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Ohkuma R, Miura S, Muto S, Toyomasu Y, Fujimoto Y, Ieguchi K, Onishi N, Shimizu T, Watanabe M, Takayanagi D, Goshima T, Horiike A, Hamada K, Ariizumi H, Shimokawa M, Hirasawa Y, Ishiguro T, Suzuki R, Iriguchi N, Tsurui T, Mura E, Takenoshita S, Numajiri K, Okabe N, Yoshimura K, Tsuji M, Kiuchi Y, Yajima T, Ishida H, Suzuki H, Yamochi T, Kobayashi S, Tsunoda T, Wada S. Novel quantitative immunohistochemical analysis for evaluating PD-L1 expression with phosphor-integrated dots for predicting the efficacy of patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260492. [PMID: 37790929 PMCID: PMC10544572 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in tumor tissues is measured as a predictor of the therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in many cancer types. PD-L1 expression is evaluated by immunohistochemical staining using 3,3´-diaminobenzidine (DAB) chronogenesis (IHC-DAB); however, quantitative and reproducibility issues remain. We focused on a highly sensitive quantitative immunohistochemical method using phosphor-integrated dots (PIDs), which are fluorescent nanoparticles, and evaluated PD-L1 expression between the PID method and conventional DAB method. Methods In total, 155 patients with metastatic or recurrent cancer treated with ICIs were enrolled from four university hospitals. Tumor tissue specimens collected before treatment were subjected to immunohistochemical staining with both the PID and conventional DAB methods to evaluate PD-L1 protein expression. Results PD-L1 expression assessed using the PID and DAB methods was positively correlated. We quantified PD-L1 expression using the PID method and calculated PD-L1 PID scores. The PID score was significantly higher in the responder group than in the non-responder group. Survival analysis demonstrated that PD-L1 expression evaluated using the IHC-DAB method was not associated with progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS). Yet, PFS and OS were strikingly prolonged in the high PD-L1 PID score group. Conclusion Quantification of PD-L1 expression as a PID score was more effective in predicting the treatment efficacy and prognosis of patients with cancer treated with ICIs. The quantitative evaluation of PD-L1 expression using the PID method is a novel strategy for protein detection. It is highly significant that the PID method was able to identify a group of patients with a favorable prognosis who could not be identified by the conventional DAB method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Ohkuma
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Diagnostic Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakiko Miura
- Department of Pathology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Muto
- Department of Chest Surgery, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Toyomasu
- Department of Digestive Tract and General Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujimoto
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Diagnostic Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Ieguchi
- Department of Clinical Diagnostic Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Onishi
- Department of Clinical Diagnostic Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimizu
- Department of Clinical Diagnostic Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Diagnostic Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takayanagi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Diagnostic Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Goshima
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Diagnostic Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Horiike
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hamada
- Department of Chest Surgery, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Ariizumi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shimokawa
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Hirasawa
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ishiguro
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Risako Suzuki
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nana Iriguchi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tsurui
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emiko Mura
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Takenoshita
- Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Numajiri
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Okabe
- Department of Chest Surgery, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yoshimura
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Immuno Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Tsuji
- Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Kiuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yajima
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ishida
- Department of Digestive Tract and General Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Chest Surgery, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Toshiko Yamochi
- Department of Pathology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kobayashi
- Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsunoda
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Diagnostic Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang JP, Zhang MY, Luo M, Qin S, Xia XM. Effect of FXR agonist GW4064 in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma in rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18873. [PMID: 36344586 PMCID: PMC9640703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to observe the treatment effect of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist GW4064 in a rat model of hilar cholangiocarcinoma to explore a new therapeutic target for gene therapy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Eighty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (treatment group, model group, control group and sham operation group, 20 rats in each group). The four groups were fed a standard diet. The treatment group and the model group were injected with a suspension of cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cells into the hilar bile duct with a microsyringe, the control group was injected with normal saline, and the sham operation group was not injected with anything. A modified tail suspension test (TST) was used to evaluate the vitality of the rats. At 4 weeks, one rat in the treatment group and model group was euthanized, and the changes in the hilar bile duct were recorded. The procedure was repeated at 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, hilar cholangiocarcinoma occurred in the treatment group and model group. Then, the treatment group was injected with GW4064 intraperitoneally at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day. One week after injection, the rats in the four groups were euthanized. Pathological examination confirmed that tumours had formed, and hilar bile duct tissues were taken from the four groups. FXR, Bsep, Ntcp and NF-κB expression in the hilar bile duct was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. After three weeks, the rats in the treatment group and model group ate less, and their weight was significantly reduced. Six weeks later, hilar cholangiocarcinoma was detected in the treatment group and model group. After treatment with GW4064, the ratios of FXR/GAPDH mRNA, Bsep/GAPDH mRNA, Ntcp/GAPDH mRNA and NF-κBp65/GAPDH mRNA were significantly different among the four groups. Under a light microscope, FXR protein reacted with anti-FXR antibody, Bsep protein reacted with anti-Bsep antibody, Ntcp protein reacted with anti-Ntcp antibody and NF-κBp65 protein reacted with anti-NF-κBp65 antibody, and they showed granular expression. Every pathological section included 4,800 cells, and there were different numbers of positive cells in each group. FXR expression in the hilar cholangiocarcinoma of rats was significantly lower than that in normal hilar bile duct tissues. GW4064 increased the expression of FXR in tumour tissues. These findings suggest that FXR may be a new therapeutic target and that GW4064 may be helpful in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-ping Wang
- grid.488387.8Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 China
| | - Meng-yu Zhang
- grid.488387.8Department of General Surgery (Hepatobiliary Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan Province China
| | - Ming Luo
- grid.488387.8Department of General Surgery (Hepatobiliary Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan Province China
| | - Shu Qin
- grid.488387.8Department of General Surgery (Hepatobiliary Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan Province China
| | - Xian-ming Xia
- grid.488387.8Department of General Surgery (Hepatobiliary Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan Province China
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Yaping W, Zhe W, Zhuling C, Ruolei L, Pengyu F, Lili G, Cheng J, Bo Z, Liuyin L, Guangdong H, Yaoling W, Niuniu H, Rui L. The soldiers needed to be awakened: Tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Front Genet 2022; 13:988703. [PMID: 36246629 PMCID: PMC9558824 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.988703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) are a key component. Different types of TIICs play distinct roles. CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells could secrete soluble factors to hinder tumor cell growth, whereas regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) release inhibitory factors to promote tumor growth and progression. In the meantime, a growing body of evidence illustrates that the balance between pro- and anti-tumor responses of TIICs is associated with the prognosis in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, in order to boost anti-tumor response and improve the clinical outcome of tumor patients, a variety of anti-tumor strategies for targeting TIICs based on their respective functions have been developed and obtained good treatment benefits, including mainly immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), adoptive cell therapies (ACT), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, and various monoclonal antibodies. In recent years, the tumor-specific features of immune cells are further investigated by various methods, such as using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), and the results indicate that these cells have diverse phenotypes in different types of tumors and emerge inconsistent therapeutic responses. Hence, we concluded the recent advances in tumor-infiltrating immune cells, including functions, prognostic values, and various immunotherapy strategies for each immune cell in different tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yaping
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wang Zhe
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chu Zhuling
- Department of General Surgery, Eastern Theater Air Force Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Ruolei
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fan Pengyu
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guo Lili
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ji Cheng
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhang Bo
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Liu Liuyin
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hou Guangdong
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wang Yaoling
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hou Niuniu
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of General Surgery, Eastern Theater Air Force Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hou Niuniu, ; Ling Rui,
| | - Ling Rui
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Hou Niuniu, ; Ling Rui,
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