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Ivančić Jokic N, Matičić L, Šimunović Erpušina M, Petrović D, Cicvarić O, Bakarčić D. Dental Anxiety Among Students of the University of Rijeka, Croatia. Acta Stomatol Croat 2024; 58:177-184. [PMID: 39036325 PMCID: PMC11256868 DOI: 10.15644/asc58/2/7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Dental anxiety is a common problem and a great challenge for many patients, but also for dentists - the treatment of anxious patients is considered to be one of the most stressful situations for dentists. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental anxiety among the students of the University of Rijeka and to detect possible differences in the level of anxiety among students of different study programs. Participants and methods This cross-sectional study included 290 students from different faculties of the University of Rijeka (Faculty of Law, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine), 73 (25.17%) male and 217 (74.83%) female students. The study was conducted online via The Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) in 2020 and sampling was based on voluntary responses. The Student's t-test and ANOVA were used to compare differences in MDAS scores among students. Results There is a significant difference in dental anxiety levels between students from the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences and Faculty of Dental Medicine (MDAS=11.32±4.11, MDAS=8.84±3.03, p=0.01), and also between students from the Faculty of Law and Faculty of Dental Medicine (MDAS=11.47±4.64, MDAS=8.84±3.03, p <0.01). Conclusions This research showed that non-dental students have a higher level of dental anxiety than dental students. Sufficient knowledge of dental and oral health could potentially overcome dental fear and anxiety. Therefore, there is a need to provide additional dental education throughout the university curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Ivančić Jokic
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Marija Šimunović Erpušina
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Dorotea Petrović
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Odri Cicvarić
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Danko Bakarčić
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Croatia
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Chidley E, Burns-Nader S. Exploring young adults' fears related to healthcare and dental procedures. J Family Med Prim Care 2024; 13:1830-1836. [PMID: 38948590 PMCID: PMC11213395 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_961_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Fear and anxiety related to dental and healthcare procedures are common among young adults and can negatively impact dental and healthcare consumership, resulting in poor health outcomes. Purpose This cross-sectional study aimed to examine young adults' experiences of fear related to dental and healthcare procedures and the potential relationships between the two forms of fear experiences and demographic factors. Methods Young adults (252) were recruited from a large public university and completed a survey about their dental and healthcare fear/anxiety as well as their confidence in healthcare professionals. Descriptive and correlational analyses were completed to describe the experiences of young adults and the relationships between variables. Results Ten types of fear/anxiety were identified related to healthcare procedures, with the most common being needles and pain. Nine fears/anxieties were identified for dental visits, of which pain and sensory experiences other than pain were most common. Female participants were significantly more likely to report fear/anxiety related to dental procedures, and there was a statistically significant relationship between fear/anxiety related to healthcare procedures and that related to dental procedures. There was also a significant negative relationship found between confidence in healthcare providers and fear/anxiety related to healthcare procedures. Conclusions Young adults experience fear/anxiety related to healthcare and dentist visits, and this fear/anxiety can impact their confidence in healthcare providers, such as primary physicians. The findings of the current study suggest primary care providers should be aware of potential fears/anxieties and offer patients appropriate supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Chidley
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Sherwood Burns-Nader
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
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Heyeraas CN, Jensen SN, Stabell VB, Johnsen JAK, Drachev SN. Is Dental Anxiety Associated with Oral Health-Related Quality of Life? Assessment of Statistical Significance and Clinical Meaningfulness in a Sample of Russian Medical and Dental Students. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:260. [PMID: 37999024 PMCID: PMC10670013 DOI: 10.3390/dj11110260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Information about oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and dental anxiety (DA) in Russian young adults is scarce. We investigated how DA is associated with OHRQoL in a group of medical and dental students in North-West Russia. The study had a cross-sectional design and included 807 students aged 18-25 years who attended the Northern State Medical University in Arkhangelsk. OHRQoL and DA were measured by the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) and Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS), respectively. A questionnaire collected information on socio-demographics and self-reported oral health (OH) characteristics. A dental examination was executed to assess dental caries and oral hygiene. We observed differences in the OHIP-14 scores between dentally anxious and non-anxious students: unadjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.65, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29-2.12; after adjustment for socio-demographics and clinically assessed OH: IRR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.23-2.02; after adjustment for socio-demographics, clinically assessed OH, and self-reported OH characteristics: IRR = 1.27, 95% CI: 0.99-1.63. The differences between estimated marginal means for the DAS categories in the models were 2.92, 2.51, and 1.24, respectively. Minimal clinically important differences of OHIP-14 fell between 1.68 and 2.51. We found a negative statistical association between DA and OHRQoL in our study sample, but after adjustment for potential confounders, the association lost its clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jan-Are K. Johnsen
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sergei N. Drachev
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Saba Z, Katirci G. Relationship between dental anxiety levels and oral health among dental patients in Turkey: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:328. [PMID: 37231452 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the relationship between dental anxiety and oral health in adult patients who applied to the Department of Restorative Dentistry at the Faculty of Dentistry at Suleyman Demirel University. METHODS The study included 500 subjects. The dental anxiety levels of the patients were determined using a modified dental anxiety scale (MDAS). Information on sociodemographic details, oral hygiene and nutritional habits were recorded. Intraoral examinations of the subjects were performed. Caries prevalence of individuals was determined using the decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMFT) and decayed, missing, or filled surfaces (DMFS) indices. Gingival health was evaluated using the gingival index (GI). Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square tests and Spearman correlation analysis. RESULTS The ages of the 276 female and 224 male participants ranged from 18-84 years. The median MDAS value was 9.00. The median DMFT and DMFS values were 10.00 and 23.00, respectively. The median MDAS values of women were higher than those of men. Individuals who postponed their appointment had a higher MDAS median value than those who did not (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.05). No statistically significant correlation was found between dental anxiety level (MDAS) and GI, DMFT and DMFS index scores (Spearman correlation analysis, p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The MDAS values of individuals who did not remember the reason for their dental visit were higher than those who visited the dentist for routine control. Based on the findings of this study, further research on the relationship between dental anxiety and oral health is necessary to determine the factors that pose a risk for dental anxiety and to ensure the regular benefits of dental services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafer Saba
- Restorative Dentistry Specialist, Private Dentist, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gunseli Katirci
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
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Hashemipour MA, Mohammadi F, Kamyabi H. Investigate the role of positive and negative memories from dentistry in the anxiety of dental patients in Kerman, Iran. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2022; 11:427. [PMID: 36824078 PMCID: PMC9942161 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1436_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Several research works show that anxiety is more common in women, low-income classes, and middle-aged and elderly populations. The present study aimed to investigate the role of positive and negative memories in patients' anxiety referred to the dental clinics, offices, and schools of Kerman, Iran, in 2018-2019. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical study, the participants were selected among individuals referred to the dental offices, schools, and clinics of Kerman, Iran. In this study, 500 questionnaires were distributed among the participants (based on census method), and of these, 482 of which were reviewed (response rate = 96.4%). The questionnaire used in this study contained four categories of questions, including demographic information, general questions about dentistry, Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale, and Autobiographical Memory Questionnaire. Analysis of variance, t-test, and Chi-square test were used to analyze. RESULTS Overall, 281 participants were female, and 201 were male. Based on the findings, dental visits were enjoyable and pleasant experiences for 154 participants, and 165 patients were anxious while the dentist prepared for a restorative treatment. This study showed that people with negative memories had more anxiety. Anxiety was also significantly associated with positive memories, higher education, and gender (female) (P < 0.05). Also, the most negative memories of dental treatments were associated with increased anxiety about dental treatments in adults (P < 0.05), while positive memories did not have a relationship any with decreased anxiety (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The most negative memories of dental treatments were associated with increased anxiety about dental treatments in adults, while positive memories did not have any expected inverse relationship with anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alsadat Hashemipour
- Professor of Oral Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Dental School, Kerman of University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran, Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran, Social Determinants on Oral Health Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Farideh Mohammadi
- Private Practice, Dental School, Kerman of University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Homa Kamyabi
- General Dentist, Dental School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Arif K, Alam B, Khan MI, Khare A, Malhotra S, Singh B. To assess the prevalence of dental anxiety among patients visiting a teaching dental hospital in Lucknow, India and their self-perceived treatment needs. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2022; 12:798-801. [PMID: 36148041 PMCID: PMC9486560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Image 1 Patients self assessment was a good predictor of patient dental status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Arif
- Public Health Dentistry, Career Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Ghaila, IIM Road Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Benazir Alam
- Public Health Dentistry, Career Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Ghaila, IIM Road Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Khan
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Career Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Ghaila, IIM Road Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Abhisheik Khare
- Head of Department, Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Career Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Ghaila, IIM Road Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Shitanshu Malhotra
- Reader, Public Health Dentistry, Career Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Ghaila, IIM Road Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Brijendra Singh
- Reader, Periodontics and ImplantologyAzamgarh Dental College, UP, India
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Frank V, Doshi A, Demirjian NL, Fields BKK, Song C, Lei X, Reddy S, Desai B, Harvey DC, Cen S, Gholamrezanezhad A. Educational, psychosocial, and clinical impact of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic on medical students in the United States. World J Virol 2022; 11:150-169. [PMID: 35665235 PMCID: PMC9150025 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v11.i3.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic altered education, exams, and residency applications for United States medical students.
AIM To determine the specific impact of the pandemic on US medical students and its correlation to their anxiety levels.
METHODS An 81-question survey was distributed via email, Facebook and social media groups using REDCapTM. To investigate risk factors associated with elevated anxiety level, we dichotomized the 1-10 anxiety score into low (≤ 5) and high (≥ 6). This cut point represents the 25th percentile. There were 90 (29%) shown as low anxiety and 219 (71%) as high anxiety. For descriptive analyses, we used contingency tables by anxiety categories for categorical measurements with chi square test, or mean ± STD for continuous measurements followed by t-test or Wilcoxson rank sum test depending on data normality. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator was used to select important predictors for the final multivariate model. Hierarchical Poisson regression model was used to fit the final multivariate model by considering the nested data structure of students clustered within State.
RESULTS 397 medical students from 29 states were analyzed. Approximately half of respondents reported feeling depressed since the pandemic onset. 62% of participants rated 7 or higher out of 10 when asked about anxiety levels. Stressors correlated with higher anxiety scores included “concern about being unable to complete exams or rotations if contracting COVID-19” (RR 1.34; 95%CI: 1.05-1.72, P = 0.02) and the use of mental health services such as a “psychiatrist” (RR 1.18; 95%CI: 1.01-1.3, P = 0.04). However, those students living in cities that limited restaurant operations to exclusively takeout or delivery as the only measure of implementing social distancing (RR 0.64; 95%CI: 0.49-0.82, P < 0.01) and those who selected “does not apply” for financial assistance available if needed (RR 0.83; 95%CI: 0.66-0.98, P = 0.03) were less likely to have a high anxiety.
CONCLUSION COVID-19 significantly impacted medical students in numerous ways. Medical student education and clinical readiness were reduced, and anxiety levels increased. It is vital that medical students receive support as they become physicians. Further research should be conducted on training medical students in telemedicine to better prepare students in the future for pandemic planning and virtual healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Frank
- Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest 1085, Hungary
| | - Anjali Doshi
- Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Natalie L Demirjian
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Brandon K K Fields
- Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Catherine Song
- Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Xiaomeng Lei
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Sravanthi Reddy
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Bhushan Desai
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Drayton C Harvey
- Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Steven Cen
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Ali Gholamrezanezhad
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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Singh S, Acharya S, Bhat M, Chakravarthy PK, Kariya P. Psycho-social correlates of dental anxiety and its association with caries experience in 12-16-year-old school going children in Southern India. ADVANCES IN HUMAN BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_85_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Khallaf YS, Hafez S, Shaalan OO. Evaluation of ICCMS versus CAMBRA Caries Risk Assessment Models Acquisition on Treatment Plan in Young Adult Population: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2021; 13:293-304. [PMID: 34290532 PMCID: PMC8289689 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s318313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the difference between ICCMS and CAMBRA models on treatment plan of young adults. SETTINGS AND DESIGN A total of 104 young adult patients were randomly divided into two groups, either ICCMS or CAMBRA. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients were examined according to the criteria of the ICDAS-II and caries risk was analyzed according to CAMBRA and divided into two equal groups according to treatment protocol. Caries incidence was assessed according to ICDAS-II criteria after 6 and 12 months. Statistical analysis used Chi-square test. A value of P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Relative risk (RR) was used to determine the clinical significance. RESULTS The current study has revealed no statistically significant difference between both caries risk assessment models tested at baseline (P = 0.317), 6 months (P = 0.164) and 1 year (P = 0.287). Intra-group assessment of CAMBRA group showed a statistically significant difference in ICDAS scores (P = 0.002) after 12 months in high- and moderate-risk groups while low-risk group did not show statistically significant difference in ICDAS scores between different follow-up periods (P = 0.593) and (P = 1.000), respectively. ICCMS groups did not show statistically significant differences in any group along follow-up periods. CONCLUSION ICCMS and CAMBRA were equivalent in preventing new decay. The ICCMS treatment plan is a safe approach and its preventive products are available over the counter. However, it is more complicated than CAMBRA. While CAMBRA is simpler, it is less comprehensive, some of its products are not available over the counter worldwide (e.g. Duraphat 5000 ppm) and some of them may be accompanied by several side effects (e.g. chlorhexidine mouthwash), which may weaken its management protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yomna Sayed Khallaf
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shereen Hafez
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omar Osama Shaalan
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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BAKIR EP, GÜMÜŞ S, BAKIR Ş. DMF-T ile Dental Anksiyete Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Dicle Üniversitesi Örneği. DÜZCE ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI ENSTITÜSÜ DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.33631/duzcesbed.890234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Reid D, Kerr K, Carty X, D’Ornellas J, Gervais B, Joseph D, Maharaj K, Soomai S, Teixeira AL, Naidu R. Prevalence Of Dental Anxiety Among University Students And Affect On Dental Attendance. CARIBBEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.48107/cmj.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the prevalence of dental anxiety in an adult Caribbean population and explore its relationship to socio-demographic factors and dental attendance.
Methods: An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was distributed to students attending The University of The West Indies, in Trinidad. The questionnaire included demographic items, self-rated oral health and dental attendance and the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS). This self-reported instrument has five questions about anxiety to dental treatment rated on a 5- point scale (1=not anxious to 5=extremely anxious).
Results: 197 university students participated in the study. 51.3% were male. 76% were 18-24 years-old. Overall, 62.4% of participants reported a low level of dental anxiety (MDAS 5-14), 22.3% moderate dental anxiety (MDAS 15-18) and 15.2% severe dental anxiety (MDAS 19+). Over a quarter of participants reported that they would be extremely anxious if they were to have a tooth drilled or about to have a local anaesthetic injection (27.4% and 26.9% respectively). Higher mean anxiety scores were reported by female participants those who had difficulty finding dental care or had avoided going to the dentist due to fear of treatment (t-test p<0.05) and those with lower self-rated oral health (ANOVA p<0.05),
Conclusions: Among this sample of university students, the majority of participants reported low levels of dental anxiety. Higher dental anxiety levels were associated with gender, difficulty finding dental care, avoiding dental visits due to fear and lower self-rated oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Reid
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Kemisha Kerr
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Xavier Carty
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Jeffrey D’Ornellas
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Brittney Gervais
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Dia Joseph
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Keshava Maharaj
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Sudesh Soomai
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Amy-Leigh Teixeira
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Rahul Naidu
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago
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Muhammad U, Rajan J. A cross-sectional study to assess the level of dental anxiety prevailing in undergraduate dental students in Riyadh Elm University. SAUDI JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/sjos.sjoralsci_32_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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