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Bashea C, Gize A, Lejisa T, Bikila D, Zerihun B, Challa F, Melese D, Gebreyohanns A, Gorems K, Ali S, Hundie GB, Tola HH, Tsegaye W. Detection and comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antibody produced in naturally infected patients and vaccinated individuals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: multicenter cross-sectional study. Virol J 2024; 21:192. [PMID: 39160532 PMCID: PMC11334514 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or vaccination triggers antibody production against key viral antigens. However, there is limited evidence on the levels of antibodies produced in naturally infected individuals compared to those vaccinated in Ethiopia. Therefore, we aimed to detect and compare SARS-CoV-2 antibodies produced by naturally infected and vaccinated individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a multicenter cross-sectional study among a total of 355 naturally infected and 355 vaccinated individuals from November 2022 to April 2023 at 10 selected health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. We enrolled the participants consecutively upon their arrival at health facilities until the required sample size was achieved. We used a structured questionnaire to collect data on the demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants. We also collected 3-5 ml of blood samples from all participants and tested for anti-Spike (anti-S) and anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) antibodies using Cobas 6000. We utilized frequency, mean, or median to describe the data, the Mann-Whitney U test to compare groups, and a generalized linear regression model to assess factors associated with anti-S antibody concentration. We analyzed the data with SPSS version 26, and the level of significance was set at P-value < 0.05. RESULTS Of the naturally infected participants, 352 (99.5%) had anti-S antibodies and all (100%) had anti-N antibodies, whereas among vaccinated participants, all (100%) had anti-S antibodies, while 323 (91.6%) had anti-N antibodies. Anti-S antibodies produced by vaccinated individuals were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than those produced as a result of natural infection. Being young (P = 0.004), having hypertension (P < 0.001), and having diabetes (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with lower anti-S antibody levels, while being recently vaccinated and having a higher number of vaccine doses were significantly associated with higher anti-S antibody concentrations in vaccinated participants. Having diabetes (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with lower anti-S concentrations in participants who were naturally infected. CONCLUSION There is a high seropositivity rate in both naturally infected and vaccinated individuals. However, vaccinated individuals had higher levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies than those who were naturally infected, which highlights the significant contribution of vaccination in increasing the protection of COVID-19 in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chala Bashea
- National Laboratory Capacity Building Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Addisu Gize
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Lejisa
- National Laboratory Capacity Building Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Demiraw Bikila
- National Laboratory Capacity Building Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Betselot Zerihun
- National TB Reference Laboratory, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Feyissa Challa
- National Laboratory Capacity Building Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Melese
- National Laboratory Capacity Building Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alganesh Gebreyohanns
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kasahun Gorems
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gadissa Bedada Hundie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Habteyes Hailu Tola
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Salale University, Fitche, Ethiopia
| | - Wondewosen Tsegaye
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Zhang Q, Jiao L, Chen Q, Bulstra CA, Geldsetzer P, de Oliveira T, Yang J, Wang C, Bärnighausen T, Chen S. COVID-19 antibody responses in individuals with natural immunity and with vaccination-induced immunity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2024; 13:189. [PMID: 39030630 PMCID: PMC11264703 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-024-02597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a large mortality and morbidity burden globally. For individuals, a strong immune response is the most effective means to block SARS-CoV-2 infection. To inform clinical case management of COVID-19, development of improved vaccines, and public health policy, a better understanding of antibody response dynamics and duration following SARS-CoV-2 infection and after vaccination is imperatively needed. METHODS We systematically analyzed antibody response rates in naturally infected COVID-19 patients and vaccinated individuals. Specifically, we searched all published and pre-published literature between 1 December 2019 and 31 July 2023 using MeSH terms and "all field" terms comprising "COVID-19" or "SARS-CoV-2," and "antibody response" or "immunity response" or "humoral immune." We included experimental and observational studies that provided antibody positivity rates following natural COVID-19 infection or vaccination. A total of 44 studies reporting antibody positivity rate changes over time were included. RESULTS The meta-analysis showed that within the first week after COVID-19 symptom onset/diagnosis or vaccination, antibody response rates in vaccinated individuals were lower than those in infected patients (p < 0.01), but no significant difference was observed from the second week to the sixth month. IgG, IgA, and IgM positivity rates increased during the first 3 weeks; thereafter, IgG positivity rates were maintained at a relatively high level, while the IgM seroconversion rate dropped. CONCLUSIONS Antibody production following vaccination might not occur as quickly or strongly as after natural infection, and the IgM antibody response was less persistent than the IgG response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lirui Jiao
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Qiushi Chen
- The Harold and Inge Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Caroline A Bulstra
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130/3, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Health Systems Innovation Lab, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
| | - Pascal Geldsetzer
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Center for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Juntao Yang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Till Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130/3, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Simiao Chen
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130/3, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
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De Vito A, Moi G, Saderi L, Puci MV, Colpani A, Firino L, Puggioni A, Uzzau S, Babudieri S, Sotgiu G, Madeddu G. Vaccination and Antiviral Treatment Reduce the Time to Negative SARS-CoV-2 Swab: A Real-Life Study. Viruses 2023; 15:2180. [PMID: 38005858 PMCID: PMC10675806 DOI: 10.3390/v15112180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials demonstrated the role of vaccines and antiviral treatments against SARS-CoV-2 in reducing the likelihood of disease progression and death. However, there are limited data available regarding the time to negativity of people who received these treatments. Further, several comorbidities and risk factors might affect the impact of vaccines and antiviral treatments. To this end, we aimed to evaluate and disentangle the impact of anti-SARS-CoV-2 treatments and that of underlying clinical factors associated with a shortened length of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hence, we recorded the timeframe of positive nasopharyngeal swab in people infected while being hospitalized for reasons other than SARS-CoV-2 infection. All patients who died or were discharged with a positive swab were excluded from the study. A total of 175 patients were included in this study. Clinical conditions encompass malignancies, immunological disorders, cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative, and chronic kidney disease. Most of the participants (91.4%) were vaccinated before admission to the hospital, and 65.1% received antiviral treatment within three days after the symptom's onset. Unvaccinated patients had a longer median time to negativity than people who received at least two doses of vaccine (18 vs. 10 days). Concerning the clinical conditions of all patients, multivariate analysis highlighted a lower probability of 14-day conversion of antigenic test positivity in patients with hematological malignancy, including those vaccinated and those exposed to antiviral therapies. In conclusion, our data showed that prompt administration of antiviral treatments accelerates the clearance of SARS-CoV-2. Further, in the elderly patients under study, previous vaccination and antiviral treatment synergize to reduce time to negativity. This translates into a shorter hospitalization time and a lower risk of transmission through patients and connected healthcare workers in a hospital ward setting, with considerable improvement in cost-effective care management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea De Vito
- Unit of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (S.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Giulia Moi
- Unit of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (S.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Laura Saderi
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.S.); (M.V.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Mariangela V. Puci
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.S.); (M.V.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Agnese Colpani
- Unit of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (S.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Laura Firino
- Division of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.F.); (A.P.); (S.U.)
| | - Anna Puggioni
- Division of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.F.); (A.P.); (S.U.)
| | - Sergio Uzzau
- Division of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.F.); (A.P.); (S.U.)
| | - Sergio Babudieri
- Unit of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (S.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.S.); (M.V.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Giordano Madeddu
- Unit of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (S.B.); (G.M.)
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Mix-and-match COVID-19 vaccines trigger high antibody response after the Third Dose Vaccine in Moroccan Health Care Workers. Vaccine X 2023; 14:100288. [PMID: 37008956 PMCID: PMC10039700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that in individuals who have received two doses of COVID-19 vaccine, the level of IgG antibodies decreased over time. In addition, the resurgence of the epidemic due to variants has led the authorities in several countries, including Morocco, to extend the third dose to the entire adult population. In this study, we included 43 healthcare workers (HCWs) who were vaccinated with three doses. They were vaccinated with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 for the first two doses and with BNT 162b2 or BBIBP-CorV vaccine for the third dose. Humoral response was assessed on the day of injection of the third dose of vaccine and one month after the third dose by measuring anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) IgG levels. Seven months after the second dose, the median titer of anti-RBD IgG was higher in the group with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection than in the group with no history of infection (1038 AU/mL vs. 76.05 AU/mL, respectively, p=0.003). One month after the third dose, a significant increase in median level of anti-RBD in both groups was observed: from 76.05 AU/mL to 6127 AU/mL in the group with no history of infection and from 1038 AU/mL to 14412 AU/mL in the group with history of infection. Notably, the BNT 162b2 vaccine elicits a high titer of anti-RBD antibody compared to the BBIBP-CorV vaccine. Median antibody titers were 21991 AU/mL and 3640 AU/mL for BNT 162b2 and BBIBP-CorV vaccines, respectively (p=0.0002). 23% of HCWs were infected with SARS-CoV-2 within the first two months after the third dose injection. However, all these patients developed mild symptoms and tested negative by RT-qPCR between 10 and 15 days after the onset of symptoms. Our findings support that the third dose of COVID-19 vaccine significantly improves the humoral response and protects against the severe disease.
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Mahmud S, Afrose S, Biswas S, Nagata A, Paul GK, Mita MA, Hasan MR, Shimu MSS, Zaman S, Uddin MS, Islam MS, Saleh MA. Plant-derived compounds effectively inhibit the main protease of SARS-CoV-2: An in silico approach. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273341. [PMID: 35998194 PMCID: PMC9398018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), involves severe acute respiratory syndrome and poses unprecedented challenges to global health. Structure-based drug design techniques have been developed targeting the main protease of the SARS-CoV-2, responsible for viral replication and transcription, to rapidly identify effective inhibitors and therapeutic targets. Herein, we constructed a phytochemical dataset of 1154 compounds using deep literature mining and explored their potential to bind with and inhibit the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. The three most effective phytochemicals Cosmosiine, Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside, and Cleomiscosin A had binding energies of -8.4, -8.4, and -8.2 kcal/mol, respectively, in the docking analysis. These molecules could bind to Gln189, Glu166, Cys145, His41, and Met165 residues on the active site of the targeted protein, leading to specific inhibition. The pharmacological characteristics and toxicity of these compounds, examined using absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) analyses, revealed no carcinogenicity or toxicity. Furthermore, the complexes were simulated with molecular dynamics for 100 ns to calculate the root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), radius of gyration (Rg), solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), and hydrogen profiles from the simulation trajectories. Our analysis validated the rigidity of the docked protein-ligand. Taken together, our computational study findings might help develop potential drugs to combat the main protease of the SARS-CoV-2 and help alleviate the severity of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafi Mahmud
- Division of Genome Sciences and Cancer, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, and The Shine-Dalgarno Centre for RNA Innovation, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Shamima Afrose
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Suvro Biswas
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Abir Nagata
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gobindo Kumar Paul
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Mohasana Akter Mita
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Robiul Hasan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | | | - Shahriar Zaman
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Salah Uddin
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sayeedul Islam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Md. Abu Saleh
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
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de Oliveira CF, Neto WFF, da Silva CP, Ribeiro ACS, Martins LC, de Sousa AW, Freitas MNO, Chiang JO, Silva FA, dos Santos EB, Medeiros DBA, Pinheiro GS, Brandão GF, Carvalho VL, Azevedo RSS, Vasconcelos PFC, Costa IB, Costa IB, dos Santos MC, Soares LS, Bedran RLS, Ferreira JL, Amarilla AA, Modhiran N, McMillan CLD, Freney ME, Muller DA, Watterson D, Casseb LMN, Henriques DF. Absence of Anti-RBD Antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 Infected or Naive Individuals Prior to Vaccination with CoronaVac Leads to Short Protection of Only Four Months Duration. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050690. [PMID: 35632447 PMCID: PMC9147084 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is the biggest public health threat facing the world today. Multiple vaccines have been approved; however, the emergence of viral variants such as the recent Omicron raises the possibility of booster doses to achieve adequate protection. In Brazil, the CoronaVac (Sinovac, Beijing, China) vaccine was used; however, it is important to assess the immune response to this vaccine over time. This study aimed to monitor the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in those immunized with CoronaVac and SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. Samples were collected between August 2020 and August 2021. Within the vaccinated cohort, some individuals had a history of infection by SARS-CoV-2 prior to immunization, while others did not. We analyzed RBD-specific and neutralizing-antibodies. Anti-RBD antibodies were detected in both cohorts, with a peak between 45–90 days post infection or vaccination, followed by a steady decline over time. In those with a previous history of COVID-19, a higher, longer, more persistent response was observed. This trend was mirrored in the neutralization assays, where infection, followed by immunization, resulted in higher, longer lasting responses which were conditioned on the presence of levels of RBD antibodies right before the vaccination. This supports the necessity of booster doses of CoronaVac in due course to prevent serious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille F. de Oliveira
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (C.F.d.O.); (W.F.F.N.); (C.P.d.S.); (A.C.S.R.); (L.C.M.); (A.W.d.S.); (M.N.O.F.); (J.O.C.); (F.A.S.); (E.B.d.S.); (D.B.A.M.); (G.S.P.); (G.F.B.); (V.L.C.); (R.S.S.A.); (L.M.N.C.)
| | - Walter F. F. Neto
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (C.F.d.O.); (W.F.F.N.); (C.P.d.S.); (A.C.S.R.); (L.C.M.); (A.W.d.S.); (M.N.O.F.); (J.O.C.); (F.A.S.); (E.B.d.S.); (D.B.A.M.); (G.S.P.); (G.F.B.); (V.L.C.); (R.S.S.A.); (L.M.N.C.)
| | - Carla P. da Silva
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (C.F.d.O.); (W.F.F.N.); (C.P.d.S.); (A.C.S.R.); (L.C.M.); (A.W.d.S.); (M.N.O.F.); (J.O.C.); (F.A.S.); (E.B.d.S.); (D.B.A.M.); (G.S.P.); (G.F.B.); (V.L.C.); (R.S.S.A.); (L.M.N.C.)
| | - Ana Claudia S. Ribeiro
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (C.F.d.O.); (W.F.F.N.); (C.P.d.S.); (A.C.S.R.); (L.C.M.); (A.W.d.S.); (M.N.O.F.); (J.O.C.); (F.A.S.); (E.B.d.S.); (D.B.A.M.); (G.S.P.); (G.F.B.); (V.L.C.); (R.S.S.A.); (L.M.N.C.)
| | - Lívia C. Martins
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (C.F.d.O.); (W.F.F.N.); (C.P.d.S.); (A.C.S.R.); (L.C.M.); (A.W.d.S.); (M.N.O.F.); (J.O.C.); (F.A.S.); (E.B.d.S.); (D.B.A.M.); (G.S.P.); (G.F.B.); (V.L.C.); (R.S.S.A.); (L.M.N.C.)
| | - Alana W. de Sousa
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (C.F.d.O.); (W.F.F.N.); (C.P.d.S.); (A.C.S.R.); (L.C.M.); (A.W.d.S.); (M.N.O.F.); (J.O.C.); (F.A.S.); (E.B.d.S.); (D.B.A.M.); (G.S.P.); (G.F.B.); (V.L.C.); (R.S.S.A.); (L.M.N.C.)
| | - Maria N. O. Freitas
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (C.F.d.O.); (W.F.F.N.); (C.P.d.S.); (A.C.S.R.); (L.C.M.); (A.W.d.S.); (M.N.O.F.); (J.O.C.); (F.A.S.); (E.B.d.S.); (D.B.A.M.); (G.S.P.); (G.F.B.); (V.L.C.); (R.S.S.A.); (L.M.N.C.)
| | - Jannifer O. Chiang
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (C.F.d.O.); (W.F.F.N.); (C.P.d.S.); (A.C.S.R.); (L.C.M.); (A.W.d.S.); (M.N.O.F.); (J.O.C.); (F.A.S.); (E.B.d.S.); (D.B.A.M.); (G.S.P.); (G.F.B.); (V.L.C.); (R.S.S.A.); (L.M.N.C.)
| | - Franko A. Silva
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (C.F.d.O.); (W.F.F.N.); (C.P.d.S.); (A.C.S.R.); (L.C.M.); (A.W.d.S.); (M.N.O.F.); (J.O.C.); (F.A.S.); (E.B.d.S.); (D.B.A.M.); (G.S.P.); (G.F.B.); (V.L.C.); (R.S.S.A.); (L.M.N.C.)
| | - Eder B. dos Santos
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (C.F.d.O.); (W.F.F.N.); (C.P.d.S.); (A.C.S.R.); (L.C.M.); (A.W.d.S.); (M.N.O.F.); (J.O.C.); (F.A.S.); (E.B.d.S.); (D.B.A.M.); (G.S.P.); (G.F.B.); (V.L.C.); (R.S.S.A.); (L.M.N.C.)
| | - Daniele B. A. Medeiros
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (C.F.d.O.); (W.F.F.N.); (C.P.d.S.); (A.C.S.R.); (L.C.M.); (A.W.d.S.); (M.N.O.F.); (J.O.C.); (F.A.S.); (E.B.d.S.); (D.B.A.M.); (G.S.P.); (G.F.B.); (V.L.C.); (R.S.S.A.); (L.M.N.C.)
| | - Gleiciane S. Pinheiro
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (C.F.d.O.); (W.F.F.N.); (C.P.d.S.); (A.C.S.R.); (L.C.M.); (A.W.d.S.); (M.N.O.F.); (J.O.C.); (F.A.S.); (E.B.d.S.); (D.B.A.M.); (G.S.P.); (G.F.B.); (V.L.C.); (R.S.S.A.); (L.M.N.C.)
| | - Gleiciane F. Brandão
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (C.F.d.O.); (W.F.F.N.); (C.P.d.S.); (A.C.S.R.); (L.C.M.); (A.W.d.S.); (M.N.O.F.); (J.O.C.); (F.A.S.); (E.B.d.S.); (D.B.A.M.); (G.S.P.); (G.F.B.); (V.L.C.); (R.S.S.A.); (L.M.N.C.)
| | - Valéria L. Carvalho
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (C.F.d.O.); (W.F.F.N.); (C.P.d.S.); (A.C.S.R.); (L.C.M.); (A.W.d.S.); (M.N.O.F.); (J.O.C.); (F.A.S.); (E.B.d.S.); (D.B.A.M.); (G.S.P.); (G.F.B.); (V.L.C.); (R.S.S.A.); (L.M.N.C.)
| | - Raimunda S. S. Azevedo
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (C.F.d.O.); (W.F.F.N.); (C.P.d.S.); (A.C.S.R.); (L.C.M.); (A.W.d.S.); (M.N.O.F.); (J.O.C.); (F.A.S.); (E.B.d.S.); (D.B.A.M.); (G.S.P.); (G.F.B.); (V.L.C.); (R.S.S.A.); (L.M.N.C.)
| | - Pedro F. C. Vasconcelos
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Pará State, Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil;
| | - Igor B. Costa
- Department of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (I.B.C.); (I.B.C.); (M.C.d.S.); (L.S.S.); (R.L.S.B.); (J.L.F.)
| | - Iran B. Costa
- Department of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (I.B.C.); (I.B.C.); (M.C.d.S.); (L.S.S.); (R.L.S.B.); (J.L.F.)
| | - Mirleide C. dos Santos
- Department of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (I.B.C.); (I.B.C.); (M.C.d.S.); (L.S.S.); (R.L.S.B.); (J.L.F.)
| | - Luana S. Soares
- Department of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (I.B.C.); (I.B.C.); (M.C.d.S.); (L.S.S.); (R.L.S.B.); (J.L.F.)
| | - Rayssa L. S. Bedran
- Department of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (I.B.C.); (I.B.C.); (M.C.d.S.); (L.S.S.); (R.L.S.B.); (J.L.F.)
| | - James L. Ferreira
- Department of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (I.B.C.); (I.B.C.); (M.C.d.S.); (L.S.S.); (R.L.S.B.); (J.L.F.)
| | - Alberto A. Amarilla
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.A.A.); (N.M.); (C.L.D.M.); (M.E.F.); (D.A.M.); (D.W.)
| | - Naphak Modhiran
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.A.A.); (N.M.); (C.L.D.M.); (M.E.F.); (D.A.M.); (D.W.)
| | - Christopher L. D. McMillan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.A.A.); (N.M.); (C.L.D.M.); (M.E.F.); (D.A.M.); (D.W.)
| | - Morgan E. Freney
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.A.A.); (N.M.); (C.L.D.M.); (M.E.F.); (D.A.M.); (D.W.)
| | - David A. Muller
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.A.A.); (N.M.); (C.L.D.M.); (M.E.F.); (D.A.M.); (D.W.)
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.A.A.); (N.M.); (C.L.D.M.); (M.E.F.); (D.A.M.); (D.W.)
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lívia M. N. Casseb
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (C.F.d.O.); (W.F.F.N.); (C.P.d.S.); (A.C.S.R.); (L.C.M.); (A.W.d.S.); (M.N.O.F.); (J.O.C.); (F.A.S.); (E.B.d.S.); (D.B.A.M.); (G.S.P.); (G.F.B.); (V.L.C.); (R.S.S.A.); (L.M.N.C.)
| | - Daniele F. Henriques
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (C.F.d.O.); (W.F.F.N.); (C.P.d.S.); (A.C.S.R.); (L.C.M.); (A.W.d.S.); (M.N.O.F.); (J.O.C.); (F.A.S.); (E.B.d.S.); (D.B.A.M.); (G.S.P.); (G.F.B.); (V.L.C.); (R.S.S.A.); (L.M.N.C.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Ezzikouri S, Nourlil J, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Kohara M, El Ossmani H, Windisch MP, Benjelloun S. Nanobodies: an unexplored opportunity to combat COVID-19. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:3129-3131. [PMID: 33172342 PMCID: PMC7678357 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1845801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus is capable of human-to-human transmission, and is spreading rapidly round the globe, with markedly high fatality rates. Unfortunately, there are neither vaccines nor specific therapies available to combat it, and the developments of such approaches depend on pursuing multiple avenues in biomedical science. Accordingly, in this paper we highlight one such avenue-nanobodies-for potential utility in therapeutic and diagnostic interventions to combat COVID-19.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeh Ezzikouri
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Jalal Nourlil
- Medical Virology and BSL3 Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hicham El Ossmani
- Institut de Criminalistique de la Gendarmerie Royale, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Marc P. Windisch
- Applied Molecular Virology Laboratory, Discovery Biology Department, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Soumaya Benjelloun
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
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8
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Uprichard SL, O’Brien A, Evdokimova M, Rowe CL, Joyce C, Hackbart M, Cruz-Pulido YE, Cohen CA, Rock ML, Dye JM, Kuehnert P, Ricks KM, Casper M, Linhart L, Anderson K, Kirk L, Maggiore JA, Herbert AS, Clark NM, Reid GE, Baker SC. Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination in COVID-19-naïve and Experienced Individuals. Viruses 2022; 14:370. [PMID: 35215962 PMCID: PMC8878640 DOI: 10.3390/v14020370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the magnitude of responses to vaccination during the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is essential for ultimate mitigation of the disease. Here, we describe a cohort of 102 subjects (70 COVID-19-naïve, 32 COVID-19-experienced) who received two doses of one of the mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna)). We document that a single exposure to antigen via infection or vaccination induces a variable antibody response which is affected by age, gender, race, and co-morbidities. In response to a second antigen dose, both COVID-19-naïve and experienced subjects exhibited elevated levels of anti-spike and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity; however, COVID-19-experienced individuals achieved higher antibody levels and neutralization activity as a group. The COVID-19-experienced subjects exhibited no significant increase in antibody or neutralization titer in response to the second vaccine dose (i.e., third antigen exposure). Finally, we found that COVID-19-naïve individuals who received the Moderna vaccine exhibited a more robust boost response to the second vaccine dose (p = 0.004) as compared to the response to Pfizer-BioNTech. Ongoing studies with this cohort will continue to contribute to our understanding of the range and durability of responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Uprichard
- Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; (M.C.); (L.L.); (K.A.); (L.K.); (N.M.C.); (G.E.R.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; (A.O.); (M.E.); (C.L.R.); (M.H.); (Y.E.C.-P.); (S.C.B.)
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Amornrat O’Brien
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; (A.O.); (M.E.); (C.L.R.); (M.H.); (Y.E.C.-P.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Monika Evdokimova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; (A.O.); (M.E.); (C.L.R.); (M.H.); (Y.E.C.-P.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Cynthia L. Rowe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; (A.O.); (M.E.); (C.L.R.); (M.H.); (Y.E.C.-P.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Cara Joyce
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
| | - Matthew Hackbart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; (A.O.); (M.E.); (C.L.R.); (M.H.); (Y.E.C.-P.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Yazmin E. Cruz-Pulido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; (A.O.); (M.E.); (C.L.R.); (M.H.); (Y.E.C.-P.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Courtney A. Cohen
- Viral Immunology Branch, Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.A.C.); (M.L.R.); (J.M.D.); (A.S.H.)
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98042, USA
| | - Michelle L. Rock
- Viral Immunology Branch, Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.A.C.); (M.L.R.); (J.M.D.); (A.S.H.)
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98042, USA
| | - John M. Dye
- Viral Immunology Branch, Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.A.C.); (M.L.R.); (J.M.D.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Paul Kuehnert
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (P.K.); (K.M.R.)
| | - Keersten M. Ricks
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (P.K.); (K.M.R.)
| | - Marybeth Casper
- Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; (M.C.); (L.L.); (K.A.); (L.K.); (N.M.C.); (G.E.R.)
| | - Lori Linhart
- Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; (M.C.); (L.L.); (K.A.); (L.K.); (N.M.C.); (G.E.R.)
| | - Katrina Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; (M.C.); (L.L.); (K.A.); (L.K.); (N.M.C.); (G.E.R.)
| | - Laura Kirk
- Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; (M.C.); (L.L.); (K.A.); (L.K.); (N.M.C.); (G.E.R.)
| | - Jack A. Maggiore
- Department of Pathology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
| | - Andrew S. Herbert
- Viral Immunology Branch, Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.A.C.); (M.L.R.); (J.M.D.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Nina M. Clark
- Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; (M.C.); (L.L.); (K.A.); (L.K.); (N.M.C.); (G.E.R.)
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Gail E. Reid
- Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; (M.C.); (L.L.); (K.A.); (L.K.); (N.M.C.); (G.E.R.)
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Susan C. Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; (A.O.); (M.E.); (C.L.R.); (M.H.); (Y.E.C.-P.); (S.C.B.)
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Altawalah H, Alfouzan W, Al-Fadalah T, Ezzikouri S. Diagnostic Performance of Automated SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Assay in Nasal Swab during COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:2110. [PMID: 34829457 PMCID: PMC8621910 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11112110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To control the spread of the pandemic brought about by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, it is necessary to have an automated reliable diagnostic assay. To date, the RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) has been the recommended laboratory method to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection, but there is a need for more automated and reliable tests. The aim of this real-life study was to assess the diagnostic performance of DiaSorin's LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 antigen (Ag) chemiluminescence immunoassay in detecting SARS-CoV-2 in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. METHODS A prospective study was performed on 300 nasopharyngeal swabs randomly collected from 31 May to 6 July 2021. Nasopharyngeal samples were assayed with DiaSorin's LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 Ag and TaqPath™ COVID-19 multiplex RT-qPCR. RESULTS Of 300 participants, 150 had a RT-qPCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection of whom 113 (75.33%) were also detected by the DiaSorin LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 Ag. Taking RT-qPCR as a reference, the sensitivity and specificity of the DiaSorin LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 Ag assay were evaluated as 75.33% (95% CI = 67.64-82) and 100% (95% CI = 97.57-100), respectively. When a viral load cut-off was applied for high viral load (median cycle threshold (Ct) < 18.57), the overall sensitivity was increased to 96.55% (95% CI = 88.09-99.58). Interestingly, median RT-qPCR Ct and SARS-CoV-2 Ag values were similar between fully vaccinated and unvaccinated subjects. CONCLUSIONS Automated, quantitative LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 Ag assay shows good performance to identify SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals with moderate to high viral loads. LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 Ag testing could be used as frontline testing for COVID-19 diagnosis and be more suitable for large utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haya Altawalah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 24923, Kuwait;
- Virology Unit, Yacoub Behbehani Center, Sabah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Safat 24923, Kuwait
| | - Wadha Alfouzan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 24923, Kuwait;
- Laboratory Medicine, Farwania Hospital, Ministry of Health, Farwania 85000, Kuwait
| | - Talal Al-Fadalah
- Qualities and Accreditation Directorate, Ministry of Health, Safat 13001, Kuwait;
| | - Sayeh Ezzikouri
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca 20250, Morocco
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10
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Altawalah H. Antibody Responses to Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection or after COVID-19 Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:910. [PMID: 34452035 PMCID: PMC8402626 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the causative agent of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The clinical severity of COVID-19 ranges from asymptomatic to critical disease and, eventually, death in smaller subsets of patients. The first case of COVID-19 was declared at the end of 2019 and it has since spread worldwide and remained a challenge in 2021, with the emergence of variants of concern. In fact, new concerns were the still unclear situation of SARS-CoV-2 immunity during the ongoing pandemic and progress with vaccination. If maintained at sufficiently high levels, the immune response could effectively block reinfection, which might confer long-lived protection. Understanding the protective capacity and the duration of humoral immunity during SARS-CoV-2 infection or after vaccination is critical for managing the pandemic and would also provide more evidence about the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. However, the exact features of antibody responses that govern SARS-CoV-2 infection or after vaccination remain unclear. This review summarizes the main knowledge that we have about the humoral immune response during COVID-19 disease or after vaccination. Such knowledge should help to optimize vaccination strategies and public health decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haya Altawalah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 24923, Kuwait; or
- Virology Unit, Yacoub Behbehani Center, Sabah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Safat 24923, Kuwait
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11
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Saeed U, Uppal SR, Piracha ZZ, Rasheed A, Aftab Z, Zaheer H, Uppal R. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-based rapid diagnostic kits in Pakistan: formulation of COVID-19 national testing strategy. Virol J 2021; 18:34. [PMID: 33581714 PMCID: PMC7881305 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 during pandemic enables timely treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Evaluating the accuracy and reliability of rapid diagnostic testing kits is crucial for surveillance and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections in general population, injection drug users, multi-transfused populations, healthcare workers, prisoners, barbers and other high risk populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate performance and effectiveness of nasopharyngeal swab (NSP) and saliva based rapid antigen detection testing kits in comparison with USFDA approved triple target gold standard real-time polymerase chain reaction. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 33,000 COVID-19 suspected patients. From RT-PCR positive patients, nasopharyngeal swab (NSP) and saliva samples were obtained for evaluation of rapid COVID-19 testing kits (RDT). 100/33,000 (0.3%) of specimens were RT-PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2. Among RT-PCR positive, 62% were males, 34% were females, and 4% were children. The NSP-RDT (Lepu Medical China) analysis revealed 53% reactivity among males, 58% reactivity among females, and 25% reactivity among children. However saliva based RDT (Lepu Medical China) analysis showed 21% reactivity among males and 23% among females, and no reactivity in children. False negative results were significantly more pronounced in saliva based RDT as compared to NSP-RDT. The sensitivity of these NSP-RDT and saliva based RDT were 52% and 21% respectively. The RDTs evaluated in this study showed limited sensitivities in comparison to gold standard RT-PCR, indicating that there is a dire need in Pakistan for development of suitable testing to improve accurate COVID-19 diagnosis in line with national demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Saeed
- Department of Research and Development, Islamabad Diagnostic Center (IDC), F8 Markaz, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Sara Rizwan Uppal
- Department of Research and Development, Islamabad Diagnostic Center (IDC), F8 Markaz, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Zahid Piracha
- Department of Research and Development, Islamabad Diagnostic Center (IDC), F8 Markaz, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasheed
- Department of Research and Development, Islamabad Diagnostic Center (IDC), F8 Markaz, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Aftab
- Islamabad Diagnostic Center (IDC), G8 Markaz, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hafsah Zaheer
- Islamabad Diagnostic Center (IDC), G8 Markaz, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Uppal
- Department of Research and Development, Islamabad Diagnostic Center (IDC), F8 Markaz, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
- Islamabad Diagnostic Center (IDC), G8 Markaz, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
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12
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Elmessaoudi-Idrissi M, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Nourlil J, Kettani A, Windisch MP, Kohara M, Malik YS, Dhama K, Benjelloun S, Ezzikouri S. Structure-guided discovery approach identifies potential lead compounds targeting M pro of SARS-CoV-2. Virusdisease 2020; 31:549-553. [PMID: 33200084 PMCID: PMC7656896 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-020-00627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 19 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become fatal for the world with affected population crossing over 25 million in more than 217 countries, consequently declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. Unfortunately, neither specific prophylactic or therapeutic drugs nor vaccines are available. To address the unmet medical needs, we explored a strategy identifying new compounds targeting the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2. Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro crystal structure (PDB ID: 6LU7) a combination of in silico screening, molecular docking, and dynamic approaches, a set of 5000 compounds of the ZINC database were screened. As a result, we identified and ranked the top 20 compounds based on the scores of ligand-interaction, their drug-likeness properties, and their predicted antiviral efficacies. The prominent drug-like and potent inhibitory compounds are 2-[2-(2-aminoacetyl) aminoacetyl] amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanamide (ZINC000004762511), 6'-fluoroaristeromycin (ZINC000001483267) and cyclo (L-histidyl-L-histidyl) (ZINC000005116916) scaffolds. Further in vitro and in vivo validations are required to demonstrate anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohcine Elmessaoudi-Idrissi
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc 1, Place Louis Pasteur, 20360 Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratoire de Biologie Et Santé (URAC34), Département de Biologie, Faculté Des Sciences Ben Msik, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Jalal Nourlil
- Medical Virology and BSL3 Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Anass Kettani
- Laboratoire de Biologie Et Santé (URAC34), Département de Biologie, Faculté Des Sciences Ben Msik, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Marc P. Windisch
- Applied Molecular Virology Laboratory, Discovery Biology Department, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Soumaya Benjelloun
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc 1, Place Louis Pasteur, 20360 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sayeh Ezzikouri
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc 1, Place Louis Pasteur, 20360 Casablanca, Morocco
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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