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Yang X, Zheng X, Zhu Y, Zhao X, Liu J, Xun J, Yuan S, Chen J, Pan H, Yang J, Wang J, Liang Z, Shen X, Liang Y, Lin Q, Liang H, Li M, Peng F, Lu D, Xu J, Lu H, Jiang S, Zhao P, Zhu H. Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 promotes SARS-CoV-2 infection of human normal hepatocytes. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:42. [PMID: 38355848 PMCID: PMC10866945 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01754-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes multi-organ damage, which includes hepatic dysfunction, as observed in over 50% of COVID-19 patients. Angiotensin I converting enzyme (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) 2 (ACE2) is the primary receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells, and studies have shown the presence of intracellular virus particles in human hepatocytes that express ACE2, but at extremely low levels. Consequently, we asked if hepatocytes might express receptors other than ACE2 capable of promoting the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cells. To address this question, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 activation library screening and found that Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGR1) promoted SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection of HeLa cells. In Huh-7 cells, simultaneous knockout of ACE2 and ASGR1 prevented SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection. In the immortalized THLE-2 hepatocyte cell line and primary hepatic parenchymal cells, both of which barely expressed ACE2, SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus could successfully establish an infection. However, after treatment with ASGR1 antibody or siRNA targeting ASGR1, the infection rate significantly dropped, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infects hepatic parenchymal cells mainly through an ASGR1-dependent mechanism. We confirmed that ASGR1 could interact with Spike protein, which depends on receptor binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain (NTD). Finally, we also used Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy to verify that SARS-CoV-2 could infect primary hepatic parenchymal cells. After inhibiting ASGR1 in primary hepatic parenchymal cells by siRNA, the infection efficiency of the live virus decreased significantly. Collectively, these findings indicate that ASGR1 is a candidate receptor for SARS-CoV-2 that promotes infection of hepatic parenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangna Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songhua Yuan
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanyu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhimin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoting Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinru Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huitong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daru Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Nursing Research Institution, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Huanzhang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Li Y, Ding X, Wu X, Ding L, Yang Y, Jiang X, Liu X, Zhang X, Su J, Xu J, Yang Z. A non-human primate derived anti-P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 antibody curtails acute pancreatitis by alleviating the inflammatory responses. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4461-4476. [PMID: 37969726 PMCID: PMC10638517 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a devastating disease characterized by an inflammatory disorder of the pancreas. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) plays a crucial role in the initial steps of the adhesive at process to inflammatory sites, blockade of PSGL-1 might confer potent anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we generated two non-human primate derived monoclonal antibodies capable of efficiently targeting human PSGL-1, RH001-6 and RH001-22, which were screened from immunized rhesus macaques. We found that RH001-6, can effectively block the binding of P-selectin to PSGL-1, and abolish the adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells in vitro. In vivo, we verified that RH001-6 relieved inflammatory responses and pancreatic injury in both caerulein and l-arginine induced AP models. We also evaluated the safety profile after RH001-6 treatment in mice, and verified that RH001-6 did not cause any significant pathological damages in vivo. Taken together, we developed a novel non-human primate derived PSGL-1 blocking antibody with high-specificity, named RH001-6, which can interrupt the binding of PSGL-1 and P-selectin and attenuate inflammatory responses during AP. Therefore, RH001-6 is highly potential to be further developed into therapeutics against acute inflammatory diseases, such as AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100021, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiangqing Ding
- Shanghai Sinobay Biotechnology Company (Limited), Shanghai 201500, China
| | - Xianxian Wu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Longfei Ding
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoliang Jiang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Jianrong Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Sinobay Biotechnology Company (Limited), Shanghai 201500, China
- Chongqing Institutes for Life Science Innovation, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100021, China
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3
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Wang Q, Wang S, Liu Y, Wang S, Peng H, Hao Y, Hong K, Li D, Shao Y. Sequential Administration of SARS-CoV-2 Strains-Based Vaccines Effectively Induces Potent Immune Responses against Previously Unexposed Omicron Strain. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050655. [PMID: 37242325 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, the continuous pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has placed a huge burden on public health. In order to effectively deal with the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, it becomes meaningful to further enhance the immune responses of individuals who have completed the first-generation vaccination. To understand whether sequential administration using different variant sequence-based inactivated vaccines could induce better immunity against the forthcoming variants, we tried five inactivated vaccine combinations in a mouse model and compared their immune responses. Our results showed that the sequential strategies have a significant advantage over homologous immunization by inducing robust antigen-specific T cell immune responses in the early stages of immunization. Furthermore, the three-dose vaccination strategies in our research elicited better neutralizing antibody responses against the BA.2 Omicron strain. These data provide scientific clues for finding the optimal strategy within the existing vaccine platform in generating cross-immunity against multiple variants including previously unexposed strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hong Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yanling Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Kunxue Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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4
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Long Y, Sun J, Song TZ, Liu T, Tang F, Zhang X, Ding L, Miao Y, Zhu W, Pan X, An Q, Qin M, Tong X, Peng X, Yu P, Zhu P, Xu J, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Liu D, Chen B, Chen H, Zhang L, Xiao G, Zuo J, Tang W, Zhou J, Li H, Xu Z, Zheng HY, Long XY, Qin Q, Gan Y, Ren J, Huang W, Zheng YT, Jin G, Gong L. CoVac501, a self-adjuvanting peptide vaccine conjugated with TLR7 agonists, against SARS-CoV-2 induces protective immunity. Cell Discov 2022; 8:9. [PMID: 35102138 PMCID: PMC8803929 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe, effective, and economical vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are needed to achieve adequate herd immunity and end the pandemic. We constructed a novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, CoVac501, which is a self-adjuvanting peptide vaccine conjugated with Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonists. The vaccine contains immunodominant peptides screened from the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and is fully chemically synthesized. It has been formulated in an optimized nanoemulsion formulation and is stable at 40 °C for 1 month. In non-human primates (NHPs), CoVac501 elicited high and persistent titers of protective neutralizing antibodies against multiple RBD mutations, SARS-CoV-2 original strain, and variants (B.1.1.7 and B.1.617.2). Specific peptides booster immunization against the B.1.351 variant has also been shown to be effective in improving protection against B.1.351. Meanwhile, CoVac501 elicited the increase of memory T cells, antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, and Th1-biased CD4+ T-cell immune responses in NHPs. Notably, at an extremely high SARS-CoV-2 challenge dose of 1 × 107 TCID50, CoVac501 provided near-complete protection for the upper and lower respiratory tracts of cynomolgus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Long
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Song
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Longfei Ding
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunqiu Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qi An
- Shanghai King-Cell Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Mian Qin
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Institutes of Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiankun Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xionghua Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yachun Zhang
- Shanghai King-Cell Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Datao Liu
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Ben Chen
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Huilin Chen
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Leike Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianping Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,International Cancer Center, Nation-Regional Engineering Lab for Synthetic Biology of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Yi Zheng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin-Yan Long
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiuping Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yong Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Guangyi Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. .,International Cancer Center, Nation-Regional Engineering Lab for Synthetic Biology of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Likun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Institutes of Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China.
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