children's Hospital, Maharajgunj, Nepal
| | - Pankaj Ray
- Department of Pediatrics, Kanti Children's Hospital, Maharajgunj, Nepal
| | | | - Bina Prajapati
- Department of Pediatrics, Kanti Children's Hospital, Maharajgunj, Nepal
| | - Prakash Joshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kanti Children's Hospital, Maharajgunj, Nepal
| | - Sunita Pokharel
- Department of Pediatrics, Kanti Children's Hospital, Maharajgunj, Nepal
| | - Suresh Man Tamang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kanti Children's Hospital, Maharajgunj, Nepal
| | - Birendra Prasad Gupta
- Clinical, Assessment, Regulatory, Evaluation (CARE), International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - T Anh Wartel
- Clinical, Assessment, Regulatory, Evaluation (CARE), International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sushant Sahastrabuddhe
- Clinical, Assessment, Regulatory, Evaluation (CARE), International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganesh Kumar Rai
- Department of Pediatrics, Kanti Children's Hospital, Maharajgunj, Nepal
| | - Tarun Saluja
- Clinical, Assessment, Regulatory, Evaluation (CARE), International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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6
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Ann Costa Clemens S, Keiko Sekine A, Tovar-Moll F, Clemens R. COVID-19 Site Readiness Initiative: Building Clinical Trial Capacity for Vaccine Efficacy Trials in Latin America in Response to the Pandemic. Vaccine X 2022; 12:100238. [PMCID: PMC9647642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2022.100238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health
Organization, the American region has the highest coronavirus
disease-2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths since the start of the pandemic.
This humanitarian tragedy presented the possibility of generating
efficacy data from COVID-19 vaccine trials. The race to develop
successful vaccines imposed a high demand for trained healthcare
personnel and clinical sites where large scale randomized clinical trials
could be conducted. This site readiness initiative, funded by the Bill
and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), was carried out to rapidly build
site capacity for running COVID-19 vaccine trials in Latin
America. Twenty-two sites across 7 countries
were selected and received funding. Site selection was based on defined
feasibility criteria which deemed these sites as suitable for running
vaccine efficacy trials. Criteria for selection included investigator and
core permanent staff experience, public health measures in place for
COVID-19, import/export requirements for study drug and biological
specimens, a clear and accelerated ethical and regulatory approval
process for COVID-19 trials. Training was tailored and delivered
according to the experience level of the investigator and site staff, and
included GCP training, standard operating procedures (SOP) fundamentals,
conducting vaccine trials, COVID-19 pathophysiology, and vaccine trials
lessons learned. Most of the grant funds were utilized for space
expansion and renovation (46%) followed by purchase of equipment (36%);
the remaining 18% was spent on human resources. By the end of this site
readiness initiative project, which took approximately 4 months, 21 of 22
(95%) sites had agreements in place or were in discussions with sponsors
to conduct large scale COVID-19 vaccine trials.
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7
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Deen J, Clemens JD. Vaccine clinical trials in low- and middle-income countries: a brief review of standard, newer and proposed approaches. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1595-1602. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2126357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Deen
- Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - John D Clemens
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Korea
- UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA
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8
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Cole A, Webster P, Van Liew D, Salas M, Aimer O, Malikova MA. Safety surveillance and challenges in accelerated COVID-19 vaccine development. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2022; 13:20420986221116452. [PMID: 36072284 PMCID: PMC9444812 DOI: 10.1177/20420986221116452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by a novel type of coronavirus, continues to infect people, increasing morbidity and mortality across the globe. Measures to slow the transmission of the virus have had limited impact, and people, businesses, and economies have suffered. The disease has disproportionally impacted elderly and individuals with certain pre-existing conditions and has highlighted health and social inequities in some racial and ethnic minority groups. The majority of those who contract the disease recover completely, but some experience long-lasting complications. Vaccines have the potential to end the pandemic, and through the intense collaboration of scientists in government and private sectors, more than 200 COVID-19 candidate vaccines have been or are being developed, using known platforms and previous experiences with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), at unprecedented speed. The expectations for vaccine safety and quality in the setting of accelerated development are the same as during non-emergency times; however, challenges inherent with the circumstances of the pandemic situation provide opportunities to improve clinical trial conduct and strengthen pharmacovigilance systems. We have reviewed and analyzed existing PV guidelines and recommendations throughout the lifecycle of vaccine development with a focus on developing a global/worldwide effort for post-marketing vaccine safety surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimbola Cole
- GSK plc, Brentford UK. MCPHS University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Maribel Salas
- Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey USA; CCEB/CPeRT, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Marina A Malikova
- Surgical Translational Research: Operations and Compliance, Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Sridhar S, Fico A, Preza I, Hatibi I, Sulo J, Kissling E, Daja R, Ibrahim R, Lemos D, Rubin-Smith J, Schmid A, Vasili A, Valenciano M, Jorgensen P, Pebody R, Lafond KE, Katz MA, Bino S. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness among healthcare workers in Albania (COVE-AL): protocol for a prospective cohort study and cohort baseline data. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e057741. [PMID: 35321895 PMCID: PMC8943479 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Critical questions remain about COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) in real-world settings, particularly in middle-income countries. We describe a study protocol to evaluate COVID-19 VE in preventing laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in health workers (HWs) in Albania, an upper-middle-income country. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In this 12-month prospective cohort study, we enrolled HWs at three hospitals in Albania. HWs are vaccinated through the routine COVID-19 vaccine campaign. Participants completed a baseline survey about demographics, clinical comorbidities, and infection risk behaviours. Baseline serology samples were also collected and tested against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and respiratory swabs were collected and tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. Participants complete weekly symptom questionnaires and symptomatic participants have a respiratory swab collected, which is tested for SARS-CoV-2. At 3, 6, 9 months and 12 months of the study, serology will be collected and tested for antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and spike protein. VE will be estimated using a piecewise proportional hazards model (VE=1-HR). BASELINE DATA From February to May 2021, 1504 HWs were enrolled. The median age was 44 (range: 22-71) and 78% were female. At enrolment, 72% of participants were seropositive for SARS-CoV-2. 56% of participants were vaccinated with one dose, of whom 98% received their first shot within 4 days of enrolment. All HWs received the Pfizer BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study protocol and procedures were reviewed and approved by the WHO Ethical Review Board, reference number CERC.0097A, and the Albanian Institute of Public Health Ethical Review Board, reference number 156. All participants have provided written informed consent to participate in this study. The primary results of this study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal at the time of completion. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04811391.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shela Sridhar
- Global Health Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Iria Preza
- Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - Jonilda Sulo
- Southeast European Center for Surveillance and Control of Infectious Disease, Tirana, Albania
| | | | | | - Rawi Ibrahim
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Diogo Lemos
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julia Rubin-Smith
- Global Health Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexis Schmid
- Global Health Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Pernille Jorgensen
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Pebody
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mark A Katz
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Silvia Bino
- Institute of Public Health, Southern European Centre for Surveillance and Control of Infectious Diseases (SECID), Tirana, Albania
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10
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Msusa KP, Rogalski-Salter T, Mandi H, Clemens R. Critical success factors for conducting human challenge trials for vaccine development in low- and middle-income countries. Vaccine 2022; 40:1261-1270. [PMID: 35101267 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to the globalization of vaccine clinical trials, as well as advances in technologies, improved research accountability, and robust regulatory and ethical scrutiny, the choice to perform human challenge trials has become evident, and one of the most significant applications of human challenge trials is the assessment of vaccine efficacy. While human challenge trials have largely been conducted in high-income countries, the concept is relatively new in many low- and middle-income countries. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the critical success factors for conducting human challenge trials for vaccine development in low- and middle-income countries. METHODOLOGY Using a two-step methodology, we first carried out a systematic literature review that was centered on identifying low- and middle-income countries that are either establishing a framework for, have conducted, or are conducting human challenge trials for vaccine development; secondly, we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional survey using a standardized semi-structured online questionnaire administered to eligible stakeholders, to identify the critical success factors for conducting human challenge trials for vaccine development in low- and middle-income countries. Seventeen low- and middle-income countries were identified and included in the survey. RESULTS The most cited critical success factors for conducting human challenge trials for vaccine development in low- and middle-income countries were Informed Consent, Risk Compensation and/or Reimbursement, Participant Safety and/or Public Protection, Community Engagement, Infrastructural Capacity, and Ethical and Regulatory Frameworks. CONCLUSION From an empirical perspective, this study provides a list of critical success factors that form the basic structure to guide the design and implementation of further human challenge trials in low- and middle-income countries. Further studies are needed to establish a standardized conceptual framework to aid in the review, approval and overall conduct of human challenge trials in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Pempho Msusa
- University of Siena, Institute for Global Health, Santa Chiara Lab, Via Val di Montone, 1, 53100 Siena, SI, Italy.
| | - Taryn Rogalski-Salter
- Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute (Gates MRI), Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Henshaw Mandi
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Marcus Thranes Gate 2, 0473 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ralf Clemens
- University of Siena, Institute for Global Health, Santa Chiara Lab, Via Val di Montone, 1, 53100 Siena, SI, Italy
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11
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Baradaran Seyed Z. Evidence-Based Approach to One Health Vaccinology. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2021; 76:1575-1577. [PMID: 35546983 PMCID: PMC9083875 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.357232.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Baradaran Seyed
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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12
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Pingray V, Belizán M, Matthews S, Zaraa S, Berrueta M, Noguchi LM, Xiong X, Gurtman A, Absalon J, Nelson JC, Panagiotakopoulos L, Sevene E, Munoz FM, Althabe F, Mwamwitwa KW, Rodriguez Cairoli F, Anderson SA, McClure EM, Guillard C, Nakimuli A, Stergachis A, Buekens P. Using maternal and neonatal data collection systems for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines active safety surveillance in low- and middle-income countries: an international modified Delphi study. Gates Open Res 2021; 5:99. [PMID: 39049963 PMCID: PMC11266593 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13305.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Given that pregnant women are now included among those for receipt coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, it is important to ensure that information systems can be used (or available) for active safety surveillance, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The aim of this study was to build consensus about the use of existing maternal and neonatal data collection systems in LMICs for COVID-19 vaccines active safety surveillance, a basic set of variables, and the suitability and feasibility of including pregnant women and LMIC research networks in COVID-19 vaccines pre-licensure activities. Methods: A three-stage modified Delphi study was conducted over three months in 2020. An international multidisciplinary panel of 16 experts participated. Ratings distributions and consensus were assessed, and ratings' rationale was analyzed. Results: The panel recommended using maternal and neonatal data collection systems for active safety surveillance in LMICs (median 9; disagreement index [DI] -0.92), but there was no consensus (median 6; DI 1.79) on the feasibility of adapting these systems. A basic set of 14 maternal, neonatal, and vaccination-related variables. Out of 16 experts, 11 supported a basic set of 14 maternal, neonatal, and vaccination-related variables for active safety surveillance. Seven experts agreed on a broader set of 26 variables. The inclusion of pregnant women for COVID-19 vaccines research (median 8; DI -0.61) was found appropriate, although there was uncertainty on its feasibility in terms of decision-makers' acceptability (median 7; DI 10.00) and regulatory requirements (median 6; DI 0.51). There was no consensus (median 6; DI 2.35) on the feasibility of including research networks in LMICs for conducting clinical trials amongst pregnant women. Conclusions: Although there was some uncertainty regarding feasibility, experts recommended using maternal and neonatal data collection systems and agreed on a common set of variables for COVID-19 vaccines active safety surveillance in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Pingray
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 1414, Argentina
| | - María Belizán
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 1414, Argentina
| | - Sarah Matthews
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA
| | - Sabra Zaraa
- School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Mabel Berrueta
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 1414, Argentina
| | - Lisa M. Noguchi
- Jhpiego, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
| | - Xu Xiong
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA
| | - Alejandra Gurtman
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Pearl River, New York, 10965, USA
| | - Judith Absalon
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Pearl River, New York, 10965, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Nelson
- Kaiser Permanente, Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, 98101, USA
| | | | - Esperanca Sevene
- Department of Physiological Science, Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Maputo, Mozambique, Eduardo Mondlane University/Manhiça Health Research Centre, Maputo, Maputo, 1102, Mozambique
| | - Flor M. Munoz
- Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Virology and Microbiology,, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77004, USA
| | - Fernando Althabe
- UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Kissa W. Mwamwitwa
- Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 11000, Tanzania
| | - Federico Rodriguez Cairoli
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 1414, Argentina
| | | | - Elizabeth M. McClure
- Social, Statistical and Environmental Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, Durham, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | | | - Annettee Nakimuli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Kampala, 0000, Uganda
| | - Andy Stergachis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Pierre Buekens
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA
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13
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Zuber PLF, Gruber M, Kaslow DC, Chen RT, Giersing BK, Friede MH. Evolving pharmacovigilance requirements with novel vaccines and vaccine components. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2020-003403. [PMID: 34011500 PMCID: PMC8137242 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper explores the pipeline of new and upcoming vaccines as it relates to monitoring their safety. Compared with most currently available vaccines, that are constituted of live attenuated organisms or inactive products, future vaccines will also be based on new technologies. Several products that include such technologies are either already licensed or at an advanced stage of clinical development. Those include viral vectors, genetically attenuated live organisms, nucleic acid vaccines, novel adjuvants, increased number of antigens present in a single vaccine, novel mode of vaccine administration and thermostabilisation. The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) monitors novel vaccines, from the time they become available for large scale use. GACVS maintains their safety profile as evidence emerges from post-licensure surveillance and observational studies. Vaccines and vaccine formulations produced with novel technologies will have different safety profiles that will require adapting pharmacovigilance approaches. For example, GACVS now considers viral vector templates developed on the model proposed by Brighton Collaboration. The characteristics of those novel products will also have implications for the risk management plans (RMPs). Questions related to the duration of active monitoring for genetic material, presence of adventitious agents more easily detected with enhanced biological screening, or physiological mechanisms of novel adjuvants are all considerations that will belong to the preparation of RMPs. In addition to assessing those novel products and advising experts, GACVS will also consider how to more broadly communicate about risk assessment, so vaccine users can also benefit from the committee’s advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L F Zuber
- Access to Medicines and Health Products Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marion Gruber
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drugs Administration, Silver Spring, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Robert T Chen
- Brighton Collaboration, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Brigitte K Giersing
- Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin H Friede
- Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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14
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Darwish RM. COVID-19 immunity and vaccines: what a pharmacist needs to know. ASIAN BIOMED 2021; 15:51-67. [PMID: 37551403 PMCID: PMC10388771 DOI: 10.2478/abm-2021-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines are being produced using different platforms by different companies, some of which are entering Phase 3 and 4 trials. Due to the pandemic, this production has been accelerated, which leaves a window for speculation on the method of production and safety. Pharmacists are familiar with vaccination; however, COVID-19 vaccines are still new and further work is needed to clarify many aspects, including side effects, methods of storage, and number of doses. Prioritization of vaccination has been implemented to a certain extent, but no clear strategy is available. A comprehensive overview on immunity and immunological principles for the design of COVID-19 vaccine strategies is provided in this narrative review and the current COVID-19 vaccine landscape is discussed, in addition to exploring the principles for prioritization of vaccination using data from articles available in PubMed and from health organizations. Pharmacists should have a better understanding of COVID-19 vaccines and their manufacture. This would also allow better counseling of the public on COVID 19, immunization, and explaining prioritization basis and vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rula M. Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Aljubeiha, Amman00962, Jordan
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15
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Calina D, Docea AO, Petrakis D, Egorov AM, Ishmukhametov AA, Gabibov AG, Shtilman MI, Kostoff R, Carvalho F, Vinceti M, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A. Towards effective COVID‑19 vaccines: Updates, perspectives and challenges (Review). Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:3-16. [PMID: 32377694 PMCID: PMC7255458 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current context of the pandemic triggered by SARS-COV-2, the immunization of the population through vaccination is recognized as a public health priority. In the case of SARS-COV-2, the genetic sequencing was done quickly, in one month. Since then, worldwide research has focused on obtaining a vaccine. This has a major economic impact because new technological platforms and advanced genetic engineering procedures are required to obtain a COVID-19 vaccine. The most difficult scientific challenge for this future vaccine obtained in the laboratory is the proof of clinical safety and efficacy. The biggest challenge of manufacturing is the construction and validation of production platforms capable of making the vaccine on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Demetrios Petrakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alex M Egorov
- FSBSI 'Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune‑ and Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences', 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aydar A Ishmukhametov
- FSBSI 'Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune‑ and Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences', 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Michael I Shtilman
- D.I. Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ronald Kostoff
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Gainesville, VA 20155, USA
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050‑313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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